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367 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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freud stages, erikson stages
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psychosexual,psychosocial
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order of freud's stages
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oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
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ego psychologists
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man's power of reasoning to control bx.
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milton erickson
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brief psychotherapy, innovative hypnotherapy
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lazarus
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bx. therapy, systematic desensitizati9n, multimodal
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william perry
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dualistic thinking (black/white)
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relativistic thinking
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not black and white
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kegan
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constructive model of development, construct reality throughout lifetime
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piaget stages
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operations
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t-test
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stat test to determine significant differencw between 2 groups, must be normally distributed
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concrete pperations, piaget
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7-11 yrs., conservation and count mentally
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order of learning conservation
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mass weight volume
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vygotdky
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stages unfold due to educational intervention
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epigenetic
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stages emerge from one before
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concrete operations, piaget
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masters reversibility
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kohlberg
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preconventional,conventional,post-conventional. post also called personal integrity
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heinz test
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kohlberg's test about drug
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positive psychology
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maslow coined, study strengths like joy, wisdom, altruism. seligman studied also (learned helplessness)
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harry stack sullivan
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stage theorist, infancy, childhood, juvenile wra, pre-, early-, late-adolescence. psychiatry of interpersonal relations
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zone of proximal development
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dicference between child's performance without a teacher vs. with one (pioneered by vygotsky)
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arnold gesell
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maturationist, one-way mirror for observing children
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symbiosis
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mahler term-dependence on female caretaker
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eros, thanatos
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freud terms life instinct,self-destructive instinct
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coopersmith
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child rearing methods tremendous impact on self-esteem
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cephalocaudal
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development head to foot
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heredity
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23 pairs chromosomes, genes composed of DNA hold genetic code
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formal operations, piaget
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abstract thinking, deductive
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kohlberg stages
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punishment/obedience orientation and native hedonism (instrumental or egoistic): good boy/good girl and authority,law, and order: democratically accepted law (social contract) and principles of self-conscience and universal ethics
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oedipus complex
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occurs during phallic, fantasies of sexual relations with opposite sex parents occurs
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associationism or empiricism
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can only learn from objective facts
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organicism
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developmental strides are qualitative
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centration
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preoperational stage, focusing on a key feature while not noticing the rest
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preoperational
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2-7, symbolic schema (language and symbolism in play)
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havinghurst
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proposed developmental tasks for age groups
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jane loevinger
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focused on ego development via 7 stages and 2 transitions, highest is integrated
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sequence of object loss
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bowlby, protest, despair, detachment
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primal scene
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child witness parents having sex, provides for later neuroses
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BASIC-ID
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behavior, affective responses, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs, lazarus' multimodal
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frank parsons
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secondary school counseling, increased in 1960s
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wolpe
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systematic desensitization
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risky shift
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groupndecision usually more liberal than an individual's
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eric berne
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father of transactional analysis
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equilibration
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piaget, assimilation,new info, results in accomodation, modifying cognitive structures to deal with info
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FAP
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fixed action pattern, action resulting whenever a releaser in the environment is present
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holding environment
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kegan, client makes meaning and finds new direction, six stages for kegan:incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal,institutional, and interindividual
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aca division dealing with cultural competence
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association for multicultural counseling and development (AMCD)
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mqcroculture
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majority of dominant culture
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all cultures pass through same stages of development in terms of wvolving and maturing
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culture epoch theory
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emile durkheim
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founder of modern sociology
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emile durkheim
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studied suicide
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william mcdougal
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hormic psychology, individuals driven by innate, inherited tendencies
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social learning theory
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observational learning
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1972 association for non-white concerns in personnel is now called this
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AMCD
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daniel levinson
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mid-life crisis. seasons of a man's life, seasons of a woman's life
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propinquity
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tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other
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dollard and miller
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frustration-aggression theory
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balance theory
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example: festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. balance theories say people strive for consistency/balance in terms of their beliefs
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mores vs. folkways
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group decides what is good and bad forbthe welfare of the people. folkways describe correct, normal, or habitual bx.
