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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Central Nervous System comprised of?
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The brain and spinal cord.
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What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprised of?
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Cranial and spinal nerves.
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What is the primary functional unit of the nervous system?
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Neurons
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What do neurons do?
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They receive impulses and send them to other cells.
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Can neurons replicate?
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No, neurons are nonmitotic - they do not replicate if irreversibly damaged.
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What are the two cells of the nervous system?
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Neurons and Neuroglia.
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What is the function of Neuroglia?
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Neuroglia provide support, nourishment and protection to the neurons.
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Can Neuroglica replicate?
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Yes, they are mitotic thus, primary tumors are found here.
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Name three characteristics of Neurons:
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Exitability
Conductivity Ability to influence other neurons, muscle cells & glandular cells. |
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What does a neuron consist of?
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Cell body
Axon (myelinated/unmyelinated) Dendrites |
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What is the function of a dendrite?
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Receives impulses.
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What is the function of an axon?
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Carries nerve impulses.
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Neuroglia are also known as ________ ________and neurons are the ________ ________.
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Supporter cells.
Functional unit. |
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What are the functions of the Nervous System?
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Nerve regeneration and nerve impulse.
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Explain nerve regeneration:
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A damaged axon attempts to repair itself by sprouting more synaptic terminals however if the cell body is damaged, the neuron is done.
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Would you see regeneration in the CNS, PNS, both or neither?
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Possibly in the PNS, the CNS does not regenerate.
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What is a nerve impulse?
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The initiation of a neuronal message which also involves the generation of an action potential.
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What two ways is an action potential transmitted?
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Electrically (hops node-to-node) AND Chemically (w/neurotransmitter)
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How far does an action potential travel?
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Until it reaches its target.
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What is a synapse?
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A junction between two neurons.
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What are the essential structures of synaptic transmission?
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Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft and a receptor site on the postsynaptic cell.
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What are the two types of synapses?
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Electrical and chemical.
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What are the two types of Neurotransmitters?
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Excitatory
Inhibitory |
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What does excitatory mean?
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"continue"
Causes an increase in Na+ permeability, increasing the likelihood that an action potential will be generated. |
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What does inhibitory mean?
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"stop"
Increase in permeability of K+ and Cl-, decreasing the likelihood that an action potential will be generated. |
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What does the Central Nervous System (CNS)consist of?
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The brain and the spinal cord.
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Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
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It begins at the brainstem and ends at L1-L2.
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What does an ascending tract do?
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The ascending tracts carry information from the periphery to the brain.
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What does a descending tract do?
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The descending tract carries information from the brain to the body.
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What are the two descending tracts called?
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Pyramidal
Extrapyramidal |
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These, originate in the cerebral cortex:
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Upper motor neurons.
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What do the upper motor neurons influence?
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Voluntary skeletal movement.
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What if there were a lesion on the upper motor neurons?
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It could cause weakness or paralysis, disuse atrophy, hyperreflexia and increased muscle tone (spasticity).
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What do the lower motor neurons influence?
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They are the final common pathway through which descending motor tracts incluence skeletal muscle.
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Where are the lower motor neurons located?
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They are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
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What if there were a lesion on the lower motor neuron?
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It would cause weakness, paralysis, atrophy, hyporeflexia and muscle flaccidity.
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What is a reflex arc?
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Involuntary response to a stimulus - EXAMPLE - touching something hot and removing your hand.
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If there is damage on the lower motor neurons, which side would this affect?
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It would affect the same side.
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What side would be affected if there was damage to the upper motor neurons?
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The opposite side would be affected.
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What are the three major parts of the brain?
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Cerebrum
Brainstem Cerebellum |
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What is the cerebrum responsible for?
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Mental functioning, language, memory, judgment...
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What is the brainstem responsible for?
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Cell bodies of cranial nerves are here, conrols respiratory, cardiac, vasomotor funtion, sneeze, cough and swallowing....
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What is the cerebellum for?
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Coordinates voluntary movement, maintains body stability (vertigo) and equilibrium.
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What are the four lobes of the Cerebrum?
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Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
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Intellectual function and personality, skilled movements, voluntary movement and speech.
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