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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homo sapiens from 25,000BP - 125,000BP |
1. 250,000 - early forms more akin to homo ergaster and homo heidelbergensis 2. 250,000-125,000- shows some retentions from early group but some modern characteristics 3. 125,000- group age modern e.g. reduction in facial projection, brow ridge and tooth size |
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Bodo skull |
Ethiopia - 600kya -heavy browridge - sloping forehead - robust large face - cut makes in left cheek - signs of butchery - 1250cm3 - mode 2 - homo sapien |
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Jebel irhoud |
Morocco - 350-280kya - former cave - 5 individuals (3 adults, 1 adolescent and 1 child 7.5 yrs) - face fits recent modern humans (almost indistinguishable) - brain shape fits archaic groups - earliest evidence of sapien species - first sapiens have similar face shape to us today but cranial shape continues to change |
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What does aDNA suggest about braincase |
Evolution last 30,000 years on changes in braincase - aDNA indicates series of genetic changes affecting brain connectivity, organisation and development |
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Florsibad |
South Africa - 259 kya - sapien - partial skull - reduces brow ridge - wide face - likely an archaic part of sapiens clade |
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Omo kibish |
Ethiopia - 195kya - skull part of partial skeleton - skull have all of modern human traits - enough limb bones to indicate a modern African body - angular shape to back of head |
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Herto |
Ethiopia - 160 kya - 2 adults and 1 child crania - just outside range of modern human variations - all have cutmarks- defleshing, probably not for food based on scraping and polishing marks |
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Sapien fossil evidence |
1. Not a liberal profession towards modern human morphology 2. Chronology overlap between dif forms 3. New evidence added on a regular basis |
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What did early dna studies fail to find |
Evidence of interbreeding until 2010 |
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Where did Neanderthals and sapiens first meet |
Levant (?) |
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Tabun cave |
25m of Palaeolithic deposits - separates info layers by garrod, problematic but still widely used - have lower Palaeolithic, transitional Lower mid Palaeolithic - then mode 3 from tabun D-B- Levantine mousterian industries |
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Tabun Dn |
270-150 kya - early Levantine mousterian - requently retouched compared to other Levantine mousterian - no directly associated hominin until new finds at misliya cave 2018 |
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Misliya cave , Israel |
- new find of H sapien dates to 194-177 kya - mode 3, tabun D - Pins sapiens to this part of the world at this time |
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Tabun cave- Neanderthals tabun c |
Neanderthal burial - 30 year old female burial - nearly complete skeleton - dated many time and remains controversial - maybe 120 kya - possibly associated with a neonate, mother and baby died in childbirth? - not clear what lithic industry |
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Tabun C |
- middle Levantine mousterian - 150-70 kya - Mosley associated with modern humans - associated with humans at skhul and Qazfeh |
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Skhul cave Qafzer |
- later B dated between 90-120 kya - tabun C lithics - remains of 20 archaic Homo sapiens - 3 deliberate burials and Skhul 5 has boar mandible in its arms - some see as grave good, some see as bone just thrown into burial - pierced shell ornament - yellow ochre pigments deliberately selected and heat treated to turn them red - travelled long distances to get yellow ocre, travel up to 80km |
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Qafzeh cave |
- poorly dated to 90-100 kya - lowest levels contained marine shell personal ornaments (not associated with burial) - above this remains of seven adult and several juvenile archaic sapiens - upper 2m of deposits contain Neanderthal mousterian remains |
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Qafzeh 11 burial |
- 12-13 yrs old - healed skull fracture associated with brain damage - caused personally and neurological problems - found with deer antler near head (deliberate, accidental?) |
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Tabun B |
- late Levantine mousterian - 70-47 kya - similar to tabun D but associated with Neanderthals - same kind of lithics |
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Give an example of a Neanderthal burial |
Kebara 2 Israel - 60kya - male 25-35 yrs old - clear grave cut, body placed inside prior to rigor Morris setting in - numerous lithics and bones in grave fill but probably incorporated accidentally - crania missing (eroded or removed?) |
