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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erik Erikson
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8 psychosocial stages, growth is orderly, universal, systematic
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Trust vs Mistrust
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Erikson, 0 to 1 1/2
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Autonomy vs shame/doubt
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Erikson 1.5-3 yrs
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Initiative vs. guilt
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3-6
Erikson |
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Industry vs Inferiority
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Erikson 6-12
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Identity vs role confusion
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Erikson 12-18
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intimacy vs. isolation
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Erikson 18-35
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Generativity vs stagnation
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Erikson 35-60
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Integrity vs despair
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65 +
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Jean Piaget
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4 stages of cognitive development
Genetic epistemology Schema, adaptation, conservation, |
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Sensorimotor
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0-2 Piaget
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Preoperational
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2-7 Piaget
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Concrete Operations
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7-12 Piaget
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Formal Operations
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11-16 Piaget
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Schema
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Patterns of thought or behavior
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Object Permanence
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Sensorimotor stage, child can't see the object but knows it exists
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Centration
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Preoperational stage-act of focusing on one aspect of something
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Conservation
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Concrete Operations, change in shape eosn't mean change in volume
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Abstract thinking
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Formal Operations Stage
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Keagan's Constructive Developmental Model
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Emphasizes impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality.
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Kohlberg
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Levels of Moral Development
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Preconventional
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Behavior governed by consequences, Kohlberg
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Conventional
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conformity to socially acceptable rules, Kohlberg
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Postconventional
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self-accepted moral principles guide behavior Kohlberg
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Carol Gilligan
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Women have caring and compassion, noted that Kohlberg only studied males
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Daniel Levinson
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Men's lives transitions- childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, later adulthood
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Leo Vygotsky
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Cognitive dev't is produced by cultural activities
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Zone of proximal devlopment
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difference in child's ability to solve problems on his own and capacity to solve them with help, Vygotsky
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Oral
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Frued-0-1 year
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Anal
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Frued 1-3 yrs
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Phallic
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Oedepal/Electra 3-7 yrs
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Latency
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3-12
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Genital
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Adolescence and adulthood
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LIbido
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Drive to live, sexual instinct
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Regression
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Return to earlier stage caused by stress
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Fixation
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Inability to move to the next stage
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William Perry
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3 stage theory of intellectual/ethical dev't in adults/college students
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Dualism
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Perry-view truth as right or wrong
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Relativism
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Perry-perfect answer may not exist
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Commitment to relativism
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Perry-willing to change opinion based on novel facts and points of view
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James Fowler
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Prestage +6 stage theory of faith and spiritual dev't
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Culture
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habits, customs, art, religion, sciens, and political behavior of a given group of people during a given period of time
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Macroculture
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Dominant or major culture in a country
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Microculture
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Smaller culture in a country
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Acculturation
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Learning behaviors and expectations of a culture
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Universal culture
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all genetically and biologically similar, all need food, air, water, etc.
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National culture
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Language, political views, laws
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Ecological culture
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factors such as earthquakes, floods, and food supply influence our behavior
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Ethnocentrism
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a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured
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Emic approach to culture
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Counselor helps client understand their own culture
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Etic approach to culture
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Counselor focuses on similarities in people
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Autoplastic(culture)
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Help client change to cope with their environment
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Alloplastic
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Client tries to change environment
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Paralanguage
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Tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections, usually more accurate than verbal comm.