breaking folkways results in embarrassment, breaking mores causes harm |
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social distance scale
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dev. by emory bogardus, evaluates how an individual feels toward other ethnic groups
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foot in the door phenomena
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agrees to a less repugnant request (step 1), then will be more likely to c o mply with a requestbthat is even more distasteful (step 2)
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social exchange theory
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positive relationship characterized by "profit"- rewards and costs
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complementarity theory
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relationship becomes stronger as two people's personality needs mesh
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assimilation-contrast
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counselor's statement similar to own belief as even more similar (assimilation error) and any dissimilar attitude as even more dissimilar (contrast)
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3 major barriers intercultural counseling
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class-bound values, culture-bound values, and language differences (connotation is the semantic difference in word meanings)
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emic, etic
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each client is individual:
clients are similar and same techniques and theories will work |
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alloplastic,autoplastic
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client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment:
change comes from within |
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pluralism
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persons of a culture retain heritage and traditions yet cooperate in social, political, and economic matters
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social facilitation
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F.H. Allport, presence of others improves an individual's performance even when no verbal interaction
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three categories of conflict which result in frustration
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kurt lewin, avoidance-avoidance, approach-approach, approach-avoidance (highest level of avoidance)
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affiliation research
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firstborn and only children, attempt to lower fear, misery loves miserable company
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Transactional analysis ego states
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eric berne, child, adult, parent
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slips of the tongue
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parapraxis
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SUDS
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wolpe, aystematic desensitization subjective units of distress scale0l
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reaction formation
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can't accept given inpulse, reacts in opposite manner
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repression
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freud believes kingpin of defenses, forgets, involuntary
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introjection
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accepting caretakers or significant others values as own
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logos, eros
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jung believed that respectively, men and woman operated out of these principles
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rudolph dreikurs
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first to discuss group therapy in private practice
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thorne
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eclectic
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classical conditioning
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pavlov
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minnesora viewpoint
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e.g. williamson, match client's traits with a career, also known as trait factor
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conditioned, unconditioned
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learned, unlearned
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skinner
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instrumental learning or operant conditioning
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pavlov vs. skinner
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classical conditioning is respondent/reflexive vs. instrumental/operant
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bell and meat in pavlov's experiment
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CS, UCS
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most effective time onterval between CS and US
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.5 second
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delay conditioning, trace conditioning
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cs delayed until us occurs, cs terminates before us occurs
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behavior modification vs. behavior therapy
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skinnerian (instrumental), pavlovian (respondent)
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neal miller
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first showed animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes
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mary cover jones
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learning could serve as tratment for pbobias
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two classic intermittent reinforcement scheduled
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ratio, based on number of responses, and interval, based on time elapsed
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variable ratio
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most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish
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fixed interval
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most ineffective
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3 types of empathy
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basic, response same level as client, subtractive empathy, counselor does not convey an understanding of what has been communicated, additive empathy, most desirable adds to client's understanding and awareness, allen ivey
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truax and carkhuff
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created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
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term group therapy coined by, also called father of psychodrama
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jacob moreno
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joseph pratt
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first counseling group/tuberculosis
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theorist work classified as preface to group movement
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adler
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primary groups
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preventative, ward off problems, stresses healthy lifestyle or coping strategies
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secondary group
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problem is present but not usually severe, reduce severity or length of problen and includes some prevention example grief
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tertiary
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more serious and long standing
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group therapy vs. group counseling
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therapy implied when problem is more severe and more individual work is needed for a longer duration
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karpman's drama triangle |
TA, persecuter, victim, rescuer
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roles in groups
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energizer, scapegoat, gatekeeper (tries to make sure everyone is doing their part), interrogator, follower
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conditioned reflex therapy
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salter's theory: excitation or practice of spontaneously experiencing and expressing true emotion, even negative ones is necessary to attaun state of positive mental health. inhibition or constipation of emotions is opposite.
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task roles, maintenance roles, self-serving roles
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task helps group carry out a task, maintenance helps maintain or even strengthen group, self-serving or individual . these are individual roles though task roles can be a group.
