Autonomic Nervous System. Exam 1.

Front 1

What is the major function of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 1

controls visceral function larely outside our awareness

Front 2

What do motor neurons in the central nervous system synapse with?

Back 2

visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia which control the visceral effectors

Front 3

Where is visceral motor nuclei stored in the CNS?

Back 3

the hypothalamus

Front 4

What are the visceral effectors involved in the ANS?

Back 4

smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes

Front 5

What are preganglionic neurons?

Back 5

visceeral moter neurons whos cell bodies lie in the brain stem and spinal cord

Front 6

What do preganglionic neurons activities represent?

Back 6

direct reflex responses rather than actual responses to commands from the hypothalamus

Front 7

What are autonomic ganglia?

Back 7

visceral motor neurons found in the peripheral ganglia. they innervate the visceral effectors

Front 8

Can a postganglionic neuron synapse with more than one preganglionic neuron?

Back 8

yes

Front 9

Are postganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 9

unmyelinated

Front 10

What are the three divisions of the ANS?

Back 10

sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

Front 11

Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the ANS influence the enteric division?

Back 11

both

Front 12

When do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work independently?

Back 12

when the structure is only innervated by one division

Front 13

Typically, when does the sympathetic division kick in?

Back 13

periods of exertion, stress, emergency

Front 14

When does the parasympathetic division dominate?

Back 14

under resting conditions

Front 15

Where do axons emerge from in the parasympathetic division?

Back 15

the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord

Front 16

Where do axons emerege from in the sympathetic division?

Back 16

the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Front 17

What are the possible ganglionic neurons that preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord can synapse with?

Back 17

-sympathetic ganglia
-collateral ganglia
-adrenal medulla

Front 18

How do sympathtic chain and collateral ganglia exert their effects?

Back 18

innervate peripheral target organs with postganglionic fibers

Front 19

What are the target organs for sympathetic chain ganglia?

Back 19

visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity, head, body wall, limbs

Front 20

What are the target organs for collateral ganglia?

Back 20

visceral effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 21

How does the adrenal medula affect target organs throughout the body?

Back 21

the release of hormones into the general circulation

Front 22

Where are sympathetic chain ganglia located?

Back 22

either side of the vertebral column

Front 23

Where are the three collateral ganglia?

Back 23

anterior to the vertebral column close to the large abdominal arteries

Front 24

What are the three collateral ganglia?

Back 24

-celiac
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric

Front 25

Compare pre and post ganglionic fibers axons in teh sympathetic vs. parasympathetic division

Back 25

the sympathetic has short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic where the parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic

Front 26

Where does the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?

Back 26

terminal or intramural ganglia

Front 27

Where are terminal ganglia located?

Back 27

close to the target organ (synapsing on or near)

Front 28

Wherer are intramural ganglia located?

Back 28

within the wall of the target organ

Front 29

What percentage of organs are innervated by the vagus nerve?

Back 29

75%

Front 30

What are the bundles that postganglionic fibers that innervate structures in the thoracic caviity called?

Back 30

sympathetic nerves

Front 31

What does the splanchnic bed innervate?

Back 31

the digestive system and excretory organs

Front 32

What is the sympathetic response of the cardiovascular system?

Back 32

increased heart rate and conduction velocity, vasoconstriction in the skin and splanchnic bed, blood flow to active muscles and heart

Front 33

What is the sympathetic response of the lung bronchioles?

Back 33

dialation for deeper breathing

Front 34

What is the sympathetic response of the skin?

Back 34

pale, sweat, hairs stand up

Front 35

What is the sympathetic response of the eyes?

Back 35

pupil dilation; lens flattens to see further

Front 36

What is the sympathetic response of the metabolism?

Back 36

speeds up; release stores from the liver; mobilization of energy reserves

Front 37

What is the sympathetic response of the GI tract?

Back 37

decreases motility, decreases secretions

Front 38

What are the purposes of the parasympathetic division?

Back 38

rest and digest, housekeeping functions of the body, conservation or restoration of energy, decreased overall metabolic activity

Front 39

What is the parasympathetic response of the heart?

Back 39

decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Front 40

What is the parasympathetic response of the GI system?

Back 40

increased motility, increased secretions, increased blood flow

Front 41

What is the parasympathetic response of excretory organs?

Back 41

allows urination and defecation

Front 42

What is the parasympathetic response of the exocrine glands?

Back 42

increased production of water saliva

Front 43

What is the parasympathetic response of the eye?

Back 43

contraction of pupillary muscles; narrows pupil

Front 44

What is dual innervation called?

Back 44

autonomic tone

Front 45

Where is dual innervation most evident?

Back 45

GI tract, heart, and lungs

Front 46

What is autonomic tone and what is it regulated by?

Back 46

it is a balancing act regulated by the hypothalamus

Front 47

What does "tone" indicate?

Back 47

both systems are always on

Front 48

What are neurouns that release acetylcholine called?

