Nervous System Parasites And Fungi

Front 1

Cryptococcus Neoformans

Back 1

Oval budding yeast with polysaccharide capsule
- inhalation of organism form soil containing bird droplets
- common in immnosuppression
- main VIRULENCE factor: antyphagocytic polysaccharide capsule
-

Front 2

Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosis

Back 2

CSF w INDIA INK shows spherical yeast cells w prominent capsule, the ink outlines the polysaccharide capsule.
- Also CSH antigen titers,
- CRAG indicates systemic disease

Front 3

Aspergillosis

Back 3

saprophytic mold: aspergillus fumigatus w septate hyphae
- conidia inhalation
- 2nd cause of opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients.
-

Front 4

Cerebral aspergillosis

Back 4

wost manifestation of the disseminated disease.
Aspergillosis brain abscess p/w:
"STROKE SYND"; ischemia or hemorrhage of brain or both, of involved area of brain.

Front 5

Aspergillosis Diagnosis

Back 5

Demostration of Septate branching hyphae via microscopic examinationof biopsy.
CT; ring enhancing lesion

Front 6

Cerebral Malaria
"Plasmodium falciparum"

Back 6

Hysto landmark of non tx disease after 24-72h: sequestration of cerebral capillaries and venules w parasitixed RBC (PRBC) and non PRBC.
Ring like lesions.
Dx, peripheral blood smear
RING SHAPED TROPHOZOITES

Front 7

Malaria parasite cycle
- Plasmodium falciparum-

Back 7

Anopheles inoculates SPOROZOITES
Sporozoites infect LIVER
in liver they mature to schizonts
schizonts rupture and release MEROZOITES, these replicate in RBC's, (asexual)

Front 8

Cerebral toxoplasmosis
-Toxoplasma gondii-

Back 8

human (intermediate host) ingest cysts from cat feces which are the definitive host, in cats they reproduce in GI tract.
- congenital infection during 1st trimester: encephalitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly.
- serology is the routine method of diagnosis
- tachyzoites infect the fetus

Front 9

African trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei-
"sleeping sicknes"

Back 9

vector: Tsetse fly
Dx. detection of motile parasite
chancre fluid, lymph n. biopsy. trypanosomes seen in sediment of CNS

Front 10

-Naeglieria fowleri
- Acanthamoeba

Back 10

lakes, swimming pools, tap water, sewage, heating and AC ducts.
DX:
Naeglieria: wet mount, motile trophozoites in GIEMSA stain

Acanthamoeba: biopsy, microscopy detection of trophozoites and cysts.

Front 11

Cysticercosis
- Taenia solium-

Back 11

neurocysticercosis most common cns parasitic infection.
Humans are accidental hosts of LARVAE stage of taenia solium, ingested in pork.

Front 12

Cysticercosis
Taeniasis
- Taenia solium -
DIAGNOSIS

Back 12

Taeniasis: eggs and proglottids in feces

Cysticercosis: demostrate its presence in the tissue involved

Neurocysticercosis: antibody detection

Front 13

HYDATID disease
Echinococcus granulosus

Diagnosis

Back 13

hydatid cyst disease from dog tapeworm eggs.
- humans: dead end hosts
- sheep: intermediate hosts

Dx: "hydatid sand" fluid aspiration from the hydatis cyst will show of PROTOSCOLICES

Front 14

Schistosoma / treamatodes
- S. haematobium - terminal spine in urine
- S. mansoni - golden eggs w lateral spine
- S. japonicum - tiny spines

Back 14

water born through skin - cercaria -
- bladder
- large intestine
- small intestine

Front 15

Trichinella spiralis/nematodes

Back 15

round worm infection of muscles
- uncooked pork w trichinella larvae

- myocarditis, CNS involvement, pneumonitis, myalgia and weakness.

- marked EOSINOPHILIA
- in severe: musc. biopsy to detect larvae.