Human Origins: Final Exam: Later Hominids And Stone Tool Industries

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Date range: 600-130 kya
Location: Africa (Broken Hill/Kabwe, Bodo, Omo), Europe (Arago, Atapuerca, Sima de los Huesos, Biache, Petralona, Schoeningen, Steinheim, Swanscombe), Asia (Dali)
Tool use: Acheulean, Mousterian
Anatomy: Mosaic of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens

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Homo heidelbergensis

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Which species had the first definite controlled use of fire?

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Homo heidelbergensis

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Which species show definite evidence for hunting?

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Homo heidelbergensis

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Which species show evidence for semi-permanent shelter?

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Homo heidelbergensis

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Date range: 130,000-27,000 years ago
Location: Europe (La Chappelle, La Ferrassie, Feldhofer, La Quina, Gibraltar, Saint Cesaire, Krapina, Vindija), Southwest Asia (Amud, Kebara, Shanidar)
Tool use: Mousterian, Chatelperronian (Saint-Cesaire)
Average cranial capacity: 1520cc (larger than modern humans)
Anatomy: occipital bun, long low forehead, retromolar space, large nasal aperture, lack of chin, arching browridges, projecting midface, taurodontism

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Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)

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In which species were the earliest finds interpreted as pathological modern humans?

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Homo neanderthalensis

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Who was the first species to begin burial of dead?

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Neandertals

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Which species shows evidence of cannibalism?

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Neandertals

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Which species shows evidence of ritualistic behavior?

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Neandertals

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Which species subsisted primarily on meat, hunting of megafauna?

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Neandertals

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Date range: 150,000-present
Location: earliest sites in Middle East (Qafzeh, Skhul) and Africa (Border cave, Klasies River Mouth), with expansion into remainder of Old World (Cro-Magnon, Arene Candide, Mladec, Ordos) Australia (Lake Mungo, Kow Swamp), and into New World
Tool Use: associated with upper paleolithic industries (Gravettian, Solutrian, Magdalenian)
Average cranial capacity: 1350cc
Anatomy: first evidence of chin, overall gracilization of skeleton, especially cranium

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Homo sapiens sapiens

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Choppers, scrapers, and spheroids are associated with which lower paleolithic tool industry?

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Oldowan
used by Australopithecus garhi (2.5 mya), aethiopicus, africanus, robustus, boisei, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo ergaster

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Handaxes, cleavers, mental template for toolmaking, and tools for butchery and wood-working are associated with which lower paleolithic tool industry?

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Acheulean
used by Homo erectus (1.8 mya)and Homo heidelbergensis

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The Levallois flaking technique, scrapers, notched flakes, and denticulates are associated with which lower paleolithic tool industry?

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Mousterian
used by Homo heidelbergensis (600 kya), Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens

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End scrapers, burins, and bone points are associated with which upper paleolithic tool industry?

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Aurignacian (40-28 kya)
used by Modern Homo sapiens and maybe Neandertals

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"Mousterian plus", blades, and bone tools are associated with which upper paleolithic tool industry?

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Chatelperronian
used by Homo neanderthalensis at St. Cesaire

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Backed blades, and beveled based bone points (spear tips) are associated with which upper paleolithic tool industry?

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Gravettian (28-22 kya)
used by Modern Homo sapiens

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Bifacially flakes, leaf-shaped knives heated over flame, and intricate flint-working are associated with which upper paleolithic tool industry?

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Solutrean (21-19 kya)
used by Modern Homo sapiens

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Wall art, increased microlithics, composite tools, arrows, spear throwers, harpoons, and bone and antler tools are associated with which upper paleolithic tool industry?

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Magdelenian (18-12 kya)
used by Modern Homo sapiens