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maturity of group
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task dependent, if low maturity leader should use high task and low relationship, then high task and high relationship, then low task low relationship
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group stages in general
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initial stage, transition stage, working stage, separation, (forming, storming, norming, adjourning )
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diagram to understand dynamics between subgrouos and members
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pictorial sociogram
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family sculpturing
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family therapy technique, family members arrange themselves spatially to create a representative of family bonds, alliancea
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ego state analysis
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TA, counselor helps client discern out of which ego state he or she is primarily operating out of
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horizontal interventions
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work with group as a whole
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vertical interventions
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work with individuals within the group (Intrapersonal leadership) Horizontal is called interpersonal leadership
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Conyne's group work grid
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four intervention levels:individual, interpersonal, organization, community population
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pervasive indecisiveness
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lifelong pattern of severe anxiety related to decision making
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motivation and management expectancy theory
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victor room, performance influenced by valence (rewards), expectancy, and instrumentality (will manager give employee the promised reward)
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leisure, career
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time away from work in which individual has freedom to choose what to do; total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure
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80% four-fifths rule
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hiring rate for minorities divided by figure for non-minorities. if less than 80% an adverse impact
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trait factor
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also called acturarial or matching,first major career theory, data from tests used to determ I ne traits and then match to occupation
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edmund griffith williamson
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minnesota viewpoint theory of counseling which transcended vocational
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parsons and williamson
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associated with trait and factor career counseling (classified as structural theory since focuses on individual or structural differences)
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anna roe
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first to suggest career choice based heavily on personality theory. needs satisfied do not become unconscious motivators, early child rearing influence later career choices
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roe two dimensional system of occupational classification
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field and levels , 8 fields service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, arts/entertainment, 6 levels of skills professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional and managerial 1 and 2, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled
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three parenting types, roe
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overprotective, avoidant, or acceptanylt
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bordin
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career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflict, felt that difficulties related to job choice indicative of neurotic symptoms
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krumboltz
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cognitive approach to career counseling, job choice difficulties related to irrational cognitions
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A.A. Brill
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paychoanalytic career theorist Xbox emphasized sublimation as ego defense
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gelatt model
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career model info can be organized into 3 systems predictive, value, and decision
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gottfredson's developmental theory of career
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circumscription and compromise theory
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DOT
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dictionary of occupational titles, each job guven a nine digit code , first 3 digits refer to occupational code, O NET is the internet one occupational information network
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guide published by US Dept. Labor that lists groups of jobs in 14 interest areas
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Guide for Occupational Exploration
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computer assisted career guidance systems (cacg)
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sigi plus, choices, discover
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spillover
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individual's work spills over into leisure time
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worker compensates for things can't do on the job
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compensatory effect
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recency effect
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rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily most recent performance
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leniency/strictness bias
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rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or opposite, avoiding the middle: people who do the opposite and rate almost everybody in average range has central tendency bias.
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strong interest inventory (scll)
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based on holland's theory
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self-directed search (sds)
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based on holland's six types, self-administered, self-scored, self-interpreted
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definition of work
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sedentery-maximum lifting 10 lbs, light work maximum lifting is 20 lbs., medium work max. lift 50 lbs., heavy work max. lift 100 lbs., very heavy work max lift exceeds 100 lbs.
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interest inventories
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strong, kuder
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interest inventories
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strong, kuder
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gatb
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general aptitude test battery
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difficulty index
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.5 would mean 50 percent of those tested answered correctly1
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ipsative
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compares traits within same individual, normative tests can be compared to others' scores
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spiral test
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items get progressively more difficultq
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horizontal test, vertical test
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measures various factors during same testing procedure, versions for various age brackets or levels of education
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the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion
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construct validity (any trait you cannot directly measure or observe is a construct)
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concurrent validity
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answers question of how well test stacks up against established tests that measure the same bx., trait, or construct
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behaviorism
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watson, skinner, pavlov, wolpe. mind blank slate, passive theory as mind is a computer fed info. based on associationism or empiricism of john locke, all bx. is learned
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erikson's stages
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trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1.5), autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1.5 to 3), initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6), industry vs. inferiority (6 to 11), identity vs. role confusion (12 to 18) intimacy vs. isolation (18 to 35), generativity vs. stagnation (36 to 60), integrity vs. despair (65+)
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schema
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patterns of thought
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piaget's adaptation
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occurs qualitatively when assimilation and accomodation take place
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object permanence
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piaget says occurs in sensorimotor stage
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kegan's model of development
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constructive development model, emphasizes inpact of interperso al interaction and our perception of reality
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carol gilligan
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felt kohlberg focused too much on males, women have a sense of caring and compassion
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daniel levinson
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four major eras/transitions theory, childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, later adulthood
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vygotsky
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cognitive development is produced by activities that takes place in one's culture. zone of proximal development
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william perry
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3 stage theory of intellectual and ethical development in adults/college, dualism, relativism, and commitment to relativism
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james fowler
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prestagr plus six stage theory of faith and spiritual decelopment
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paralanguage
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tone, loudness, vocal inflections, etc.