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Shanidar cave |
Skeletal trauma to Neanderthals - 9 individuals, many with signs of pathology and severe trauma - likely dating between 40-120 kya - shanidar 1: old man of shanidar - shanidar 3- injuries consistent with spear penetrating rips and lodging in spine - shanidar 4- so called flower burial |
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Old man of shanidar |
- withered right arm, possibly from birth - osteoarthritis and fractures in right foot - crushing fracture above left eye; healed but permanent deformation - probably caused blindness in left eye (Was clearly cared for) |
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What happened to sapiens in first dispersal event |
1. Appear in levant at 100kya, expand east into Africa indicated by lithics and fossils 2. Group left no detectable genetic legacy in modern populations, possibly extinct, population replacement by later expansions? 3. Gene flow from sapien into Asian Neanderthals have recently been identified 4. This genetic contribution is now seen in European Neanderthals 5. Sapien and Neanderthal interbreed events that left legacy in humans today occurred later between 47,000-65,000 years ago |
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What percent of dna come from Neanderthals in modern humans |
1-4% outside up Saharan Africa |
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What date did interbreeding take place between humans and Neanderthals |
According to molecular clock 50-65 kya |
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How much of Neanderthal genome has survived in modern populations today |
20-30% |
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Pestera cu oase |
Romania - 37-42 kya - clear evidence of interbreeding - dna from a male (modern human) indicated he lived within 4-6 generations of an interbreeding event (less than 200 years) - 6-9% Neanderthal dna bit only 1 Neanderthal-anatomically modern human pairing in ancestry - late Neanderthals show no evidence of human dna returned the other way - suggesting it was a rare event - gene flow suggests it was affected modern humans more than it did the Neanderthals |
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What is the approximate date for denisovans |
50-230kya based on finds in denisovan cave |
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How much Neanderthal dna do denisovans have |
17% and 4-8% from unknown hominin which split from denisovan/Neanderthal/amh lineage between 1.1- 4 mya |
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What did denisovans likely look like |
Have genes which in amh are associated with dark skin, brown hair and brown eyes - see more diversity in denisovans than Neanderthals but not as much as amh |
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Examples of Neanderthal and denisovan interbreeding wh |
Individual with Neanderthal mother and denisovan father |
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What do Neanderthal genes affect in modern humans |
1. Skin and hair pigment 2. Circadian rhythm 3. Mood (in context of exposure to light) 4. Immunity 5. Metabolism - also some negative impacts |
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What was the cost of interbreeding with Neanderthals |
Because Neanderthals has lower genetic diversity than humans caused rapid accumulation of deleterious mutations - been connected with some diseases - Crohn’s disease - smoking behaviour, addiction - type 2 diabetes |
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Barriers to Neanderthal- human interbreeding |
- good evidence for reduced male hybrid fertility - no know Neanderthal dna in human male Y chromosome - like would end at first generation - genetic incompatibility May have triggered maternal immune response which would terminate pregnancy I.e. no male hybrids survive or weren’t able to have kids - would be huge biological incompatibility |
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Chatelperronian |
- appears just before Neanderthals go extinct - very similar to what modern humans were making - similar to aurignacian - questioned if tec was copied or if information was passed between groups - clear mode 4 blade tec |
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How many confirmed chatelperronian sites are there |
46 - clustered in SW France |
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Date for chatelperronian |
44-40 kya |
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Chatelperronian sites |
Always on top of final Neanderthal mousterian lithic - always found underneath modern human mode 4 tec - clear associations with Neanderthal fossils |
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What is the most famous chatelperronian site |
Grotte du renne |
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Grotte due renne |
- chatelperronian deposits include hearths, jewellery, red ochre and worked bone (was previously only associated with amh) |
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Problems with grotte du renne |
Possible intermixing of stratigraphic layers - but has been ruled out now - stratigraphy is reliable |
