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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The vagus nerve carries about ____ % of all parasympathetic fibers
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75%
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Which came first in evolution; equilibrium or hearing?
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equilibrium
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what physical action assists in locating the source of a sound
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turning the head
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the _____ connects the middle ear with the throat
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auditory tube p.453
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why are we more concerned about injury to peripheral nerves that pass down the extremities than to those that pass through the torso?
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nerves in the torso are more protected and less likely to sustain injury
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describe two mechanisms by which the middle ear functions as an amplifier
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tympanic membrane, function of malleus
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the ____ ______ is the region of sharpest vision within the retina
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fovea centralis
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what allows deaf individuals to respond to sounds such as music
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vibrations
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what inner structures are associated with the sense of dynamic equilibrium
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crista ampullaris & semicircular canals p.460
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the sensory receptors associated with the semicircular canals are located in swellings called
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ampulla p.460
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the ___ plexuses of the spinal nerves are located between the neck and the axillae
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brachial
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why is it surprising that humans have only 7 million cones in contrast to 125 million rods as visual receptors in the retina
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Humans are diurnal. Cones are for vision in the daytime. Rods are for dim light
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why are individuals with dilated pupils perceived as more attractive than individuals with constricted pupils
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dilation is a sympathetic response, which is a sign of sexual arousal and seen as inviting
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the adjustment of the thickness of the lens to make close vision possible is called ____
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accommodation
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the anterior branches of the thoracic spinal nerves give rise to the ____ nerves
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intercostal
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which of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve, ophtalmic, maxillary and mandibular is most liekly to be involved in trigeminal neuralgia
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maxillary
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the sciatic nerve splits above the popliteal fossa to give rise to the __ & __ nerves
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tibialis & peroneal
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pain that feels like it is coming from a part other than the part being stimulated is called
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referred pain
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a substance with a sour taste probably contains
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citric acid, p.450
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the anterior thigh is innervated by the ____ nerve
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femoral
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after traveling through the olfactory bulbs, nerve impulses pass along the ______ _______ to the olfactory interpreting centers
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olafactory tract
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the transparent anterior portion of the eyes outer tunic is called the
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cornea
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the nerve fibers from the vomeronasa organ synapse with subcortical structures to influence what type of behavior
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partner selection
(think pheromones) |
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on average we are effectively blind for about a half hour each day. Why?
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blinking
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the _____ division of the ANS functions to prepare the body for stress
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sympathetic
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nerve fibers of the _____ division of the ANS arise from the brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord
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parasympathetic
p.426 |
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the ___ root of a spinal nerve consists entirely of motor neuron axons
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ventral
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the range of human hearing is about
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20-20,000 vibrations per second
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which would cause conductive deafness
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torn tympanic membrane
p.459 |
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the sets of color receptors within the retina are sensive to light are
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red, green, blue
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the condition called glaucoma is usually caused by
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excessive accumulation of aqueous humor
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pain receptors
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are generally stimulated by factors that can cause tissue damage
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which of the following cranial nerves conducts sensory impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
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Facial
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anosmia is a condition in which there is a loss of
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smell, p. 450
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visual sensations from images focused on the side of the retina tend to be blurred because
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there are more rods than cones in this region
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sensorineural deafness may be due to
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excessively loud sounds
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the condition in which some portions of an image are in focus on the retina and other portions are blurred is called
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astigmatism
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the area of the skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a
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dermatome
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the olfactory receptors are examples of
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chemoreceptors
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night blindness is most commonly caused by
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an improper diet (lack of vitamin A)
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as a result of the tympanic reflex
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vibrations are transmitted less effectively to the inner ear
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as they extend from the retina to the brain the nerve fibers
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from the nasal half of each retina cross over
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the hearing receptors are most closely associated with the
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organ of Corti (spiral organ), p. 455
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the cranial nerve associated with bells palsy is the
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facial
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the cranial nerve associated with the gag reflex is the
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glossopharyngeal
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worldwide, blindness is most commonly caused by changes in the
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cornea
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which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers
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sympathetic postganglionic fibers
(secrete norepinephrine, p. 429) |
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rhodopsin is found in
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rod cells
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otosclerosis is a condition involving the
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auditory ossicles
- new bone is deposited abnormally around the base of the stapes; interferes w/ movement of the ossicles necessary to transmit vibrations to the inner ear, p.459 |
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the interference with vision and the feeling of numbness in the limbs experienced by a person with a migraine is probably caused by
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cerebral blood deficiency
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if you enter a room and smell a strong odor but the odor soon seems to fade away you have experiences
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sensory adaptation
- ability to ignore important stimuli; as adaptation occurs, sensory impulses become less frequent until they cease; once adaptation occurs, impulses are triggered only if the strength of the stimulus changes, p. 440 |
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if the retina becomes detached there is a danger that the receptor cells with die because of
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lack of oxygen and nutrients
