Nervous System & Senses

Front 1

nerves originating from the brain that communicate with other body parts

Back 1

cranial nerves

Front 2

nerves originating from the spinal chord that communicate with other body parts

Back 2

spinal nerves

Front 3

Nerves that have only fibers of sensory neurons, conducting impulses into the brain or spinal cord are called _____ ______.

Back 3

Sensory nerves

Front 4

Nerves that have only fibers involved in motor control are called ______ _______.

Back 4

Motor nerves

Front 5

Fibers carry motor impulses outward from the brain to the muscles used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions.

Back 5

Special somatic efferent fibers

Front 6

Fibers that carry sensory impulses inward to the brain from olfactory and taste receptors.

Back 6

Special visceral afferent fibers

Front 7

Fibers that carry sensory impulses inward to the brain from the receptors of sight, hearing, and equilibrium.

Back 7

Special somatic afferent fibers

Front 8

Cranial nerves that are MOTOR nerves

Back 8

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, XII

contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem

Front 9

Cranial nerves that are SENSORY nerves

Back 9

Cranial nerves I, II, VIII

Front 10

Cranial nerves that include BOTH somatic and autonomic motor axons.

Back 10

Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X

Front 11

Cranial nerve that emerges from the nose

Back 11

Cranial nerve I - Olfactory

Front 12

Cranial nerve that emerges from the inner ear

Back 12

Cranial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear

Front 13

Cranial nerves that emerge from the brain stem

Back 13

Cranial Nerves III - XII

Front 14

Cranial nerve that emerges from the spinal cord

Back 14

Cranial Nerve XI

Front 15

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ______, ______ (outside/inside) the brain.

Back 15

ganglia, outside the brain

EXCEPT all proprioceptive sensory neurons in the head region have their cell bodies in the mesencephalic (ganglion) nucleus

Front 16

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located in ______, ______ (outside/inside) the brain.

Back 16

lie in nuclei, within the brain

Front 17

Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for olfaction, the sense of smell

Back 17

Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory
Sensory

Front 18

Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision.

Back 18

Cranial Nerve II - Optic
Sensory

Front 19

Nerve that raises the eyelids and eyeball. Also adjusts the amount of light entering the eyes (constricts the pupils), and focus the lenses.

Back 19

Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor
Motor

Front 20

Sensory fibers of this nerve transmit impulses associated with proprioceptors.

Back 20

Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor
Motor

Front 21

The smallest cranial nerves

Back 21

Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear

Front 22

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

Back 22

Cranial Nerves III & IV

Front 23

Cranial nerve that move the superior oblique muscles of the external eye muscles

Back 23

Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear
Motor

Front 24

Largest of the cranial nerves and arises from the pons.

Back 24

Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal
Both

Front 25

Different sensory components of the Trigeminal Nerve (V).

Back 25

opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions

Front 26

Cranial nerves that originate from the pons near the medulla oblongata. They supply motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the external eye muscle.

Back 26

Cranial Nerve VI - Abducens
Motor

Front 27

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

Back 27

V, VI, VII

Front 28

Sensory branches of this cranial nerve are associated with taste receptors on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Back 28

Cranial Nerve VII - Facial
Mixed

Front 29

Motor fibers of this cranial nerve function in the ANS by stimulating secretions from tear glands and certain salivary glands.

Back 29

Cranial Nerve VII - Facial
Mixed

Front 30

Cranial nerves that arise from the medulla oblongata

Back 30

Cranial Nerve VIII, IX, X
XI (medulla oblongata and spinal cord), XII

Front 31

Cranial nerve that arises from the medulla oblongata and spinal cord and has both cranial and spinal branches.

Back 31

Cranial Nerve XI

Front 32

Sensory fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses associated with sense of equilibrium.

Back 32

Cranial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear
Sensory

Front 33

Sensory fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses associated with sense of hearing.

Back 33

Cranial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear
Sensory

Front 34

Sensory fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid arteries.

Back 34

Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal
Both

Front 35

Motor fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses to salivary glands and to muscles of the pharynx used in swallowing. Gag reflex.

Back 35

Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal
Both

Front 36

Sensory fibers of this cranial nerve supply the taste buds.