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Low context communication
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Long verbal explanation
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Means tests
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determine whether a client is eligible for social benefits
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Social comparison theory
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Leon Festinger-evaluate behaviors by comparing to others
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Worldview
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way the client sees the world due to values, attitudes and beliefs
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Anglo-conformity theory
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Bad theory that says that people from other cultues should just try to become like those from the dominant culture
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R/CID
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5 stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial Identity Dev't Model, MInority Identity Dev't Model
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Minority Identity Model-Conformity
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Lean toward dominant culture, prefer counselor from dom. culture
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Dissonance in Minority Identity Model
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Question and confusion, prefer counselor from minority group
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Resistance and Immersion in Minority Identity Model
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Reject dominant culture, accept own culture
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Introspection in Minority Identity
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Prefer counselor from one's own racial/ethnic group, mixed feelings about dom. culture
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Synergetic Articulation and Awarenesss in Minority Identity
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Wants to stop racial/cultural oppression
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Native Americans
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Keep suffering private, speak with few words, no eye contact, emphasize spirituality, story telling and advice effective
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African Americans
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Like to be taught concrete skills and strategies for change, Systems based, short term effective, counselor self-disclosure
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Asian Americans
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Most diverse group, patriarchal, academic success valued, Existential, counselor is trained expert
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Hispanic/Latino
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Benefit from catharsis, psychodrama, family, use first names
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Free association
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Saying whatever comes to mind
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Ego defense mechanisms
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Repression, displacement, projection, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalization, identification, suppression or denial
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Displacement
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taking anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger
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Projection
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Can't accept a quality aoubt yourself so you attribute it to others
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Reaction formation
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Deny an unacceptable unconcsious impluse by acting in the opposite manner
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Sublimation
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you express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner
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Rationalization
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when a person overrates or underrates a reward or outcome
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Identification
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joining a feared person such as a gang to relieve your anxiety
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Suppresion or denial
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occurs when you purposely don't think of a situation
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Transference
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client behaves as if the analyst is a parent or caretaker of the past
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Abreaction(catharsis)
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discharge of repressed emotions
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Superego
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moral seat of the mind-conscience and ego ideal
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Ego
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reality principle-balances id and superego
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Id
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biological forces-sex and agression
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Eros
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life instinct
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Thanatos
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death instinct
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Jung's breakaway from Frued
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thought freud focused too much on sexual things
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Personal unconscious and collective unconscious
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Jung
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Collective unconscious
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an unconscious that one inherits which is inherent to all humans
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Archetypes
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Persona, anima, self
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Persona
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social mask that people wear
androgynous Shadow-dark side of humans |
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Animaus/anima
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masculine side of females,
feminine side of males |
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Individuation
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Jung's term for becoming a unique human being
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Alfred Adler's theory
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Individual Psychology-bheavior is one's unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority
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Will to power
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Adler-generate feelings of superiority
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Fictional finalism
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Adler-notion that behavior is motivated by future opportunities rather than past
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John B Watson
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coined term behaviorism
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Arnold Lazarus
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coined term behavior therapy
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Behavior theories
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behavior is based on learning rather than inisight into unconscious mind
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Criticisms of behavior therapy
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doesn't yield insight, treats symptoms as the root cause, changes behavior but not underlying feelings
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B.F. Skinner
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Radical behavioralism-operant instrumental conditioning
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Radical behaviorism
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behavior is molded solely by consequences
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positive reinforcer
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stimulus that raises the prorbablility that a behavior will be repeated
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Negative reinforcer
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raises a behavior by avoiding consequence
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Albert Bandura
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social learning theory
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Social learning theory
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Bandura, behavior increases when a person sees someone else reinforced for it
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Punishment
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lower behavior
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Extincition
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like a time-out, lower behavior after an initial extinction burst
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Ratio schedules of reinforcement
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rely on work output
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Differential reinforcement of other behaviors DRO
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helper reinforces of behaviors other than the dysfunctional behavior
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Ivan Pavlov
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dog bells-classical conditioning
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Joseph Wolpe
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systematic desensitization theory
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systematic desensitization is
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counterconditioning-relaxation-imagining feared stimuli
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Biofeedback
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devices used to enhance the client's self control-form of operant conditioning
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Classical conditioning works with
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Every member of a species, even with other species
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Carl Rogers is associated with
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Person-centered Humanistic Therapy
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Person-Centered Humanistic theory
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human beings can self-actualize and reach their full potentioal in a therapuetic setting that promotes growth
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3 conditions for effective helping
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Empathy, congruency, unconditional positive regard
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Robert Carkhuff created
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5 point empathy scale
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Critics of humanistic theory say that
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It may be too optimistic, and may not work for dd and children
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Albert Ellis is credited with
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REBT theory
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REBT stands for
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Rational Emotive Behavior therapy=change your thinking
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A in ABCDE model
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Activating event
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B in ABCDE model
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belief-irrational or rational
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C in ABCDE model
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emotional consequence
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D in ABCDE model
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Dispute-counselor disputes irrational beleif
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E in ABCDE model
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new emotional consequence when b becomes rational
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REBT thought is referred to as
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self-talk, internal verbalizations
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Irrational thought in REBT
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shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, awfulizing
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Critics of REBT say:
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doesn't emphasize feelings, counselor client relationship, mechanistic, sterile
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Aaron Beck is associated with
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Cognitive therapy-who?
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Cognitive therapy thoughts
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client has automatic throughts which are distortions of reality
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