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which of the following is part of the inner tunic of the eye
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the retina, p. 469
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sensory adaptaton occurs when
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continuous stimulation of a receptor results in it completely failing to send signals to the brain
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the lens of the eye thickens when
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ciliary muscles contract
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which vertebra would mark the end of the spinal cord
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L1
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conductive deafness may be due to
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all; damaged auditory ossicles, tearing of ear drum, and plugging of the external auditory ameatus
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when entering a dark room on a sunny day, why does it take some time to see in the dark room
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it takes some time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin stores from opsin and retinal, p. 473
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if a personas right visual cortex is damaged, the injury will most likely affect the vision from the
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nasal side of one eye and the temporal side of the other eye
- more specifically nasal side of left eye & temporal side of right eye (nasal or medial side crosses over) |
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pain receptors differ from other somatic receptors by
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adapting very little if at all
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treatment for cataracts usually involves removal of the
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lens
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the pressure of CSF is usually meaured by introducing a hollow needle into the
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lumbar vertebrae
- lumbar puncture (spinal tap) measures CSF pressure; hollow needle inserted into the subarachnoid space b/w 3rd & 4th or 4th & 5th lumbar vertebrae, p. 388 |
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a chochlear implant is most likely to be used for the treatment of
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sensorineural deafness
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the Somatic Nervous System consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the _____ whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connnect the ______
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skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs
p. 411 |
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blowing the nose improperly may cause an infection within the auditory tube to spread into the
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middle ear
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the branch of the trigeminal nerve most commonly associated with trigeminal neuralgia is
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maxillary
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the process by which the brain causes a sensation to seem to come from the stimulated receptors is
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projection
- allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation, p.439 |
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constriction of the pupil is controlled by the _____ nerve
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oculomotor
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the condition called farsightedness of age is caused by
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loss of lens capsule elasticity
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pain receptors
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are generally stimulated by factors that can cause tissue damage
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muscle spindle receptors are stimulated more when
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muscles become relaxed and stretched
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the golgi tendon organ is stimulated more when
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muscle tension increases
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sensory impulses are stimulated at receptors by
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changes in action potentials
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which of the following is not a primary taste sensation
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pungent
Primary taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami, p. 449 |
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the olfactory organs function can be described by
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aiding in food selection
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stereoscopic vision results when the
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images in the eyes are different
(close objects less than 20 feet away produce slightly different retinal images) - stereoscopic vision simultaneously perceives distance, depth, height and width of objects - possible b/c pupils are 6-7 cm apart - reconciles the two images to perceive single object in three dimensions, p. 475 |
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the phrenic nerve arises from the
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cervical plexuses, p. 420
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the corticospinal tracts function in the control of
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voluntary muscle movements from the brain to skeletal muscles, p. 396
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which best describes the reason that so many persons in need of treatment fail to undergo cornea transplants
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transplantation reactions are very severe
- cornea is well supplied w/nerve fibers w/many pain receptors w/very low thresholds, p. 465 |
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light is refracted when it passes
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between media of different optical densities or at an oblique angle, p. 471
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the condition called spina bifida is characterized by
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all, abnormal neural tube development, open vetebral column, exposed spinal cord
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when the radial muscles of the iris contract, the diameter of the pupil decreases
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F
- dim light stimulates radial muscles of iris to contract --> pupil DILATES, p. 469 |
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the utricle and saccule contain the sensory receptors associated with the sense of dynamic equilibrium
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F
- static equilibrium: utricle & saccule - dynamic equilibrium: semicircular canals & crista ampullaris, p. 460 |
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the way we see the world varies from culture to culture person to person, & sex
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T
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carpal tunnel syndrome involves both the ulnar and median nerves
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F
- median nerve only - swollen tendons compress the median nerve in the wrist, sending pain up the upper limb, p. 426 |
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presbyopia or loss of elasticity of the lens results in a person being able to focus only on distant objects
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T
p. 472 |
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interpretation of pain can vary from one culture to another
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T
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the auditory ossicles are located within the inner ear
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F (middle ear, p. 451)
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normally inhibition by the cholinergic tracts in the brainstem prevent the body from thrashing about during dreaming
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t
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the entire outer tunic of the eye is richly supplied with nerve endings for pain reception
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F
- the anterior sixth of the outer tunic is suppplied with nerve endings for pain reception - area where it bulges forward as the transparent cornea, p. 465 |
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the most sensitive areas of the body command the largest areas of the sensory cortex, lips fingers, thumbs, and toes account for as much sensory cortex as the rest of the body put together
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T
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it has been demonstrated that the pain relief provided by acupuncture can be blocked by narcotic antagonists
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T
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we tend to respond visually only to what we can recognize
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T
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the cornea receives its oxygen supply directly from the atmosphere
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T
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all individuals within the same environment perceive that enviroment exactly the same way
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F
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the ventral root of the spinal nerve is sensory
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F (ventral root - motor neuron, p. 420)
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auditory tubes function to equalize pressure in the throat with that in the middle ear but also are sites where bacteria can pass into the middle ear and cause infection
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T
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the chemical compunds perceived by the vomeronasal organ are similar in compostion to those perceived by the olfactory apparatus
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f
??? |
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nerve impulses from taste receptors can travel in the facial, glossopharyngeal or vagus nerve
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T (p.450)
Facial - anterior 2/3 tongue Glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3 tongue & back mouth Vagus - impulses from receptors at base of tongue & pharynx |