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low context vs. high context
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long verbal explanation vs. relying on nonverbals readily understood by others in the culture
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social comparison theory
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festinger, evaluate our bxs. and avcomplishments by comparing self to others
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anglo-conformity theory
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people from other cultures would do well to forget their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant culture
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R/CID
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5 stage racial identity development model, conformity, dissonance, resiatance and immersion, introspection, synergetic articulation and awareness
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defenses
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repression, displacement (taking anger out on safe target), projection (can"t accept a quality in self so attribute to others), rwactio. formation, deny unacceptable impulse by acting in opposite manner, sublimation (express unacceptable impulse in socially acceptable manner)
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jung
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personal and collective unconscious (composed of archetypes passed down through the ages) .
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adler
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individual psychology, bx. is one's attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority. stressed "will to power", principle of fictional finalism (bx. motivated by future opportunities, birth order important
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operant/instrumental
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motivated by consequences
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positive vs. negative reinforcer
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stimulus raises probability that bx. will be repeated. must come after the bx. or operant: also raises bx. and comes after bx.
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extinction
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such as time out will lower bx. after an initial extinction burst or response burst
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ratio schedules of reinforcement
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rely on work output whereas interval schedules rely on time
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continuous reinforcement
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each bx. is reinforced
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shaping with successive approximation
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reinforcing small chunks of bx. that lead to desired effect
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differential reinforcement of other bx. (DRO)/ differential reinforcement of alternate bx (DRA) |
helper reinforces bx. other than dysfunctional bx. to reduce dysfunctional target bx.
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pavlov classical conditioning
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bx. therapy roots in pavlov, bx.
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implosive therapy
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client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety of the counselor's office
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skinner vs pavlov
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would conditioning work with every member of species who is not disabled? if yes, probably pavlovian
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punishment
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intended to lower bx.
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rogers person-centered
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three conditions for effective helping: genuine/congruent, empathy, unconditional positive regard (upr)
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ellis, REBT
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uses abc or abcde model (activating event, beliefs, consequences, dispute, new emotional consequence when b becomes rational)
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beck's cognitive therapy
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client has automatic thoughts which are distortions of reality
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gestalt, perls
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dreams, what and how ? ysed, doing emphasized over talking
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TA, berne
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life script, mixes cognitive and gestalt, ego states (PAC), tom harris' life positions i'm ok, you're ok is healthy, i'm ok, you're not okay, i'm not ok, ubhealthy, i'm not ok, you're ok, you're not ok, unhealthy, karpman's drama triangle
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glasser's reality theory
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create own reality with bxs. they choose, success identity result of being loved and accepted, challenges medicalodel of psychiatry, psychological needs include belonging, power, freedom, fun
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reality therapy
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8 steps, focuses on short term treatment and its very concrete
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social constructionism
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emphasizes realities are socially constructed. brief therapy and narrative therapy are constructivist
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narrative therapy
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individuals construct lives by stories they tell about themselves and stories others create about them
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tenets of narrative
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describe life and then rewrite or reauthor narrative, therapist externalizes problem in progress notes and sends it to client as a letter between sessions. therapist consultant or collaborator with client.
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solution focuses brief therapy
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focus on solutions not on understanding of problem. focus on exceptions to the rule-what is working, goals small and realistic, miracle question. FFST- formula first session task
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family counseling
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circular rather than linear causality. first-order change superficial change but does not alter underlying structure. 2nd order change alters underlying structure and more lasting difference.
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ra fisher
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coined term hypothesis, experimental hypothesis also termed alternative
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modern farm describing hypothesis
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written in present tense without any mention of measurement.