Back 36

Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal
Both

Front 37

Somatic motor fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing.

Back 37

Cranial Nerve X - Vagus
Mixed

Front 38

Autonomic motor fibers transmit impulses to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen.

Back 38

Cranial Nerve X - Vagus
Mixed

Front 39

Sensory fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses from the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen.

Back 39

Cranial Nerve X - Vagus
Both

Front 40

Motor fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.

Back 40

Cranial Nerve XI - Accessory - Cranial branch
Motor

Front 41

Motor fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses to muscles of the neck and back (trapezius and SCM); some proprioceptor input.

Back 41

Cranial Nerve XI - Accessory - Spinal branch
Motor

Front 42

Motor fibers of this cranial nerve transmit impulses to muscles that move the tongue in speaking, chewing and swallowing. Some proprioceptor input.

Back 42

Cranial Nerve XII - Hypoglossal
Motor

Front 43

How many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord?

Back 43

31 pairs:
8 pairs of Cervical Nerves
12 pairs Thoracic Nerves
5 pairs Lumbar Nerves
5 pairs of Sacral Nerves
1 pair of Coccygeal Nerves

Front 44

Which vertebra marks the end of the spinal cord?

Back 44

L1

Front 45

This ganglion contains cell bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons conduct impulses inward from the peripheral body parts.

Back 45

dorsal root ganglion

Front 46

Area of skin that sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate.

Back 46

dermatome

Front 47

Consists of axons from the motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within the gray matter of the cord.

Back 47

ventral root

Front 48

Innervates posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Back 48

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Front 49

gag reflex

Back 49

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Front 50

Controls muscles that keep your head on straight.

Back 50

Accessory (XI)

Front 51

cranial nerve that innervates lateral rectus of the eye

Back 51

Abducens (VI)

Front 52

Innervates region of tongue where there's bitter taste receptors

Back 52

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- posterior 1/3 of tongue

Front 53

carries 75% of parasympathetic nerves

Back 53

Vagus (X)

Front 54

Which cranial nerves go through the tongue?

Back 54

Facial - anterior of tongue
Glossopharyngeal - posterior tongue
Hypoglossal - moves the tongue

(Taste receptors go through Facial, Glossopharyngeal & Vagus, p. 450)

Front 55

innervates the diaphragm and allows you to breath

Back 55

Phrenic nerve

Front 56

If sever spinal chord at C2 what will happen?

Back 56

Phrenic nerve affected, can't talk (need to be hold your breath to talk)

Front 57

If injury is lower than cervical or brachial plexus, can a person talk?

Back 57

yes

Front 58

When you hit the "funny bone" it's cuz you hit this nerve.

Back 58

Ulnar nerve runs through the olecranon process

Front 59

This nerve goes through the carpal tunnel

Back 59

Median Nerve

Front 60

If your whole hand hurts what is most likely affected?

Back 60

brachial plexus (not the carpal tunnel)

Front 61

controls muscles that allows you to stand up

Back 61

basoganglia

Front 62

Conducts motor impulses to muscle fibers of the diaphragm

Back 62

phrenic nerves, p. 420

Front 63

What is the pnemonic device for the cranial nerves?

Back 63

"Some Say Merry Money But My Brother Says Bad Boys Marry Money"

On Old Olympus Towering Top A Fat Assed German Viewed Some Hops

Front 64

Which nerve goes directly to the limbic system?

Back 64

Olfactory (I)

why odors elicit emotional response

Front 65

Which neurons of the ANS are cholinergic?

Back 65

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions.

Postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division.

Cholinergic = secretes acetylcholine
p. 428

Front 66

Which neurons of the ANS are adrenergic?

Back 66

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons (most) secrete norepinephrine.

Front 67

Which receptors are muscarinic receptors in the ANS?

Back 67

Membranes of effector cells at ends of:
all postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers
& cholinergic sympathetic fibers, p. 429

Excitatory & relatively slow.

Front 68

Which receptors are nicotinic receptors in the ANS?

Back 68

In synapses between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways.

Excitatory & Rapid.

(Receptors at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles are also nicotinic).