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tears contain an enzyme that functions to reduce the chances of developing an infection
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T
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the dorsal root of the spinal nerve is motor
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F
(ventral root - motor; dorsal root - sensory, p.419) |
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the conjuctiva is a layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the eye
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T
p. 463 |
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the loudest sound we can hear is only about one thousand times as loud as the quietest
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F
normal hearing can detect sound waves w/frequencies from 20 to 20,000 or more vibrations per sec, p. 457 |
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the stapes transmits vibrations to the round window of the inner ear
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F (oval window, p. 452)
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rhodopsin is broken down by light
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T
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the pain associated with emergence from darkness into bright light is caused by energy release when rhodopsin is rapidly decomposed
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T
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nerve impulses from the organ of Corti travel on the vestibulocochlear nerve
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T (p.458)
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the spinal nerves in the thoracic and lumbar regions have a visceral branch that gives rise to the sympathetic ANS
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T
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the optic disk is located medial to the fovea centralis and is the site from which nerve fibers from the retina leave the eye and become part of the of the optic nerve
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T
p. 469 |
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spinal nerves are grouped and named according to function
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F
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the epineurium is composed of nervous tissue
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F
-epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue of the peripheral nerves, p.412 |
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endorphins are neuropeptides that have morphinelike actions
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T
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rods are more sensitive to light than cones but cones are important for color vision
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T
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the most common cause of blindness in the industrialized west is diabetic retinopathy
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T, p. 477
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when all three sets of cones are stimulated a person senses white light
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T
(if none are stimulated, seen as black, p. 475) |
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sound vibrations are passed from the malleus to the stapes to the incus
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F
malleus --> vibrates the incus --> stapes, p.452 |
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crossing over of optic nerve fibers occurs in the thalamus
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F
- occurs in optic chiasma (just anterior to the pituitary gland), p.475 |
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nerve impulses from taste receptors can travel in the facial, glossopharyngeal or vagus nerve
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T
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alpha adrenegic perceptors are stimulated by norepinephrine, whereas beta adrenic receptors are stimulated by epinenphrine and norepinephrine
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T
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astigmatism is characterized by an ellipical curvature rather than a spherical curvature of the cornea or the lens
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T
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farsightedness hyperopia is characterizd by the eyeball being too short and the point of focus in the front of the retina
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F
short eyeball - point of focus behind the retina = farsighted - correct with convex lens long eyeball - point of focus in front of retina = nearsighted - correct with concave lens, p. 472 |
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pain sensations arising from visceral organs may be caused the stretching of tissues
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T
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the neuropeptides enkephalins and endorphins function to relieve pain by working on specific sites in the brain to destroy the pain impulses
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F
They act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators - substances that altera a neuron's response to a neurotransmitter or block the release of a neurotransmitter, p. 374 enkephalins are inhibiting substances released in the posterior horn; endorphins are found in pituitary gland & regions nervous system |
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autonomic ganglia provide a degree of independence from the CNS by integrating motor impulses before they are relayed to visceral organs
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T
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sympathetic tone is defined as continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels which results in partial constriction
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T
p.429 |
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the taste of food will be the same whether a person has a cold or not
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F
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nerve tracts other than the corticospinal tracts that transmit motor impulses into the spinal cord are called extrapyramidal tracts
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T
(note: nerve tracts that transmit motor impulses into the spinal cord are descending tracts, p.395) |
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sometimes an infection, a tumor, or a blood clot may interfere with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid thereby causing a drop in its pressure
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T
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stapedius
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muscle attached to the stapes
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endolymph
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fluid of the membranous labyrinth
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macula
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contains receptors for static equilibrium
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scala vestibuli
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bony canal within the cochlea, p.453
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crista ampullaris
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contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium
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olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear
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sensory cranial nerves
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oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal
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primarily motor cranial nerves
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trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
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cranial nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers
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brachial plexus
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musculocutaneous, ulnar, radial, median, axillary, & dorsal
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thoracic plexus
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does not exist
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lumbosacral plexus
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oburator, femoral, sciatic, & pudendal nerves
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cervical plexus
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phrenic nerve
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brachial plexus
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radial nerve
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lumbosacral plexus
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femoral nerve
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dorsal root
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sensory root
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ventral root
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motor root
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cervical plexus
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phrenic nerve
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brachial plexus
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ulnar nerve
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lumbosacral plexus
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sciatic nerve
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thoracic plexus
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does not exist
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auditory ossicles
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tympanic reflex causes these structures to become more rigid
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osseous labyrinth
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bony canal in the temporal bone, p.453
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cochlear duct
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filled with endolymph and lies between two bony compartments
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organ of corti
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located on the upper surface of the basilar membrane; contains hair cells arranged in rows
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hair cells
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hearing receptor cells stimulated when tectorial membrane rubs against them, p.455
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