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test of significance
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principle of probability, p, p less than .05 is usual desired p or .001, smaller the p
more significant |
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confidence level or alpha level
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other terms for significance
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p of type 1 error
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same as your level of significance
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instrumentation, maturation
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threats to internal validity
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external threat to validity
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reactive effect (hawthorne)
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t-test
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two normally distributed samples, 30 or more,
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anova
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analysis of variance, comparing more than two groups, f value
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manova
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more than one dv
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ancova
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adjust group so that a variable will not throw off the test
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correlation
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pearson product moment correlation , r -1 to +1
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gaussean curve
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normal, bell shaped
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y axis, x axis
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ordinant, abcissa (dv on y and iv on x)
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bar graph
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histogram
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z score
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same as sd
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t score
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mean is 50, each 10 points a sd above or below mean
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stanines
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divide dist. into 9 equal intervals with mean of 5 and sd of 2
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descriptive stats
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not experimental, describes
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noir
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nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
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survey
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return rate should be at least 75 percent
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ethnographic research
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observational, case studies, inductive
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deductive
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general to specific
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halo
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rate on one characteristic but really affected by another
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hawthorne
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if know being studied or monitored, people perform differently
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rosenthal
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pygmalian, experimenter's expectation influence outcome
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n
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number of subjects, n=1 single subject design
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ABAB
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baseline, intervention, baseline, intervention
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counterbalancing
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presentation may influence, so switching up order
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directional hypothesis
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asserts how it will change, nondirectional just says a change will occur
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parametric vs. non parametric
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numbers that do not lie on a continuum are non parametric (nominal and ordinal) parametric on a continuum (interval, ratio)
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chi square
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test of significance, nonparametric, only have catagorical data
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structuralist
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universal stages of development
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schema
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patterns of organized thought or schema
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sensorimotor, birth to 2
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reflexes, emphasis on motor activity, object permanence between 9th and 12th month.
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preoperational 2-7
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language, egocentrism, Centration, develops schema or symbolic play
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concrete operations 7-11
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conservation, counting, reversibility
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formal operations 11-15
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beginning of abstract, deductive reasoning
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preconventional 2-7
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obedience/reward, instrumental exchange
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conventional
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good boy/good girl, law and order
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post-conventional
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social contract, universal ethical principle of conscience
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erikson, a maturationist (along with freud)
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identity crisis, 8 stages , trust vs. mistrust birth-1, autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1-3, initiative vs. guilt 3-6, industry vs. inferiority 6-13, identity vs. role confusion 12-18, intimacy vs. isolation 18-35, generativity vs. stagnation 35-60, integrity vs. despair 60-
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william perry |
takes off where piaget stops, young adulthood, did not set age brackets four levels dualism, multiplicity,relativism, commitment to relativism
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levinson
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childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, midlife, late adulthood
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oral
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birth-1, mouth errogenous zone, oral personality clingy and passive dependent, deprivatio. leads to fixation
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anal
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anus errogenous zone, anal retentive compulsive, neat stingy, condescending. anal expolsive messy unclean not organized, generous
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phallic
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3-6, oedopus complex
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latency
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sexual urges repressed, 6-12
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genital
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12 on, less narcissistic, interested in others
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anaclitic depression
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infants separated from mothers, first sad and weepy, them frozen, Spitz
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fap
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ritualistic bxs. characteristic of a species elicited by sign stimulus
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critical period
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now or never, learns in certain period or doesn"t.happen
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birth order
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first born excel though not as sociable, only children highest self esteem, IQ may lower as order
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harry stack sullivan
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interpersonal theory, good me, bad me based on parent actions, prototaxic thinking- child does not separate from environment, parataxic, syntaxis, major figure in dynamic cultural school of analysis
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empirical theories
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empiricists believe changes measured quantitatively
