Nervous System

Front 1

What are the meninges of the brain (from inner to outer)

Back 1

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater (periosteal & meningeal layers)

Front 2

What is the falx cerebri?

Back 2

A double layered shelf of the meningeal layer of dura mater. Extends into the longitudinal fissure of the brain, partially separates the cerebral hemispheres.
The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses run within it's margins.

Front 3

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 3

A horizontally oriented fold of dura mater separating the occipital & temporal lobes from the cerebellum. Transverse sinuses run w/in its posterior border

Front 4

What are the general features of the arachnoid mater?

Back 4

Middle meninx, a thin membrane with numberous trabeculae - which extend from the arachnoid membrane to the pia mater (but not into the cerebral sulci & cerebellar folia)

Front 5

What is the subdural space?

Back 5

The potential space between the dura mater & the arachnoid mater. Becomes an actual space only if fluid accumulates (subdural hematoma)

Front 6

What is the subarachnoid space?

Back 6

Lies between the arachnoid membrane & the pia mater. Contains CSF & blood vessels (inc cerebral arteries & veins)

Front 7

What are features of the pia mater?

Back 7

Innermost meninx. Not macroscopically visible, 1 cell layer thick. Passes into all sulci and folia of the brain.

Front 8

What are the parts of the lateral ventricles?

Back 8

body, anterior horn, posterior horn, inferior horn. The trigone is a dilated junction between the body, inferior horn, and posterior horn.

Front 9

Where is the third ventricle of the brain?

Back 9

It is a deep narrow single ventricle, located in the midsagittal plane, immediatly inferior to the lateral ventricles.

Front 10

What are interventricular foramina?

Back 10

There are two, each connects the third ventricle to a lateral ventricle.

Front 11

Where is the fourth ventricle of the brain?

Back 11

The most inferior ventricle, lies in the midsagittal plane continuous with the cerebral aqueduct (superiorly) & the central canal of the brain (inferiorly)

Front 12

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

Back 12

An elongated canal which extends from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

Front 13

What is the central canal?

Back 13

It is continuous with the fourth ventricle, which narrows at it's inferior end before merging with the central canal. The central canal extends inferiorly into the spinal cord.

Front 14

Where is cerebrospinal fluid created?

Back 14

In the choroid plexus - which is located in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles and in the interventricular foramina

Front 15

What are the ventricles of the brain continuous with?

Back 15

- Subarachnoid space through apertures in the fourth ventricle,
Note: The subarachnoid space connects with the superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid villi to allow CSF to flow into the sinuses to return into venous circulation.

Front 16

What is the cerebral cortex?

Back 16

The external surface of each hemisphere, composed of grey matter

Front 17

What are brain hemispheres composed of?

Back 17

Outer layer of grey matter-cerebral cortex, white matter (forms the bulk), & basal nuclei

Front 18

What is a cerebral gyri?

Back 18

A surface fold of the cerebral hemisphere (contains both white and grey matter)

Front 19

What is a cerebral sulci?

Back 19

The groove between two gyri (is lined by pia mater)

Front 20

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex (and their functions)?

Back 20

Frontal: personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control
Parietal: understanding speech, sensory interpretation of textures/shapes
Temporal: interpretation of auditory & olfactory sensations, understanding speech
Occipital: conscious perception of visual stimuli & correlation with previous visual experiences

Front 21

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 21

A band-like structure immediately inferior to the longitudinal fissure; consists of a mass of nerve fibre tracts (white matter) between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 22

What separates the lateral ventricles?

Back 22

The septum pellucidum

Front 23

What is grey matter composed of?

Back 23

Large numbers of cell bodies of neurons, synapses and neuroglia.

Front 24

What is white matter composed of?

Back 24

Large numbers of myelinated nerve axons

Front 25

What is the diencephalon?

Back 25

The part of the brain that surrounds the third ventricle. Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, & pineal gland

Front 26

What are the thalami?

Back 26

Two masses of grey matter in the diencephalon (connected by the interthalamic adhesion). They are the primary relay point for sensory information.

Front 27

What is the pineal gland?

Back 27

An endocrine gland at the posterior wall of the third ventricle

Front 28

What forms the spinal cord?

Back 28

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (superior to inferior)

Front 29

What is the medulla oblongata?

Back 29

The most inferior part of the brainstem, continuous with the spinal cord. Surrounds the inferior part of the 4th ventricle & the proximal part of the central canal.

Front 30

What is found on the anterior part of the medulla oblongata and what is the purpose?

Back 30

Pyramids (2 longitudinal ridges), which house the motor projection tracts, which cross over in the posterior region of the medulla.

Front 31

What is the pons?

Back 31

The central part of the brainstem, lies between the midbrain and medulla. Forms the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle.

Front 32

What is the midbrain?

Back 32

(also the mesencephalon) Most superior part of the brainstem, continuous with the diencephalon superiorly, surrounds the cerebral aqueduct.

Front 33

Where is the cerebellum?

Back 33

Posterior and inferior portion of the brain, forms the posterior wall of the 4th ventricle.

Front 34

What are the parts of the cerebellum?

Back 34

2 cerebellar hemispheres (each with a anterior and posterior lobe), the vermis bridges the gap between the 2 hemispheres

Front 35

What are the layers of the cerebellum?

Back 35

Cerebellar cortex = grey matter,
arbor vitae = white matter,
deep cerebellar nuclei= grey matter

Front 36

What are the surface folds of the cerebellum called?

Back 36

Folia, the folia are separated by fissures (deep narrow grooves)

Front 37

What/where are cerebellar peduncles?

Back 37

3 short paired trunks extending from the cerebellum to the brainstem

Front 38

What is the circle of Willis?

Back 38

An anatsomotic arrangement of arteries providing various routes of blood supply to the brain.

Front 39

List the vessels of the circle of Willis (anterior to posterior).

Back 39

1. Anterior cerebral arteries (2)
2. Anterior communicating artery (connects anterior cerebral arteries)
3. Internal carotid arteries
4. Posterior communicating arteries,
5. Posterior cerebral arteries

Front 40

Where are the internal carotid arteries?

Back 40

They enter the cranium through the carotid canal and travel along the carotid groove of the sphenoid bone. (supply anterior 2/3 of brain)

Front 41

Where are the vertebral arteries?

Back 41

Travel through the transverse foramina of C1-6. Form the basilar artery at the anterior surface of the brain stem. Supply posterior 1/3 of brain

Front 42

Trace the venous drainage of the brain

Back 42

Superior venous sinus -> confluence of venous sinuses -> right & left transverse sinuses -> sigmoid venous sinuses -> internal jugular veins