Nervous System I And Ii

Front 1

nervous system

Back 1

specialized cells that sense the environment and allow rapid long-distance communications between cells

Front 2

CNS

Back 2

the brain and spinal cord

Front 3

PNS

Back 3

nerves connected to the brain and spinal cord

Front 4

Neuron

Back 4

cells specialized for conducting electrical charges

Front 5

Nocieptor

Back 5

sends pain signals; detects damage to the body

Front 6

Motor Neuron

Back 6

attach to muscles and glands and makes them work. receives signal from CNS.

Front 7

Mirror Neuron

Back 7

neuron that fires when another animal acts

Front 8

Reflex Arc

Back 8

involuntary response to an external stimulus. sensory neuron to motor neuron without connection to the brain

Front 9

cell body

Back 9

nucleus of the nerve cell; also the site of orangelles

Front 10

dendrite

Back 10

brings information to the cell body

Front 11

axon

Back 11

brings information away from the cell body

Front 12

mylein sheath

Back 12

lipid-rich insulation that coats the axon. insulation and speeds up the nerve signals.

Front 13

synapse

Back 13

gap between nerve cells, nerve/muscle, nerve/gland

Front 14

action potential

Back 14

excited axon

Front 15

membrane potential

Back 15

the resting difference in charge between inside and outside of the cell. at rest, negative inside and positive outside.

Front 16

action potential

Back 16

temporary reversal in charge between inside and outside of the nerve cell

Front 17

Sodium (NA+) Channel

Back 17

more sodium ions outside than inside, protein channel in the cell membrane

Front 18

Potassium (K+) Channel

Back 18

more potassium ions inside the cell than outside, protein channel in the nerve cell

Front 19

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Back 19

uses ATP energy to pump sodium ions out of the nerve cell and potassium ions back in aganist concentration

Front 20

Step 1: Action Potential

Back 20

1) NA+ channel opens, NA+ flows into the cell. Charge changed inside the cell from negative to positive.

Front 21

Step 2: Action Potential

Back 21

2) More NA+ channels open. Action potential moves along the axon away from the cell body.

Front 22

Step 3: Action Potential

Back 22

3) K+ channel opens as NA+ open/close. Restores charge inside the cell to negative.

Front 23

Step 4: Action Potential

Back 23

4) NA/K pump brings sodium back out and potassium back in. Membrane potential is restored.

Front 24

How fast do nerve impulses travel in invertebrates? insects?

Back 24

272 mph / 4.5 mph slower b/c they don't have mylein sheath

Front 25

Neurotransmitters

Back 25

hormones stored in the tips of axons in vesicles. CA+ releases them. Once used either re-absorbed or destroyed by enzymes.

Front 26

Depression

Back 26

low levels of noepenephrine or serotonin

Front 27

How does Cocaine addiction work?

Back 27

Cocaine blocks the absorption of dopamine. body produces enzymes to destroy excess dopamine. need to take more and more coke to get high.

Front 28

What's the name of the gas released by neurons in male animals for an erection?

Back 28

Nitric Oxide Gas

Front 29

Why does blood not leave the penis during an erection?

Back 29

The arteries are vasodiliated but the veins are vasoconstricted. Erect penis hold x10 blood as non erect penis.

Front 30

How does Viagra work?

Back 30

blocks the enzyme that blocks NO gas

Front 31

Novacaine

Back 31

blocks NA+ channel, prevents pain signal

Front 32

Alcohol

Back 32

creates leaky K+ channel, lowers membrane potential, slower reactions

Front 33

BBB

Back 33

Blood brain barrier. Blocks large molecules and bacteria from entering brain tissues.

Front 34

Circumventricular organs

Back 34

organs where the BBB is intentionally lax to allow the monitoring of blood quality

Front 35

Area Postrema

Back 35

in medulla, weak area of BBB that can detect toxic substances in the blood and make you throw up

Front 36

Why are brain infections hard to treat?

Back 36

most meds can't get past BBB

Front 37

Meningitus

Back 37

inflammation of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or injury

Front 38

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 38

disruption in BBB that allows misfolded proteins (beta amalyoid) to enter the brain and accumulate, forms hard amaloid plaques

Front 39

Seizures

Back 39

rapid simultaneous firing of neurons in the brain

Front 40

Epilepsy

Back 40

over 40 different kids. abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Front 41

Tonic-clonic sezuire

Back 41

severe, convlusionsl can cause brain damage

Front 42

absence seizure

Back 42

mild, short, move around aimlessly, not remember it

Front 43

mental illness

Back 43

mostly caused by chem imbalances in the brain, difficult to treat because of BBB

Front 44

CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 44

brain's "interstital fluid", protects the brain, allows the flow of nutrients, enables transport of molecules around the nervous sytem. drains into the lymphatic system.

Front 45

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

Back 45

caused by coughing or internal compression of jugular veins in the neck. high can prevent glucose from entering, low light headed, headaches

Front 46

Brainstem

Back 46

survival functions

Front 47

Medulla

Back 47

controls heart rate, swallowing, vommitting and digestion

Front 48

Pons

Back 48

controls breathing

Front 49

Midbrain

Back 49

helps coordinate vision and hearing

Front 50

Diencephalon

Back 50

ancient part of the brain that controls sex drive, thirst, hunger, hallucogenics affect it, biopolar disorder here

Front 51

sleep

Back 51

may function in consolidating learning and memory

Front 52

Dreams

Back 52

reply events that happen during the day, brain disables motor skills

Front 53

Cerebellum

Back 53

controls balance, muscles

Front 54

Cerebrum

Back 54

controls memory, abstract knowledge, sensory perception

Front 55

Cerebral Cortex

Back 55

outer layer of cerebrum -- awareness

Front 56

Left Side versus Right

Back 56

Right is creative. Left is "lefty logic".

Front 57

Limbic System

Back 57

produces and interprets emotions

Front 58

Memory/Learning pathways

Back 58

differ in length, intensity, and which types of neurotransmitters are used

Front 59

Short-Term Memory

Back 59

frontal cortex

Front 60

Long-Term Memory

Back 60

hippocampus

Front 61

Four factors that improve the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

Back 61

1) practice often
2) practice like you play
3) connecting to old material
4) emotional state

Front 62

Marijuana/Alcohol

Back 62

Marijuana short term memory loss while alcohol blocks formation of long term memories