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organismic
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piaget, qualitative
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behaviorist, maturationist, structuralism, nativism
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fout types of development theories
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vygotsky
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social development theory of learning, zone of proximal development
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smile response, steanger anxiety
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6 weeks, 7 months
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walking
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15 months
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mahler
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normal autism, symbiosis at 2 months, child feels part of mother, 5 months to 3 yrs, separation/individuation (differentiation process), rapprochemant closeness combined with need for distances
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therapeutic surrender
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allegiance and rapport with someone from another culture
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geneological lineage
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race
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festinger
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cognitive dissonance
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conformity ,asch
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conform to group even when know it's wrong
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milgram
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shock experiments, obedience to authority
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counseling gays and lesbians
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10 percent population
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Activity theory, continuity theory
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older adults get involved,early bx. continues
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85 and older
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fastest growing part of population
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mesmer
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special magnetic fluid , animal magnetism
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jung
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analytic psychology, archetypes, collective unconscious, persona (what we show), shadow (kept hidden), anima,animus (feminine side,masculune side)
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individuation
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maximum potential driving force in jung's theory
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adler
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individual psychology, striving for superiority major drive, inferiority complex and organ inferiority, importance of birth order
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neo freudians or ego psychologist
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horney, eric fromme
horney: three trends to fight anxietymoving towards others, against others or away from others |
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bx. therapy
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scientific approach, start with baseline without tx.,
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associationism, tabula rasa
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roots of behaviorism
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watson |
father of american behaviorism, little albert
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mary cover jones
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eliminated phobia pairing it with food, phobia can be unlearned
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reciprical inhibition
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show anxiety producing thing in connection with something pleasant
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systematic desensitization
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relaxation,hierarchy of items (suds), inagining the hierarchy (interposition phase), in vivo
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assertiveness training
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behaviorist, andrew salter
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aversive conditioning
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noxious ucs paired with undesirable cs, behaviorist
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flooding, implosive therapy
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implosive is flooding but in imagination, more psychodynamic
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operant or instrumental learning
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when an animal emits a bx. or operant, there is a consequence that may increase the chance bx. occurs, reinforcers positive by giving reward, negative taking a negative consequence away after. all reinforcers strengthen bx.
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punishment
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lowers bx.
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bx. modification
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skinnerian models
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premac principle
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a good reinforcer (hpb) can reinforce a lpb (higher and lower probability bx.)
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ratio and interval schedule
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certain amount of bx. committed b4 response, interval is a specific time, variable ratio highest effect, fixed interval lower
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secondary reinforcer
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learned or conditioned reinforcer, example token
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REBT
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ellis, homework, teach to think, irrational thinking must ought shouldn't (irrational ideas ) ABCDE
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michenbaum
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self instructional theory
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beck
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depression inventory, cognitive distortions: over generalization, personalization, polarized thinking. magnification, arbitrary influences, labeling and mislabeling
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maltsby
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rbt, imagery, self-analysis
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carl rogers
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phenomenologist- how client sees works, person-centered, humanistic, childhood learn to act to gain approval from others (principle of conditional regard), develops conditions of worth, organism total range of possibilities, self is accepted part, healing occurs when split between two is healed
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humanistic
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human beings should be thought of differently, behaviorism demeaning, psychoanalysis relies on instinct, humanistics see potential
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reality therapy
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cognitive, didactic, behavioral, relies on contracting, bx. change comes from internal so disagrees with skinner, 8 steps: relationship with client, focus on here and now, ask client to participate in evaluating behavior, develop plans for change, get commitment, never accepts excuses, punishment never utilized, never give up
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success identity, failure identity
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glasser terms
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control theory
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phenomenological concept, we behave to control world, now known as choice theory, glasser
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TA
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heart of therapy is contract, natural for group therapy, structural analysis is analyzing ego states (parent, adult, child)
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parent ego state
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critical parent, nurturing parent
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child
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natural child impulsive, curious, affectionate, adapted child adaptations to impulses in order to meet external demands, little professor
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strokes
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verbal or physical recognition
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games in TA
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prevent intimacy, underlying , I'm ok, you're ok, etc.
