Nce Exam Study Questions

Front 1

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Back 1

Changes can be measured vs. change in structure.

Front 2

Behaviorism Theory

Back 2

Blank slate mentality
Mind is like a computer fed information
All behavior is result from learning

Front 3

Key Behaviorists (4)

Back 3

John Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Joseph Wolpe
B.F. Skinner

Front 4

Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages

Back 4

Trust vs mistrust
Automny vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativitiy vs stagnation
integrity vs. despair

Front 5

Jean Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development

Back 5

Sensorimotor - object permanence
Preoperational - centration
Concrete operations - conservation
Formal operations- abstract scientific thinking

Front 6

Keagans Constructive Development Model

Back 6

impact of interpersonal interaction with our perception of reality.

Front 7

Lawerence Kohlbergs levels of moral development (3) with 2 stages in each.

Back 7

-pre-conventional- behavior governed by consequences
-conventional - desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
- post-conventional - self accepted moral principles guide behavior

Front 8

Daniel Levinson

Back 8

Wrote book about seasons of mans life, with 4 key eras, childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.

Front 9

Vygotsky

Back 9

zone of proximal development - difference in childs ability to solve problems on own vs. with help.

Front 10

Freuds Psychoanalytic/Psychdynamic 5 psychosexual stages

Back 10

1) oral
2) anal
3) phallic/ oepidal electra complex
4) latency
5) genital

Front 11

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Back 11

1) food/water
2) safety/security
3) love

Front 12

Abraham Maslow's theory

Back 12

Humanistic, focused on self actualization.

Front 13

William Perry's 3 stage theory of intellectual and ethical development in adults

Back 13

1) dualism - truth is right or wrong
2) relativism - desire to know various opinions
3) commitment to relativism - willing to change opinion based on new facts and new points of view

Front 14

Emic vs. Etic

Back 14

Emic - counselor helps client understand their own culture
Etic -counselor practices 'sameness'. (not good)

Front 15

Autoplastic vs alloplastic

Back 15

Autoplastic - counselor helps client cope with environment.
Alloplastic- counselor helps client change environment.

Front 16

5 stage Racial Culture Identity Model (R/CID)

Back 16

1. Conformity- conform to majority.
2. Dissonance -questions, confuse, prefer counselor from minority
3. Resistance/Immersion - client resists major culture and immerses in their own culture.
4. Introspection - prefers counselor from your own culture
5. Synergetic Awareness - prefers counselor of any culture as long as has skills set to help.

Front 17

What is Psycho-dynamic Psychoanalysis? Name 3 .

Back 17

Freud is the father of psychoanalytic. Psychoanalysis theory of personality and form of psychotherapy.
- free association
- dreams
- Super ego, ego, id

Front 18

Name Freud's 8 ego defense mechanisms

Back 18

1) displacement - displace your anger on someone/something else.
2) projections - project your inner feelings on someone else.
3) reaction formation - deny your inner beliefs by acting in opposite manner.
4) sublimation - express unacceptable behaviors in socially acceptable manner.
5) rationalization - rationalizes behavior.
6) identification - joining feared person to relieve your anxiety.
7) Suppression/Denial - purposely forgetting
8) Repression - forgetting devasting events

Front 19

Repressed emotions are known as

Back 19

Catharsis or Abreaction

Front 20

Eros vs. thanatos

Back 20

Life vs death

Front 21

Carl Jung is a:

Back 21

Analytic

Front 22

Carl Jung personal unconscious and collective unconscious

Back 22

Personal - individual like Freud
Collective - composed of archetypes passed down through the ages.

Front 23

Jung created:

Back 23

Archetypes
Extrovert and introvert typologies - used in Myers Briggs Type Inventory

Front 24

Alfred Adler's individual psychology branches from

Back 24

Freud's psycho-dynamic approach. Focuses on behavior is the unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority.

Front 25

Alfred Adler's birth order (family constellation)

Back 25

First born - conservative leaders
Second born - competitive and rebellious

Front 26

The word behavorism was coined by:

Back 26

John B Watson

Front 27

The term behavior therapy was created by:

Back 27

Arnold Lazurus

Front 28

Critics of behavior therapies state

Back 28

That is focuses on on symptoms not the root cause.

Front 29

BF Skinner radical behaviorism focuses on:

Back 29

operant conditioning, reinforces and rewards to raise likely hood of behavior occurring.

Front 30

Albert Bandura focuses on

Back 30

social learning theory, modeling

Front 31

ratio vs. interval reinforcement schedules

Back 31

ratio is based on number of responses, interval is based on time elapsed.

Front 32

continuous vs intermittent reinforcement

Back 32

continuous - occurs every time
intermittent - occurs when some but not all desired behaviors are reinforced.

Front 33

Ivan Pavlov

Back 33

classical conditioning

Front 34

Joseph Wolpe Systematic desensitization

Back 34

works with people to curb fears and abate anxiety (good with phobias)

Front 35

Implosive therapy

Back 35

When client has to imagine scary or feared stimuli in safety of counselor office.

