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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two types of cells compose the nervous system?
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Neurons and neuroglial.
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What is a synapse?
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The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
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What three functions does the nervous system provide?
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Sensory, integrative, and motor functions.
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What is the function of a cell body in a neuron?
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To produce a neurotransmitter.
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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Chemical produced by neuron to produce a certain effect.
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What is myelin composed of?
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Fat.
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What cells secrete myelin in the CNS?
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Schwann cells.
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What two things is the term "never fibers" referring to?
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Dendrites and axon.
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What is the function of dendrites?
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To receive signals.
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What is the function of axons?
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To send signals.
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How many axons and dendrites are in a bipolar neuron?
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1 axon, 1 dendrite
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What is unique about unipolar neurons?
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They have one fiber that acts as both axon and dendrite.
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How many axons and dendrites does a multipolar neuron have?
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Many dendrites, one axon.
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When mylenated fibers conducts impulses faster, what is that called?
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Saltatory conduction.
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White matter is __________ and gray matter is ___________.
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Mylenated and unmylenated.
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What type of cell transmits biochemical information?
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Neurons.
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What type of cell transmits nerve impulses along nerve fibers?
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Neurons.
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What type of cell are made of bundles of nerve fibers?
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Neurons.
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What type of cell provides structural support for neurons?
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Neuroglia.
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What type of cell adds and protects components of the nervous system?
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Neuroglia.
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What type of cells in the nervous system can be made of types of connective tissues?
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Neuroglia.
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What happens in the synapse?
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Neurotransmitters transmit information from one neuron to another.
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What type of neuroglial cell is star-shaped and found between neurons and blood vessels?
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Astrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell provides structural support?
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Astrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell transports substances between neurons and blood vessels?
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Astrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell keeps the synaptic cleft free of excess ions and neurotransmitters?
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Astrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell are responsible for scar formation after injury?
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Astrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell is responsible for the metabolism of glucose?
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Astrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell functions in myelin production in the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell provide myelin sheathes to several axons at a time?
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Oligodendrocytes.
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What type of neuroglial cell is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria and debris?
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Microglial.
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What type of neuroglial cell is the smallest by a large margin?
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Microglial.
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What type of neuroglial cell provides a porous layer for substances to diffues between the interstital fluids of the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles?
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Epidymal.
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What type of neuroglial cell is ciliated cuboidal or columnar and found as the lining of the central canal?
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Epidymal.
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What type of neuroglial cell is a single layered membrane covering the ventricles of the brain?
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Epidymal.
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If the cell body of a neuron is damaged, will it grow back?
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No it is permanently damaged.
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If the axon of a neuron is damaged, will it grow back?
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Yes. The distal portion of the axon deteriorates and a new one sprouts and tries to reconnect.
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What neurotransmitter is know for an excitory, depolarizing effect on the postsynaptic membrane?
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Norepinephrine.
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What neurotransmitter is know for inhibitory AND excitatory effects?
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Dopamine.
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Cocaine users inhibit the removal of what neurotransmitter from the synpatic cleft?
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Dopamine.
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The inadequate supply of what neurotransmitter causes Parkinson's disease?
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Dopamine.
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What neurotransmitter is know for affecting attention and emotional states?
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Serotonin.
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Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft inhibit the reabsorption of what neurotransmitter?
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Serotonin.
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What is the name of substances that are made of amino acids and can function as both neurotransmitters and neuromodulators?
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Neuropeptide.
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What example of a neuropeptide is a very potent pain reliever?
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Beta endorphins.
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What do beta endorphins prevent the release of?
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Substance P, which transmits pain impulses.
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What is a neuropeptide that is associated with relieving pain sensations, other than beta endorphins?
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Enkephaline.
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What happens in covergence?
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Two subthreshold signals from two separate neurons combine to create a threshold (or above) signal to make a third neuron fire.
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What happens in divergence?
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One neuron sends an amplified above-threshold signal to more than one neuron, making it "fire".
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What do you call the combining of two subthreshold signals to create one that is at or above threshold?
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Summation.
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What type of charge does the outside of a neuron have?
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Positive.
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What type of charge does the inside of a neuron have?
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Negative.
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What channel opens first to depolarize the neuron?
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Na+ (or sodium) channel.
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After depolarization has occurred, what channel opens up to repolarize by allowing ions from within the neuron to escape?
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K+ (or potassium) channel.
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What is the part of the axon called that the action potential jumps to?
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The nodes of Ranvier.
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What are the unmylenated portions of the axon called?
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The nodes of Ranvier.
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What neurotransmitter is associated with skeletal muscle movement?
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Acetycholine (or ACh).
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Pain signals are usually _________.
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Amplified.
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What ions stimulate a neuron to produce its associated neurotransmitter?
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Ca+ (or Calcium)
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When does hyperpolarization occur?
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After the action potential has "fired" and K+ ions are leaving the neuron the repolarize it, it often goes below its resting memrane potential. The K+ pump will then restabilize it at its resting potential.
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In neurons, what do synpatic vesicles hold?
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Neurotransmitters.
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What type of neuron detects changes in the environment?
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A sensory neuron.
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What type of neurons are at the end of peripheral nerves, gathers information, and converts it into nerve impulses?
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A sensory neuron.
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What type of neuron takes impulses from all the sensory receptors and combines them to make sensations and memory?
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Integrative neuron.
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What type of neuron affect conscious or unconscious decisions to lead motor functions via effectors in glands or muscles?
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Motor neurons.
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Where are synpatic knobs located?
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On the ends of axons.
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What is often contained in higher quantities in synpatic knobs?
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Synpatic vesicles, which contain neurotransmitters.
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What is a neuronal pool?
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Basically a cluster of nerves associated with convergence or divergence.
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Can a neuron fire while it is in absolute refractory period?
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No, it is in the process of firing, and no signal, no matter what strength can make it fire again.
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Can a neuron fire while it is in relative refractory period?
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Yes, as long as the signal is strong enough. During relative refractory period, it is in the process of repolarizing.
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The difference in charge between the 2 sides of the membrane is about __ mV.
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70 mV.
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