Back 48

cholinergic neurons

Front 49

What are neurons called that release norepinephrine?

Back 49

adrenergic

Front 50

What are the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation mediated by?

Back 50

membrane receptors at target organs

Front 51

What type of neurons do neuross releasing norepinephrine have an effect on?

Back 51

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons except sweat glands

Front 52

What are the two classes of sympathetic adrenergic receptors?

Back 52

alpha receptors and beta receptors

Front 53

What do adrenergic receptors bind to?

Back 53

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 54

What releases norepinephrine and epinephrine to the blood?

Back 54

the suprarenal medulla

Front 55

What receptors are generally excited by NE/E?

Back 55

a1 and b1

Front 56

What receptors are generally inhibitied by NE/E?

Back 56

a2 and b2

Front 57

What receptor is the only receptor in adipose tisue and what do its effects cause?

Back 57

b3 and it causes lipolysis

Front 58

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Back 58

nicotinic and muscarinic

Front 59

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

Back 59

dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Front 60

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

Back 60

plasma membranes of all effector cells innervated by the parasympathetic postganglionic axons and most sweat glands (sympathetic)

Front 61

What does exposure to ACh always cause in nicotinic receptors?

Back 61

excitation of the ganglionic neuron by opening chemically gated channes in the post synaptic membrane

Front 62

What is the response of muscarinic receptors to the exposure of ACh?

Back 62

either activates or inactivates specific enzymes; can be excitatory or inhibitory

Front 63

Is the parasympathetic or sympathetic division controlled and activated as a whole?

Back 63

sympathetic

Front 64

Why is the parasympathetic division called the anabolic system?

Back 64

its stimulation leads to a general increase in the nutrient content of the blood

Front 65

What is autonomic tone?

Back 65

a continuous level of spontaneous activity of autonomic motor neurons even in the abscence of stimuli

Front 66

How is it possible for both neurotransmitters to be released?

Back 66

autonomic tone

Front 67

Under resting conditions, which system dominates?

Back 67

parasympathetic

Front 68

What happens to the heart rate if there is parasympathetic inhibition or sympathetic stimulation?

Back 68

heart rate increases

Front 69

What is a visceral reflex?

Back 69

automatic response that can be modified or facilitated by higher centers

Front 70

Are visceral reflexes monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

Back 70

polysynaptic

Front 71

What does each visceral reflex arc consist of?

Back 71

-receptor
-sensory neuron
-processing center (interneuron)
-one or two visceral motor neurons

Front 72

What are the two types of visceral reflexes?

Back 72

short and long

Front 73

Which type of reflex predominates in the enteric nervous system?

Back 73

short

Front 74

What type of motor responses do short reflexes control?

Back 74

simple, localized effects

Front 75

How do long reflexes work?

Back 75

visceral sensory neurons deliver info to teh CNS along dorsal roots of spinal nerves; interneurons process info in the CNS, ANS carries motor commands to appropriate visceral effectors

Front 76

Which type of reflex is responsible forr coordinated responses involving multiple organ systems

Back 76

long reflexes

Front 77

What is visceral sensory info collected by?

Back 77

interoceptors

Front 78

Where are interoceptors primarily located?

Back 78

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Front 79

What is the function of autonomic motor neurons?

Back 79

regulates visceral activities

Front 80

Where are neurons controlling parasympathetic viscerall reflexes?

Back 80

sacral spinal cord s2-s4

Front 81

where are neurons controlling sympathetic visceral reflexes?

Back 81

spinal cord t1-l2

Front 82

What is the processing center for complex visceral reflexes?

Back 82

the medulla oblongata

Front 83

What is the visceral sensory neurons stimulated by?

Back 83

interoceptors and influence from somatic sensory and special sensory neurons

Front 84

How many motor neurons do most pathways have in a series?

Back 84

2 motor, 1 sensory

Front 85

Where do influences from the general somatic and special senses come from?

Back 85

the limbic system

Front 86

What is a receptor agonist?

Back 86

binds to and activates a receptor

Front 87

What is an adrenergic agonist?

Back 87

phenylephrine

Front 88

What happens with the adrenergic agonist phenylephrine?

Back 88

a1 receptors, contricts blood vesses, decreases secretions, and pupils dilate...the sympathetic nervous system is turning up

Front 89

What occurs with nicotinic receptor agonists?/

Back 89

stimulates receptors causing persistent depolarization; prolonged use causes desensitization/inhibition and dependence in users. BOTH SYSTEMS TURN ON

Front 90

What does a muscarinic antagonist do?

Back 90

blocks the neurotransmitter from exerting its effect

Front 91

What do adrenergic antagonists do?

Back 91

turn down the sympathetic nervous system; relaxes or decreases tension

Front 92

What are beta blockers used for?

Back 92

anxiety and congestive heart failure

Front 93

What are alpha blockers used for?

Back 93

to treat high blood pressure