Nervous System

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Structural Classification of the Nervous System

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Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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Functional Classification of the Nervous System

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Somatic nervous system - body, voluntary
Autonomic nervous system - self, involuntary

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Two divisions of the Autonomic nervous system

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Parasympathetic - Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10
Sympathetic division/thoracolumbar divison - arises from the thoracolumbar region

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Components of the Nervous Tissue

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Consists of two types of cells, neurons or nerve cells and neuroglia cells

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Neurons

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Functional units of the nervous system
Contain dendrite, nucleus, cell body, axon, Schwann cell and Synaptic knob

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Cell body

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Control Center of neuron containing the nucleus and neuroplasm

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Peripheral Neuroglial Cells

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Schwann cells-the Neuroglia of the PNS, form mylein sheaths by winding around nerve processes. Equivelent of oligodendrocytes of CNS
Myelin - lipoprotien sheath around nerve processes
Myelinated fiber - an axion having a myelin sheath
Unmyelinated fiber - an axon lacking a myelin sheath but still having a Schwann cell covering

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Astrocytes

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Proliferate after brain damage, forming a scar which can place stress on the surrounding brain tissue causing irritation of adjacent tissue and or a possible epileptic focus

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Synapse

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A specialized site of apposition where information passes from one nerve cell to another

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Neuron action potential (NAP)

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An electrical event that travels down an axon

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Presynaptic cell

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The neuron that transfers information to the postsynaptic cell

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Synaptic button

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the terminal end of the presynaptic neuron that is in apposition wit the postsynaptic cell

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Neurotransmitter

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A chemical substance within the synaptic vesicle that mediates information transfer between nerve cells and other cells at a synapes

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Synaptic cleft

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the space between a somatic neuron ans a skeletal muscle fiber where impulses pass

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Neuromuscular junction

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A synapse between a somatic neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber where impulses pass

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Postsynaptic cell

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The neuron, muscle or gland receiving infomation from the presynaptic cell

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Receptors

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integral proteins inserted in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. They function to bind with a neurotransmitter resulting in a change in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

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Synaptic event

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Proprogates down the axon to reach the synaptic knob of the presynaptic cell. Causes the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuse across the cleft to bind to receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

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Spinal nerve

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formed by the joining of the ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots that arise from a spinal cord segment
Dorsal root - from periphery into spinal cord
Dorsal root ganglion - a collection of cell bodies of sensory nerves that pass over the dorsal root
Ventral root - carries motor neuron axons from the spinal cord to the periphery

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Dorsal Branch

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roughly innervate the structures ventral to the vertebral transverse processes

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Ventral Branch

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Roughly supply structures ventral to the vertebral transverse processes

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Intervertebral foramina

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where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column to branch into dorsal and ventral branches

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Reflex arch

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The pathway of a reflex is the simplest impulse pathway. Specialized receptors at the end of the sensory neurons receive a stimulus resulting in an impulse. The impulse travels to the dendrite, the body, and axon of the sensory neuron into the spinal cord. In the spinal cord the sensory neuron synapses on an inter neuron which then carries the impulse into a synapse on a motor neuron. The motor neuron stimulates a receptor organ to complete the reflex

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Sensory neuron (afferent)

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carries impulses to the CNS

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Interneuron

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Located in the spinal cord and connects a sensory neuron with a motor neuron

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Motor neuron (efferent)

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Carries and impulse to an effector organ

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Effector organ

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the muscle or gland innervated by a motor neuron which reacts to the stimulus

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Nucleus

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Aggregations of neuron cell bodies

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Ganglion

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A group of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system

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Grey matter

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that part of the nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies

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White matter

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That part of the nervous tissue consisting mainly of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons

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Nerve

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a bundle of axons outside the CNS or the basic unit of the peripheral nervous system