Front 69

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

Back 69

adrenergic - secretes norepinephrine

two types:
alpha
beta

Front 70

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Back 70

nicotinic
muscarinic

Front 71

The sympathetic preganglionic fibers are _______ (long/short) and are _________ (cholinergic /adrenergic), and bind to ________ receptors.

Back 71

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are:
short
cholinergic
binds to nicotinic receptor

Front 72

The sympathetic postganglionic fibers are _______ (long/short) and are _________ (cholinergic /adrenergic), and bind to ________ receptors.

Back 72

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are:
long
adrenergic

Front 73

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are _______ (long/short) and are _________ (cholinergic /adrenergic), and bind to ________ receptors.

Back 73

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are:
long
cholinergic
nicotinic

Front 74

The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are _______ (long/short) and are _________ (cholinergic /adrenergic), and bind to ________ receptors.

Back 74

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are:
short
cholinergic
muscarinic

Front 75

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found on which fibers?

Back 75

sympathetic preganglionic short fibers
parasympathetic preganglionic long fibers
somatic fibers

Front 76

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are found on which nerve fibers?

Back 76

parasympathetic postganglionic short fibers

Front 77

What are the major branches emerging from the brachial plexus?

Back 77

Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

Front 78

What causes color blindness?

Back 78

Retina lacks some photopigments that enable cone cells to capture certain incoming wavelenghts of light.

Front 79

Pain from which region of the body is not usually referred?

Back 79

Pain originating in the parietal layers of thoracic and abdominal membranes - parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, or parietal peritoneu- is usually not referred.

Front 80

Thin, myelinated nerve fibers that conduct impulses rapidly, at velocities up to 30 meters per second. Associated with sensations of sharp pain that seems to originate in a local area of skin.

Back 80

acute pain fibers (A-delta fibers)

Front 81

Thin, unmyelinated nerve fibers that conduct impulses at 2 meters per second. These impulses are dull, aching pain sensation that may be widespread and difficult to pinpoint.

Back 81

chronic pain fibers (C fibers)
- felt deeper in the tissues as well as in skin.

Front 82

Visceral pain fibers are usually carried on _______ fibers.

Back 82

C fibers

Front 83

Which cranial nerves reach the brain from pain impulses that originate from the tissues of the head?

Back 83

Sensory fibers of the 5th, 6th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves
p. 443

Front 84

Where do pain receptors reach the brain that originate from other parts besides the tissues of the head?

Back 84

Travel on sensory fibers of spinal nerves.
They pass into the spinal cord through dorsal roots of these spinal nerves.

Front 85

How are fast-conducting fibers processed?

Back 85

When they enter the gray matter of the posterior horn, they synapse with long nerve fibers that cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord in the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts (anterolateral system).

Front 86

How are slow-conducting fibers processed?

Back 86

When they enter the gray matter of the posterior horn, they pass through one or more interneurons before reaching the long fibers that cross over and ascend to the brain. P.443

Front 87

Where do most pain fibers terminate in the brain?

Back 87

reticular formation
then conducted on fibers of still other neurons to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex
p. 443

Front 88

Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tract transmit pain and temperature information?

Back 88

Directly to the thalamus
p. 443

Front 89

Where does awareness of pain occur in the brain?

Back 89

Awareness of pain occurs when pain impulses reach the thalamus - before they reach the cerebral cortex.

BUT the cerebral cortex judges the intensity of pain and locate its source; also responsible for emo and motor response.

Front 90

An inhibiting substance released in the posterior horn to block pain.

Back 90

enkephalins (neuropeptide) - suppresses both acute and chronic pain impulses

serotonin (monoamine) - stimulates other neurons to stimulate enkephalins

Front 91

Condition in which the brain interprets a stimulus to one sense as coming from another. Example: "The sunset was salty"

Back 91

synesthesia
p.447

Front 92

What type of cells surround the olfactory receptor cells?

Back 92

columnar epithelial cells

Front 93

How many olfactory cells are there?

Back 93

12 million

Front 94

What kind of receptors do olfactory cells bind to?

Back 94

Olfactory receptors respond to chemical stimulation that bind to
cell membrane receptors

Front 95

The only nerve cells that are in direct contact with the outside environment.

Back 95

olfactory receptor neurons

Front 96

Where are the olfactory receptor cells located?