Front 36

Carl Roger's Person Centered Theory is considered

Back 36

Humanistic and positive

people can reach their full potential in therapeutic setting that fosters growth.

Front 37

Roger's 3 conditions for effective helping

Back 37

1) empathy
2) congruent/geniune
3) unconditional positive regard

Front 38

Empathy 5 point scale created by:

Back 38

Robert Carkhuff

Front 39

Albert Ellis's cognitive behavioral therapy is known an:

Back 39

REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy)
Change your thinking, change your life.

Front 40

Ellis uses ABCDE model of personality

Back 40

A - activating events
B - client's belieft system
C- emotional concequences
D - counselor disputes irrational beliefs
E - new emotional concequence occurs when irrational belief is rational

Front 41

Ellis uses these active direct forms of therapy with REBT:

Back 41

homework, bibliotherapy

Front 42

Aaron Beck's Cognitive therapy is similar to Ellis REBT in that

Back 42

helps irrational thoughts

Front 43

Gestalt Therapy is a ....approach by....

Back 43

Existential approach by Fritz Perls.

Front 44

Gestalt Therapy utilizes

Back 44

role play, confrontation, hot seat, empty chair technique, focuses on the here and now

Front 45

Gestalt therapy goals is

Back 45

for the client to take responsibility and achieve awareness in the here and now

Front 46

Eric Berne uses a here and now approach called

Back 46

Transactional Anaylsis

Front 47

Key points in Eric Berne's TA (3)

Back 47

1. life script
2. ego states
3. life positions (im ok)

Front 48

William Glasses reality therapy is also known as

Back 48

Choice therapy, which focuses on present behavior. Clients are taught that the create their own personal reality with the behaviors the choose.

Front 49

In family counseling, first order change vs. second order change

Back 49

first - occurs when client makes superficial change to deal with problem, but change doesnt not really affect underlying issues
second - change changes the underlying issues.

Front 50

4 famous family therapist

Back 50

Ackerman
Satir
Whitaker
Bowen

Front 51

Virgin Satir 4 inept patterns of communication

Back 51

1. placator
2. blamer
3. reasonable analyzer
4. irrelevant distracter

Front 52

Some of Bowen;s keys were

Back 52

Triangulation
Genograms
Fusion
Differention

Front 53

Salvodor is the leading name behind...

Back 53

structural family therapy. uses joining, and mimesis. is directive and in the here and now.

Front 54

Jay Haley and Cloe Madaness are powerful names in

Back 54

strategic counseling, using directives, prescriptions and paradoxs

Front 55

Name 4 stages in group therapy

Back 55

1. initial
2. transition
3. working
4. termination

Front 56

Name 5 group leadership styles

Back 56

1. autocratic/authoritarian
2. hands off style
3. democratic *best*
4. speculative
5. confrontive

Front 57

Frank Parsons is the

Back 57

the father of guidance and creator of trait and factor approach

Front 58

What is the trait and factor approach

Back 58

A client need to know his or he personal attributes and interest or traits, occupations need to match clients traits.

Front 59

Anne Roe, who uses levels and fields, created

Back 59

a psycho-dynamic needs approach. jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations.

Front 60

Donald Super is well known for

Back 60

emphasizing the role of self concept, vocation choice and life rainbow (focus on life span)

Front 61

John Holland's 6 personality typologys include:

Back 61

1) realistic - hands on tasks
2) investigative - intellectual
3) artisitic - imagintive
4) social -
5) enterprising - extroverted, sales
6) conventional - practical, bookkeeping

Front 62

Sigi plus or Discover are

Back 62

computer assisted career guidance

Front 63

Key helping books in career counseling are:

Back 63

DOT - dicitionary of occupational titles
GOE - guide for occupational information
OOH- occupational outlook handbook
richard bolles book what color is your parachute

Front 64

Standardized tests have 2 key features

Back 64

1) uniform procedures for scoring and administration
2) validaty and reliablity

Front 65

Raw score's, unaltered scores, can be converted to

Back 65

standard scores (i.e. t / z scores, etc.)

Front 66

If a skewed tails points to the left vs. right...

Back 66

left is negatively skewed, right is postively skewed.

Front 67

What is standard deviation

Back 67

SD is a measure of variability of scores. I.E. are the scores bunched up to the mean or spread out?

Front 68

SD of 1 is a z score of
SD of -2 is a z score of

Back 68

1) 1
2) -2

Front 69

What are T scores

Back 69

T = ten *

mean of this score is 50 and SD is ten.

Front 70

What is Z score

Back 70

Mean is 0 and SD 1.0

Front 71

Explain the normal curve 68-95-99.7 rule

Back 71

68% of scores will fall +/- 1 SD from mean, 95% will fall +/- 2 SD from mean and 99.7% will fall +/- 3 SD from the mean.

Front 72

What is validity

Back 72

THE MOST IMPORTANT PROPERTY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST!!
Does the test test what is its supposed to?

Front 73

What is reliability

Back 73

Consistency of the test or measure

Front 74

What is the key thing to remember about reliability and validity?

