Nesc 2570 - Chapter 6 (Neurotransmitters And Their Receptors)

Front 1

What are the 5 biogenic amines?

Back 1

Dopamine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin, histamine.

Front 2

Where can acetylcholine be primarily found?

Back 2

Neuromuscular junctions.

Front 3

What is the precursor to acetylcholine?

Back 3

Acetyl coenzyme A (synthesized from glucose), and Choline.

Front 4

What is acetylchole catalyzed by?

Back 4

CAT.

Front 5

What is acetylcholine taken up by for synthesis?

Back 5

ChT

Front 6

What is acetylcholine postsynaptic effect?

Back 6

Excitatory.

Front 7

Where is the angry provided for acetylcholine creation?

Back 7

Acidic PH of the vesicle lumen, which allows AcH reancporter (VACh) to exchange hydrogen for acetylcholine.

Front 8

How is Acetylcholine terminated?

Back 8

NOT MY REUPTAKE, but by hydrolytic enzyme (AChE).

AChE breaks ACh down into acetate and choline. Choline is recycled by transport back into the nerve terminal, where it is used to synthesize ACh.

Front 9

What drugs react with acetylcholine?

Back 9

Organophosphates: Sarin, which can be lethal because it inhibits AChE, allowing ACh to accumulate at cholinergic synapses.

Front 10

How does Sarin work?

Back 10

Inhibits Ache, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell, rendering it refractory and causing neuromuscular paralysis. It is often used in insecticides, because insects are highly sensitive to this.

Front 11

What are acetylcholine postsynaptic actions mediated by?

Back 11

NAChR (nicotine also binds to these receptors.

Front 12

What drugs block acetylcholine receptors (NAChR's)?

Back 12

Snake venom (Alpha - Bungarotoxing.

Front 13

Describe nicotinic receptors (NAChR's)

Back 13

Large protein complexes, consisting of 5 subunits (2 alpha subunits, each with a single funding site for ACh). Both must be occupied for the receptor to be activated, meaning only high concentrations of ACh will activate the site. Subunits also bind nicotine and alpha bungarotoxin.

Front 14

What are come blockers of NAChRs?

Back 14

Curare, aplha neurotoxin (snake venom), and conotoxin (marine snail).

Front 15

What are 2 differences between neuronal NAChr's and Muscular NAChR's?

Back 15

Neuronal lacks sensitivity to alpha bungarotoxin, and are only comprised of 2 subunit types (alpha and beta) ratio of 3:2.

Front 16

What is a muscarinic receptor?

Back 16

ACh receptor activated by muscarine (poisonous alkaloid found in some mushrooms.

Front 17

What are blockers of muscarinic receptors?

Back 17

Atropine (dialates pupil)
Scopolamine (prevents motion sickness)
Ipratropium (Treats athsma)

Front 18

What is the precursor of glutamate?

Back 18

Glutamine

Front 19

What is the rate limiting step in glutamate synthesis?

Back 19

Glutaminase

Front 20

What is the glutamate transporter?

Back 20

VGLUT puts glutamate into vesicles.

Front 21

What is glutamate removed from nerve terminals by?

Back 21

EAATS

Front 22

What are 2 glutamate receptors?

Back 22

NMDA and AMPA (Ionotropic)
KAINATE and MGLURS (Metabotropic)

Front 23

What is excitotoxicity?

Back 23

The ability of glutamate and released compounds to destroy neurons by prolonged excitatory synaptic transmission.

Front 24

What is the precursor to GABA?

Back 24

Glutamate

Front 25

What is GABAs rate limiting step in synthesis?

Back 25

GAD

Front 26

How is GABA transported into vesicles?

Back 26

VIAAT

Front 27

What are the excitatory action of GABA in the developing brain?

Back 27

In young neurons, chloride concentrations are high (they only have a sodium potassium chloride pump).

As neurons mature, they get a potassium chloride pump, that pumps cl out of the cell, reducing intracellular cl concentrations.

Front 28

What are Cl concentrations like in young neurons?

Back 28

HIGH - GABA is excitatory!

Front 29

What are Cl contractions like in mature neurons?

Back 29

LOW - GABA is inhibitory

Front 30

What is the precursor to Glycine?

Back 30

Serine

Front 31

What is the rate limiting step ip glycine synthesis?

Back 31

Phosphoserine

Front 32

What is glycine removal mechanism

Back 32

SAME as GABA - VIAAT

Front 33

What are the precursors to the catylcholamines?

Back 33

Tyrosine

Front 34

What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines?

Back 34

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Front 35

What is the chatelcholamine removal mechanism?

Back 35

MAO and COMT

Front 36

What is serotonins precursor?

Back 36

Tryptophan

Front 37

What is the rate limiting step in serotonin synthesis?

Back 37

Tryptphan Hydroxylase.

Front 38

What is serotonins transporter?

Back 38

MAO

Front 39

What is histamines precursor?

Back 39

Histadine.

Front 40

What is histamines rate limiting step?

Back 40

Histadine decarboxylase.

Front 41

What is ATP's precursor?

Back 41

ADT

Front 42

What is ATP's rate limiting step?

Back 42

Michondria oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis.

Front 43

What is ATP's removal mechanism?

Back 43

Hydrolysis to AMP and adenosine.

Front 44

What are the neuropeptides precursors?

Back 44

Amino acids.

Front 45

What are neuropeptides rate limiting step?

Back 45

Synthesis and transport.

Front 46

What are neuropeptides removal mechanism?

Back 46

Proteases.

Front 47

What are endocannabanoids precursors?

Back 47

Membrane lipids.

Front 48

What are ebdocannabanoids rate limiting step?

Back 48

Enzymatic modification of lipids.

Front 49

What are endocannabanoids removal mechanism?

Back 49

Hydrolysis by FAAH

Front 50

What is Nitric oxides precursor?

Back 50

Arganine.

Front 51

What is nitric oxides rate limiting step?

Back 51

Nitric oxide synthase.

Front 52

What is nitric oxides removal mechanism?

Back 52

Spontaneous oxidation.

Front 53

What is serotonin loaded by (transporter)

Back 53

VMAT

Front 54

What is a serotonin agonist?

Back 54

Benadryl.

Front 55

What type pf transmitters are involved in mood disorders?

Back 55

Aminergic.

Front 56

What are some anti anxiety drugs and how do they work?

Back 56

Mao inhibitors & serotonin blockers. (Librium and Valium).

Front 57

Where are endocannabanoid receptors found in the brain?

Back 57

Substantia Nigra.

Front 58

What is substance P, and how can it is release be inhibited?

Back 58

Sensory NT in the spinal cord, and its release can be inhibited by opioid peptides.

Front 59

What are the 2 main inhibitory NT's?

Back 59

GABA and Glycine.