Back 96

upper parts of the nasal cavity, the superior nasal conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum

Front 97

Why is saliva necessary to taste?

Back 97

A chemical to be tasted must dissolve in saliva.
P.448

Front 98

Name the five primary taste sensations.

Back 98

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

Front 99

What characteristic of taste receptors helps maintain sense of taste with age?

Back 99

Taste cells are modified epithelial cells and divide continually.
Taste cell functions for only about three days before it's replaced.
P. 450

Front 100

Describe the taste nerve pathways.

Back 100

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue - VII
Posterior 1/3 & back of mouth - IX
Base of tongue & pharynx - X

Front 101

Drugs containing this substance squelch taste.

Back 101

sulfur p. 451

Front 102

Modified sweat glands that line the opening and tube of the ear.

Back 102

ceruminous glands
- secrete wax (cerumen)

Front 103

Reduces pressure from loud sounds that might otherwise damage the hearing receptors.

Back 103

Tympanic Reflex, p. 452

Front 104

Skeletal muscles are effectors in the tympanic reflex.

Back 104

Tensor tympani
Stapedius

Front 105

Helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Necessary for normal hearing.

Back 105

Auditory Tube, p. 453

Front 106

What can cause hearing loss?

Back 106

Conductive hearing loss mostly common. Changes in the tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles can block hearing.
- tympanic membrane may harden as result of disease
- injury may tear or perforate tympanic membrane

Front 107

Where are the organs of static equilibrium located?

Back 107

In the membranous labyrinth inside the vestibule of two expanced chambers:
Utricle
Saccule
p.459

Front 108

What are the structures for dynamic equilibrium?

Back 108

Three bony semicircular canals that lie at right angles to each other. They approximate the three body planes.
Crista ampullaris

Front 109

The window of the eye that helps focus light rays

Back 109

Cornea

Front 110

The melanin of these cells absorbs excess light and helps keep the inside of the eye dark.

Back 110

Melanocytes -
Choroid coat contains pigment-producing melanocytes

Front 111

Name the structures of the outer tunic.

Back 111

cornea (anterior sixth)
sclera (posterior 5/6ths) - white portion eye

Front 112

Structures of the middle tunic

Back 112

choroid coat
ciliary body
iris

Front 113

What happens to the lens when ciliary muscle fibers contract?

Back 113

Lens thicken
view closer objects

Front 114

What happens to the lens when ciliary muscle fibers relax?

Back 114

Lens thins
to focus on distant objects

Front 115

When ciliary muscle contracts, the suspensory ligaments _____ (relax or are taut).

Back 115

When ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments are relaxed.

Front 116

To focus on a distant object, the ciliary muscles ______ (relax/contract).

Back 116

relax

Front 117

lies between the cornea and the lens

Back 117

iris

Front 118

Structure through which the aqeous humor drains.

Back 118

scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

Front 119

These muscles control the size of the pupil, through which light passes

Back 119

circular set
radial set
p. 468

Front 120

Which muscles of the pupil are activated in dim light?

Back 120

Radial muscles of the iris contract
- pupils dilate

Front 121

Which muscles of the pupil are activated in bright light?

Back 121

Circular muscles of the iris contract
- pupils constrict

Front 122

Where is the retina located?

Back 122

inner tunic

Front 123

region of the retina that produces the sharpest vision

Back 123

fovea centralis in the macula lutea, p. 469

Front 124

This area of the eye is the "blind spot"

Back 124

optic disk - lacks receptor cells

Front 125

If the eyeball is too long, what is the result?

Back 125

nearsightedness

Front 126

What kind of lens do you need to compensate for nearsightedness?

Back 126

Concave surfaces that focus images farther from the front of the eye treat nearsightedness (myopia).

Front 127

What kind of lens do you need to compensate for farsightedness?

Back 127

Convex surfaces that focus the images closer to the front of the eye.

Front 128

If eye is too long, the focus point of images is _______ (in front or back?) the retina?

Back 128

in front

Front 129

If the eye is too short, the focus point of images is _______ (in front or back?) of the retina

Back 129

back

Front 130

What is astigmatism?

Back 130

defect in the curvature of the cornea or the lens

Front 131

Which receptor cells provide vision in dim light?

