Sd Test 1 - Nervous System

Front 1

white matter

Back 1

bundles of nerve axons called tracts

Front 2

gray matter

Back 2

high density of neuron cell bodies; has an "H" shape

Front 3

ganglion

Back 3

collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS

Front 4

peripheral nerve

Back 4

bundle of nerve axons in PNS. can be classified as cranial or spinal

Front 5

cranial nerves

Back 5

12 pairs; arise from brain/brain stem

Front 6

spinal nerves

Back 6

31 pairs; arise from spinal
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Front 7

spinal nerve anatomy

Back 7

Arise from spinal cord by rootlets, which converge to form 2 roots (Dorsal, Ventral), which then unite to form spinal nerve. Nerve then divides into dorsal, ventral rami.

Front 8

Dorsal Ramus

Back 8

smaller, conveys nerve fibers to/from:
-intrinsic back muscles
-facets of vertebral column
-skin of the back

Front 9

Ventral Ramus

Back 9

larger, conveys nerve fibers to/from:
-anterior/lateral areas of body
-arms and legs

Front 10

Multipolar neurons

Back 10

motor (efferent), convey neural impulse from CNS to effector organs. multiple dendrites, one axon.

Front 11

Psuedounipolar neurons

Back 11

sensory (afferent), convey neural impulses from sensory receptors to CNS. one axon, one dendrite

Front 12

Somatic motor nerves

Back 12

carry impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles. multipolar neurons

Front 13

General sensory nerves

Back 13

carry sensation from body to CNS (pain, temperature, position). Pseudounipolar neurons.

Front 14

somatic motor nerve anatomy

Back 14

cell body in ventral horn; exit spinal cord via ventral root, innervate skeletal muscles.

Front 15

general sensory nerve anatomy

Back 15

axons project into dorsal horn of spinal cord via dorsal root; cell body resides in dorsal root ganglion.

Front 16

axon

Back 16

carries impulse away from cell body; usually long, single, few branches

Front 17

dendrite

Back 17

carry impulse toward cell body; short and highly branched

Front 18

Vertebrae

Back 18

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal (fused)

Front 19

Primary Curves of Vert. Column

Back 19

thoracic and sacral; form due to differences in anterior/posterior height of vert.

Front 20

Secondary Curves of Vert. Column

Back 20

cervical and lumbar; form in early childhood due to differences between anterior/posterior IV disc height

Front 21

kyphosis

Back 21

hunchback
too much thoracic curve

Front 22

lordosis

Back 22

hollowback
too much lumbar curve

Front 23

scoliosis

Back 23

abnormal lateral curve, rotation of vertebrae

Front 24

Vertebral foramina

Back 24

form canal that houses, protects spinal cord

Front 25

IV foramen

Back 25

transmit spinal nerves from vertebral canal

Front 26

IV Disk anatomy

Back 26

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

Front 27

Lumbar spine facets

Back 27

saggital plane; favors flexion/extension

Front 28

thoracic spine facet joints

Back 28

frontal plane favors rotation

Front 29

cervical spine facet joints

Back 29

transverse plane allows multiaxial motion

Front 30

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Back 30

unites anterior surface of vertebral bodies; prevents hyperextension

Front 31

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Back 31

unites posterior surface of vert. bodies; limits flexion

Front 32

supraspinous ligament

Back 32

connects spinous processes from sacrum to C7. expands into ligamentum nuchae

Front 33

Ligamentum nuchae

Back 33

Triangular ligament in cervical region; provides attachment for cervical muscles

Front 34

Interspinous ligament

Back 34

adjoins adjacent spinous processes

Front 35

Intertransverse Ligaments

Back 35

adjoins adjacent transverse processes

Front 36

Ligamentum Flavum

Back 36

yellow, elastic fibers adjoin adjacent lamina of vertebra; helps prevent hyperflexion

Front 37

Superficial back muscles

Back 37

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboids

Front 38

Intermediate muscles of back

Back 38

serratus posterior superior and inferior; aid in respiration

Front 39

Deep muscles of the back

Back 39

**intrinsic back muscles; act on vertebral column

Front 40

Superficial Deep back muscles

Back 40

splenius; moves neck

Front 41

Intermediate Deep back muscles

Back 41

Erector Spinae complex:
Iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
extension/flexion of spine

Front 42

Deep Deep back muscles

Back 42

Semispinalis
multifidus
Rotatores
stabilize vert column; procireceptor functions

Front 43

sacral hiatus

Back 43

opening @ inferior aspect of sacrum; popular site for pediatric anasthesia

Front 44

2 divisions of ANS

Back 44

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 45

Sympathetic

Back 45

Thoracolumbar
"fight or flight"
cell body of preganglionic neurons in gray matter of T1 to L2

Front 46

Parasympathetic

Back 46

craniosacral
"Rest and Digest"
cell body of preganglionic neurons in brainstem OR gray matter of S2 to S4

Front 47

Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in Sympathetic

Back 47

Found in sympathetic chain or prevertebral ganglia along aorta.

Front 48

Sympathetic Chains

Back 48

parallel nerve cords along each side of vert column from base of skull to cocyx. **A means to enter spinal nerves outside T1 to L2.

Front 49

Rami Communicantes

Back 49

connect sympathetic chains to spinal nerves

Front 50

Visceral Sensory nerves

Back 50

Accompany visceral motor nerves and convey info back to CNS concerning status of viscera. Cell bodies in Spinal Ganglion.

Front 51

Spinal Nerves have 4 distinct nerve types

Back 51

Somatic Motor
General Sensory
Visceral Motor
Visceral Sensory