Nematodes

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these are parasitic worms that can infect humans and other animals

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Helminths

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3 common types of Helminths

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1. Nematodes (round worms)

2. Cestodes (tapeworms)

3. Trematodes (fluke)

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2 phylum of Helminths

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Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes

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Platyhelminthes main characteristics

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- Three body layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (acoelomate ;without a body cavity)

- Main body structure: Acoelomate; dorso-ventrally flattened; bilaterally symmetrical; no anus

- Mesoderm develops into a specialised connective layer known as the parenchyma.

- The organs — reproductive, nerves, muscular, excretory etc, are embedded within the parenchyma

- No specialised respiratory organs. Gaseous exchange is by diffusion through outer body layer.

- Specialised excretory ‘organs’ known as flame cells unique to this phylum, these cells link into a tubular system for the removal of liquid nitrogenous waste.

- Nearly all members of this phylum are hermaphrodite

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Platyhelminthes three body layers

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ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (acoelomate ;without a body cavity)

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without a body cavity

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acoelomate

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Platyhelminthes Main body structure (4)

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Acoelomate; dorso-ventrally flattened; bilaterally symmetrical; no anus

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Platyhelminthes Mesoderm develops into a specialised connective layer known as the ____

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parenchyma

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The organs of Platyhelminthes — (4) etc, are embedded within the _____

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reproductive, nerves, muscular, excretory; parenchyma

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Platyhelminthes has no _____.

Gaseous exchange is by ______

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specialised respiratory organs;

diffusion through outer body layer.

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Specialised excretory ‘organs’ known as ____ unique to this phylum, (what is its function)

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flame cells; these cells link into a tubular system for the removal of liquid nitrogenous waste.

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Nearly all members of this phylum (Platyhelminthes) are ____

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hermaphrodite

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Cestodes characteristics

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- A unique feature of this group is that the adults only occupy one type of habitat — the gut or derivatives such as the bile duct or pancreatic duct of a vertebrate

- All adult forms are endoparasites inhabiting the gut or gut derivative of a vertebrate

- They have no ciliated epidermis and no alimentary canal (gut)

-The adult form is divided into segments known as proglottids.

- The anterior end, the ‘head’, is known as the scolex and has well developed adhesive organs.

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unique feature of cestodes

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the adults only occupy one type of habitat — the gut or derivatives such as the bile duct or pancreatic duct of a vertebrate

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All adult forms of cestodes are ____ inhabiting the gut or gut derivative of a vertebrate

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endoparasites

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Cestodes don’t have (2)

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They have no ciliated epidermis and no alimentary canal (gut)

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The adult form of cestodes is divided into segments known as ____.

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proglottids

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The anterior end of cestodes, the ‘head’, is known as the ____ and has ____

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scolex; well developed adhesive organs

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TREMATODES (commonly known as flukes) characteristics

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- Two main orders: the Digenea and the Monogenea.

- No cilia on outer layer (known as tegument) and is a living layer that helps to absorb nutrients

- Body is undivided and has a mouth opening into a pharynx, esophagus and then gut with a bi-lobed blind- ending diverticula (alimentary canal).

- Most species are hermaphrodites except for the Schistosomatidae

- All have well developed adhesive organs.

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Two main orders of trematodes

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the Digenea and the Monogenea.

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Outer layer of trematodes

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No cilia on outer layer (known as tegument) and is a living layer that helps to absorb nutrients

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Trematodes - Body is ___ and has a ___ opening into a ______________

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undivided; mouth; pharynx, esophagus and then gut with a bi-lobed blind- ending diverticula (alimentary canal).

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Trematodes - Most species are ____ except for the _____

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hermaphrodites; Schistosomatidae

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Trematodes all have well developed _____

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adhesive organs

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Nematodes (commonly known as round worms) characteristics

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- have three body layers with a body cavity known as the pseudocoelom.

-The body cavity is fluid-filled and forms a hydrostatic skeleton.

- Cylindrical body shape, non-ciliated outer layer known as a cuticle.

- Sexes are separate; the gonads are tubular and with their ducts form a continuous structure.

- Worldwide distribution; occupying both terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

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Nematodes (commonly known as round worms) have three body layers with a body cavity known as the ______.

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pseudocoelom

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Nematodes body cavity

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body cavity (pseudocoelom) is fluid-filled and forms a hydrostatic skeleton.

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Nematodes body shape and outer layer

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Cylindrical body shape, non-ciliated outer layer known as a cuticle.

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Reproductive glands of nematodes characteristics

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Sexes are separate; the gonads are tubular and with their ducts form a continuous structure.

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Nematodes - Worldwide distribution; occupying both (2)

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terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

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3 other helminths

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Turbellarians, Nematomorpha (commonly known as larviform worms), Acanthocephalans (known as the spiny-headed worms)

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Turbellarians

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Nematomorpha is commonly known as

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larviform worms

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Nematomorpha (commonly known as larviform worms)

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Acanthocephalans (known as the spiny- headed worms)

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Acanthocephalans are known as the

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spiny-headed worms

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Nematodes

- sexes find each other with ____

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pheromones

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Nematodes

- male sperm lack ___ (move by ___)

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flagellum; pseudopodia (major sperm protein)

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Nematodes in Small Intestine (4)

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1. Ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm)

2. Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

3. Strongyloides stercoralis (dwarf threadworm)

4.Capillaria philippinensis

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Nematodes in Large Intestine (2)

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1. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

2. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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Nematodes in Small Intestine (4)

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1. Ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm)

2. Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

3. Strongyloides stercoralis (dwarf threadworm)

4.Capillaria philippinensis

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Nematodes in Large Intestine (2)

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1. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

2. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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Intestinal Nematodes maintains its position in its habitat by (4)

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1. Oral attachment (Hookworm)

2. Anchorage with their attenuated ends (Trichuris)

3. Penetration to the tissues (Strogyloides)

4. Retention on the folds of the mucosa (Ascaris)

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Nematodes Methods of Obtaining food (4)

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1. Sucking and ingestion of blood (Hookworm)

2. Ingestion of lyzed tissues

3. Feeding on intestinal content

4. Ingestion of nourishment from body fluids

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phylum nematoda

- how many in 1 rotting apple

- how many in 6.7 ml of coastal mud

- estimated how many in good farmland

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90,000

1,074

9 billion per acre

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nematodes aka

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white worms

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nematodes that have curved posterior end

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males

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larger nematode

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females larger than males

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development from the egg of nematodes include (2) before the adult stage is reached

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4 larval stages and 4 moltijg

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some species of nematodes require an intermediate host to complete development like

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capillaria philippinensis

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point of entry of intestinal nematodes

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chemo-receptors

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chemo-receptors of nematodes

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cephalic or amphids (head end)

caudal or phasmids (tail end)