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life script
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TA, rewriting own life script
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negative stroke
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discount
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TA, psychological trading stamps
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manipulates to reexperience childhood feelings known as a racket, gold stamps self appreciation, white brown or gray stamps associated with i'm not ok
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gestalt
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form or figure, goal to help person reclaim fragmented parts, experiential, here and now, awareness is curative, frustrate patient to help, what or how, not why,
5 layers phony-, phobic, impasse, implosive, explosive |
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gestalt
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relies heavily on dream work
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dialogue game
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top dog and underdog plays one in one chair and one in the other
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3 ego defense mechanisms
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projection, introjection, retroflection
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logotherapy |
paradox and humor
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I/Thou
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quality of relationship, both are changed by relationshio
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postmodern:social constructionism |
reality is socially constructed, client's teality accepted:
helper acts like helper or partner |
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sfbt
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solution focused brief therapy, dos not focus on problem deshazar and kim berg, optimistic, client has ability to solve problems, what is working
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scaling questions
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sfbt rating
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narrative therapy
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white and epstein, stories are problem saturated, externalizing conversations i.e. the anxiety vs. your anxiety, may send letters
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social influence cores in counseling
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confidence, intimacy, power(eat, expertness, attractiveness, trustworthiness)
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attending bx
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any bx. that builds rapport
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microskills
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squarely, open posture, lean forward slightly, eye contact, relaxed
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group therapy
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coined by moreno, also did psychodrama
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lewin
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ntl, national training lab, field theory
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t groups
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training
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personal growth group
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normal individuals through norm a l life issues
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waislll
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weschler adult intelligence scale, wisc to up to 17 yrs 11 months, wipsy kids
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needs press theory
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henry murray developed (also TAT), needs activated by press or pressure of environment, hoppock created theory of career choice out of it
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Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient
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lower case r, parametric
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correlation
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shows relationship between two factors, -1 to 1
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variation
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square correlation
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DSC movement
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developmental school counseling, proactive, focus on prevention, match work to developmental stage
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ratio schedule, interval
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number completed;period of time
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azrin and allen
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token economy
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higher order conditioning
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pair another stimulus with cs
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john holland
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typolology approach: 6 types and 6 matching work types, realistic investigative social enterprising and conventional artistic
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developmental approach to career
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ginsberg longitudinal approaches
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asrin
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job clubs, behaviorist
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IQ
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MA/CA x 100, now use standard age score SAS
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mmpi
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567 true false statements, personality
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bender gestalt test of motor integration
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test of organicity
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parsons book
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choosing a vocation, 1909
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1927
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strongs inventory
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hawthorne study
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alton mayo
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donald super
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psychology of careers
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bordin
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psychodynamic career counseling
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crites
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career maturity inventory
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krumboltz
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cognitive career
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trait factor, actuarial, or matching
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match worker to environment, psychological testing, one time decision, influenced by psychological testing movement, differential diagnosis, e.g.williamson, lists 4 different categories, no choice, uncertain choice, unwise choice discrepancies.
also associated with frank parsons from his 1909 book. minnnesota viewpoint, williamson's approach |
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personality approach
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anne roe, job serves to meet unconscious need, psychoanalytic, uses maslow's hierarchy, first pioneer to create two dimension classification: fields and levels
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bordin
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career choice serves to resolve unconscious conflict, psychoanalytic
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brill
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psychoanalytic, sublimation is drive for job
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john holland
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modal orientation 6 modes riasec illustrated with hexagon, strong vocational inventory and self directed search both based on holland's modes.
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hoppock
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based theory on murray's work, career is intended to satisfy needs
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developmental career theories
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Ginsburg refuted his theory that career choice was irreversible and decided career was a lifelong process
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donald super
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career development allows undividual to show self concept
growth 0-14 exploration 14-24 establishment 24-44 maintenance 44-64 decline super's task crystallization14-18 specification 18-21 implementation stabilization consolidation |
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career rainbow
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average person plays 9 life roles, super
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tiedman and o'hara
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anticipation stage- fantasy period
induction- holistic, based on eriksen's stages |
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decision theories
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process of decision making, value clarification exercises helpful,
expectancy x values |
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gelatt decision model
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information the fuel tank
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yerkes-dodson law
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minimal level of anxiety necessary to complete task
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festinger
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cognitive dissonance
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decision models, expectancy rheories
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bergman, pitson-simmons, gelatt
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free response
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short answers, projective
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recognition items
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forced choice
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liekert scales
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measure attitudes on a scale
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normative
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each item is separate, can compare to others
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ipsative
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compare items , kudor occupational survey, cannot compare between people
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maximum performance bs. typical
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best possible performance, achievement test:
interest inventory typical |
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test battery
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group of tests to same person
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parallel forms
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various versions measure same thing
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criteri9n related validity
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correlated with outside criterion, test compared to actual score on actual job, concurrent, also predictive, compared to something in future
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test retest reliability
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test same people same test twice
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equivalent forms reliabilty
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two forms same people
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split half reliability
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measure two halves and correlate
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sujective exam reliability
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inter rater reliability
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reliability coefficient
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1.0 perfect, most personality test .70 or above
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galton
|
intelligence unitary factor, like height or weight, intelligence product of herwdity, normal distribution
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spearman 2 factor
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g factor and s
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cata
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fluid dependent on nervous system, crystallized ability to use facts
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