Back 131

Rods - hundreds of times more sensitive to light than cones.

Front 132

Produces colorless vision

Back 132

Rods

Front 133

Produces color vision

Back 133

Cones

Front 134

Do we have more rods or cones?

Back 134

100 million rods
3 million cones

Front 135

Which photoreceptors provide sharp images? Why?

Back 135

Cones provide sharp images.
- has separate sensory nerve fibers that transmit impulses from cones to the brain
- brain is able to pinpoint the stimulation more accurately

Rods produce more general outlines of objects.
- has a single sensory nerve fiber that transmits impulses from several rods to the brain

Front 136

True or False:
The concentration of cones decreases in areas farther away from the macula lutea, whereas the concentration of rods increases in these areas.

Back 136

True, p. 473

Front 137

When you go from dark to sudden bright light, why do the eyes hurt?

Back 137

Most of the rhodopsin decomposes in response to the bright light (rhodopsin --> releases opsin), p. 475

Front 138

How does deficiency in Vitamin A cause nightblindness?

Back 138

Too little vitamin A in diet reduces the amount of retinal, impairing rhodopsin production and sensitivity of the rods p. 475

Front 139

Why are people colorblind?

Back 139

they lack a cone type (that can distinguish a particular color)

Front 140

Damage to the right visual cortex (or right optic tract) will cause sight will be lost where?

Back 140

temporal side of the right eye and
nasal side of the left eye

(fibers from the nasal (medial) half of each retina cross over, wheras the temporal (lateral) sides do not), p. 476

Front 141

Damage to the central portion of the optic chiasma will cause sight to be lost where?

Back 141

Central portion of the optic chiasma is where fibers from the nasal sides of the eyes cross over, so it would blind the nasal sides of both eyes.

Front 142

How do you get glaucoma?

Back 142

Glaucoma develops when rate of aqueous humor formation exceeds the rate of its removal.

Front 143

The three auditory ossicles

Back 143

malleus
incus
stapes
p.451

Front 144

What is conductive deafness?

Back 144

impairment in hearing caused by interference with transmission of vibrations to the inner ear

95% of cases of hearing loss

Front 145

What is sensorineural deafness?

Back 145

damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve and its pathways causing hearing impairment

Front 146

only muscle in the body that can move in all vectors

Back 146

tongue

Front 147

Why is the cornea transparent?

Back 147

It does NOT contain blood vessels and the collagenous fibers form unusually regular patterns.

Cornea is well supplied with nerve fibers associated with many pain receptors that have very low thresholds.

Front 148

What kind of receptors (for sensing cold, heat or pain) are in the cornea?

Back 148

Cold receptors are abundant in the cornea, but heat and touch receptors are not.

Front 149

Structures of the outer (external) ear

Back 149

auricle
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane

Front 150

Structures of the middle ear

Back 150

auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
oval window
skeletal muscles: tensory tympani & stapedius

Front 151

the middle ear is also called

Back 151

the tympanic cavity

Front 152

What are the skeletal muscles attached to the auditory ossicles? Where are they located?

Back 152

in the middle ear:
tensor tympani
stapedius
(effectors in the tympanic reflex, p. 452)

Front 153

connects the middle ear to the throat

Back 153

auditory tube

Front 154

structures of the inner ear

Back 154

osseous labyrinth
membranous labyrinth

parts of the labyrinth:
cochlea
semicircular canals

vestibule
round window
spiral organ (organ of Corti)

Front 155

bony chamber between the cochlea & semicircular canals that houses the membranous structures that serve both hearing and equilibrium

Back 155

vestibule

Front 156

Response to sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulatio: iris of the eye

Back 156

Sympathetic - Dilation
Parasympathetic - Constriction

Front 157

Response to sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulatio: tear gland

Back 157

Sympathetic - slightly increased secretion
Parasympathetic - Greatly increased secretion

Front 158

Which fibers in the optic tract cross over?

Back 158

Fibers from the nasal (medial) half of each retina cross over.
(Temporal or lateral sides DO NOT)

Front 159

Which fibers form the right optic tract?

Back 159

Nasal (medial) half of left eye &
Temporal (lateral) half of right eye