Neuro 0010 Exam 1

Front 1

Neural Doctrine

Back 1

Neurons are single units, communicate with each other through contact. Developed by Cajal. Supported by Loewi's work with vagusstof.

Front 2

Reticular Theory

Back 2

Neurons are joined together in a continuous reticulum. Developed by Golgi.

Front 3

Nissl Stain

Back 3

* looks like lots of little dots
* stains all cells
* shows cytoarchitecture

Front 4

Golgi Stain

Back 4

* looks like an entire neuron
* stains only some cells (approx 5% of neurons)
* shows structure of individual neurons

Front 5

Dendritic Spines

Back 5

* primary site of excitation
* size/shape → function
* Change constantly

Front 6

3 Levels of Cytoskeleton

Back 6

*microfilaments - 5 nm
*neurofilaments - 10 nm

*microtubules - 20 nm

Front 7

Anterograde Transport

Back 7

* goes away from soma, towards axon terminal

* uses kinesin

Front 8

Retrograde Transport

Back 8

* goes away from axon terminal, towards soma

* uses dynein

Front 9

What causes Alzheimer's Disease?

Back 9

Too much Beta amyloid → different shape of tau → tau is attracted to tau → tau binds to tau instead of microtubules→ tau creates neurofibrillary tangles → neuron dies → tau "infects" other cells

Front 10

What causes herpes and rabies, and how do they affect humans?

Back 10

* Viral diseases that infect neurons at axon terminals, hop on a dynin and move towards soma
* Herpes will also use kinesin to migrate back to terminals

Front 11

3 Types of Glia

Back 11

Astrocytes, Oligodendroglia, and Schwann Cells

Front 12

Astrocytes

Back 12

* found in CNS

* protect, support, nourish neuron

* help regulate ion concentration

Front 13

Oligodendroglia

Back 13

* myelinate more than one cell
* found in CNS

Front 14

Schwann Cells

Back 14

* insulate Axons
* found in PNS
* can only myelinate one axon

Front 15

Why are almost all brain tumors caused by glia?

Back 15

glia multiply, neurons do not

Front 16

What is the charge outside the neuron, inside the neuron, and what is the overall voltage at resting potential?

Back 16

* Outside: + + +

* Inside: – – –
* overall: -65 mV is resting potential

Front 17

What are the ions involved in membrane potentials, and where are they more concentrated at resting potential?

Back 17

K+ : more concentrated inside

Na+ : more concentrated outside

Cl- : more concentrated outside

Ca +2 : more concentrated outside

Front 18

What is the Nernst Equation? Describe what happens with different ratios for [Xout]/[Xin]

Back 18

* Eion = 2.303(RT)/(F*z) log([Xout]/[Xin])

* ratio < 1 → log is negative
* ratio = 1 → log is 0
* ratio > 1 → log is positive

Front 19

What is the equation for ionic current, and what do its varaiables mean?

Back 19

Driving Force, I = g(Vm - Eion)

where:

g is permeability (channels open vs closed)

and (Vm - Eion) = driving force

Front 20

What are all the channels doing at the resting, rising, overshoot, falling, and undershoot phases of an action potential, respectively?

Back 20

* Threshold: all closed (K+ leaking)
* Rising: Na+ open
* Overshoot: all closed
* Falling: K+ open
* Undershoot: K+ open, but starting to close

Front 21

How did Otto Loewi prove that chemical messengers are used for synaptic transmission?

Back 21

Two frog hearts, electrically stimulated vagus nerve on one, causing heart rate to slow. Pumped the fluid bathing the first heart and applied it to the second heart, and the second heart also beat slower, proving that some soluble chemical released by the vagus nerve was controlling the heart rate. He called the unknown chemical Vagusstoff.

Front 22

Classification of a NT

Back 22

* must be synthesized and packaged
* must be released upon neuronal stimulation
* application of the NT on the postsynaptic surface must bring about a response
* there must be a mechanism of removal from the synaptic cleft

Front 23

Dale’s principle

Back 23

There is 1 NT per neuron. There are exceptions to this rule.

Front 24

Catecholamine synthesis

Back 24

Tyrosine (hydroxylase)→ Dopa (decarboxylase)→ Dopamine (DA) → Norepinephrine (NE) → Epinephrine

Tyrosine is rate-limiting step

Front 25

What happens if you make a membrane more permeable to a certain ion?

Back 25

The membrane potential will move towards the equilibrium potential of that ion.