Back 74

Tests can be reliable BUT NOT valid. ALL valid tests are reliable.

Front 75

Correlation is simply

Back 75

an association

Front 76

Positive correlation vs. negative correlation

Back 76

+ - when a goes up, b goes up
- - when a goes down, b goes down

Front 77

What is considered a true experiment?

Back 77

2 or more groups used

Front 78

When is a experiment considered
quasi ? (2 keys)

Back 78

1) not random sampled
2) or cannot control IV

Front 79

Type I error vs. Type II error

Back 79

type one- when null hyp is rejected that is true
type two- when null is accepted when it should be rejected

Front 80

What is a t-test?

Back 80

parametric test that compares two means

Front 81

If the IV caused the changes in the DV and not any other factors is it is high in...

Back 81

internal validity

Front 82

If the IV has not caused the changes in the DV and other factors have affected it is high in...

Back 82

external validity

Front 83

ANOVA or analysis of variance is used when

Back 83

you have two or more means to compare

Front 84

MANOVA is used when

Back 84

you have are investigating more than one DV

Front 85

Factorial anaylsis is used when

Back 85

you have more than one IV (i.e. two way anova etc)

Front 86

Ex post facto refers to

Back 86

after-the-fact-data

Front 87

Between groups designs uses

Back 87

different subjects in different groups

Front 88

Within group repeated designs uses

Back 88

same subjects for control and different time for experimental

Front 89

What is the goal of psychanalytic therapy?

Back 89

To make unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego. We want behaviors to be based on reality versus unconscious cravings and irrational guilt.

Front 90

What is the psychoanalytic counselor role?

Back 90

Counselor is expert, encourages transference and exploration of the unconscious, uses interpretation.

Front 91

What is Jung's individuation (which is what we strive to achieve)

Back 91

Integration of the unconsious and consious aspects of personality.

Front 92

How does Adlerian theorists view human nature? (5)

Back 92

Emphasis on social interest, focus on birth order, family constellation, style of life, and future goals.

Front 93

In Adlerian counseling what are the roles of the counselor include

Back 93

Counselor is equal to client, models and teaches, shares hunches, assigns homework.

Front 94

What is the goal of Adlerian counseling?

Back 94

To work on social interest, correct faulty assumptions and mistaken goals, develop client insight, using 'as if' to bring about client change.

Front 95

What is the goal of psycho analytic therapy?

Back 95

Make unconsious consious, work through incomplete stages, help client to adjust/cope with changes, reconstruct personality.

Front 96

What is the view of human nature with Person Center Therapy?

Back 96

Humans are good and positive. Clients are self directed.

Front 97

In person centered therapy what is the role of the counselor?

Back 97

I-Thou quality, focus on uniqueness of client, counselor is the technique.

Front 98

What are the goals of person centered therapy?

Back 98

Self exploration, self directed and realistic, focus on the here and now.

Front 99

Existential counseling's view of human nature?

Back 99

Human freedom and choice of lifestyle

Front 100

Existential role of the counselor?

Back 100

Emphasis on counselor authenticity, understand person is unique, sharing of experiences.

Front 101

Goal of client centered therapy?

Back 101

Helps client realize their own responsibility and awareness.

Front 102

Gestalt therapy view of human nature?

Back 102

Emphasis on wholeness and completeness

Front 103

Gestalt roles of the counselor?

Back 103

Counselor focuses on now, is excited, helps client resolve 'unfinished' business, use of I for it. (it talk)

Front 104

Goals of Gestalt therapy?

Back 104

Immediacy experience, making choices now, growing up mentally.

Front 105

REBT human nature view?

Back 105

People are both rational and irrational.

Front 106

REBT counselors roles are to be?

Back 106

Active, direct, counselor teachers, ABC's of self talk.

Front 107

REBT goals of counseling?

Back 107

Help client live more productive lives, stop thinking irrational, elimiate should've, would've, and could'ves.

Front 108

TA views of human nature?

Back 108

People can change.Use of games, time, and scripts.

Front 109

TA counselor roles

Back 109

Counselor is the teacher

Front 110

Goals of TA therapy

Back 110

Transformation, games free and OK.

Front 111

Behavioral and Cognitive behavioral theory's view of human nature?

Back 111

All behaviors are learned. Old behaviors can be extinguished. Operant conditioning and social modeling.

Front 112

Roles of counselor in behavioral and cognitive behavior counseling?

Back 112

Counselor is tecaher, director and expert. Active in sessions.

Front 113

Goals of behavioral and cognitive therapy?

Back 113

Help clients make good adjustments, modify behaviors, change thoughts (cognitive)

Front 114

Reality therapy's view of human nature?

Back 114

Problems occur when people dont take responsibility for behaviors. Learning is life long, and people need to be loved.

Front 115

Reality therapy counselor roles?

Back 115

teacher and model, big focus on establish relationship with client.

Front 116

Goals of reality therapy?

Back 116

Assist client to become psychologically strong, rational and responsible. Focus on behaviors now, no punishments or excuses.