Front 26

What is the Goldman Equation essentially stating?

Back 26

At rest, a neuron's membrane is more permeiable to K+, therefore the resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for K+

Front 27

Amino Acid NT Synthesis

Back 27

Glutamate + GAD Enzyme → GABA

Glycine occurs naturally in cells that use it as an NT

Front 28

ACh synthesis

Back 28

Acetyl CoA + Choline → ACh + CoA

Front 29

Serotonin (5-HT) Synthesis

Back 29

Triptophan (hydroxylase)→ 5-HTP (decarboxylase)→ Serotonin

Front 30

Peptide NT Synthesis

Back 30

* Made from amino acids, translated in ER
* Bud off from golgi in secretory granules
* Transported to the synapse
* Called dense core vesicles in synapse

Front 31

Channel-Blocking Toxins

Back 31

* TTX - Blocks Na+ channels
* TEA - Blocks K+ channels
* some local anesthetics also are types of channel blockers

Front 32

Monoamine Examples

Back 32

ACh, Serotonin (5-HT)

Front 33

Snares

Back 33

* Used to attach vesicles to presynaptic membrane

* v-snare - grabs vesicle

* t snare - grabs membrane (for "target membrane")

Front 34

Charles Sherrington

Back 34

Named the synapse

Front 35

Process of NT release (exocytosis)

Back 35

*Snares attach

*Calcium influx

*Vesicle fuses to membrane, releasing NT

*Vesicle detaches from membrane, is recycled

Front 36

What do various NTs do to ligand-gated ion channels?

Back 36

Ach → Na+ → Depolarization

Glutamate → Na+/Ca++ → Depolarizaiton

GABA → Cl- → Hyperpolarization

Glycine → Cl- → Hyperpolarization

Front 37

G-Protein Coupled Receptors - process

Back 37

GDP → Exchange GDP for GTP when NT binds → Protein decouples, causes effect → Effect continues until GTP is broken down into GDP, at which point it will recouple with receptor and subunits

Front 38

3 ways to remove NT from synapse

Back 38

*Diffusion

*Degredation

*Reuptake

Front 39

Dura Mater

Back 39

Outer layer of meninges, lines skull

Front 40

Subdural Space

Back 40

b/w dura mater and arachnoid membrane, vulerable to subdural hematoma

Front 41

Neural Plate → ? → ? (development)

Back 41

neural plate → neural crest → neural tube

Front 42

Saltatory Conduction

Back 42

The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to the next , increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials

Front 43

Driving force

Back 43

the difference between the membrane potential and the ion’s equilibrium potential

Front 44

What is the best estimate of the maximum number of action potentials your neurons could fire in one second?

Back 44

500-1000

Front 45

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 45

Demyelination of axons

Front 46

Lidocaine

Back 46

blocks voltage-gated sodium channels to prevent/dull pain

Front 47

Gap junctions

Back 47

Another term for electrical synapses

Front 48

Parkinson's disease

Back 48

Loss of darkly pigmented cells in the midbrain (substantia nigra)

Front 49

Subdural hematoma

Back 49

Blood underneath dura mater, causes increased intracranial pressure/compression of brain tissue

Front 50

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Back 50

Bleeding into subarachnoid space, a type of stroke; can result from a ruptured aneurysm

Front 51

Alzheimer's Disease (Physiological Symptoms)

Back 51

Wider sulci, loss of white and grey matter, enlarged ventricles

Front 52

Spina Bifida

Back 52

Failure of neural tube to close at caudal end. Usually not fatal.

Front 53

Anencephaly

Back 53

Failure of the neural tube to close at the rostral end. Almost always fatal, very few exceptions.

Front 54

Hydrocephalus

Back 54

Swelling of brain due to CSF overflow/increased pressure in ventricles.

Front 55

Arachnoid Membrane

Back 55

Spiderweb-like area between dura mater and subarachnoid space

Front 56

Subarachnoid Space

Back 56

Between arachnoid membrane and pia mater, contains arteries

Front 57

Pia Mater

Back 57

Innermost layer of meninges, lines even the deepest crevices of brain

Front 58

Agonist

Back 58

Chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response

Front 59

Antagonist

Back 59

Chemical that binds to a receptor and blocks the action of the agonist. Can be a ligand or drug

Front 60

What stimulates neruogenesis?

Back 60

*Physical exercise

*Learning

*Neuron death

Front 61

What slows neurogenesis?

Back 61

*Stress

*Aging