Nc 7 Nursing Theorists

Front 1

Florence Nightingale 1859

Back 1

Environment/Sanitation
Goal of nursing is to put patient in best condition for nature to act upon him, primarily by altering the environment

Hint 1

Environment/Sanitation

Front 2

Hildegard Peplau 1952

Back 2

Interpersonal Process
Nursing is viewed as an interpersonal process involving interaction between two or more individuals, which has as its common goal assisting the individual who is sick or in need of health care

Hint 2

Interpersonal Process

Front 3

Faye Abdellah 1960

Back 3

Nursing Problems
Nursing is a service to individuals, families, and society based on art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people cope with their health care needs, and is focused around 21 nursing problems.

Hint 3

Nursing Problems

Front 4

Ernestine Wiedenbach 1964

Back 4

Nursing Problems Model
Nursing is helping, nurturing, and caring service rendered with compassion, skill, and understanding, in which sensitivity is key to assisting the nurse in identifying problems.

Hint 4

Nursing Problems model

Front 5

Virginia Henderson 1966

Back 5

Development/Needs
Nursing's role to assist the individual (sick or well) to carry out those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the strength, will or knowlege. And to do this is in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

Hint 5

Development/Needs

Front 6

Myra Levine 1969

Back 6

Conservation and Adaptation
Nursing means the nurse interposes her/his skills and knowledge into the course of events that affect the patient. When influencing adaptation favorably, the nurse is acting in a therapeutic sense. When the nursing intervention cannot alter the course of adaptation, the nurse is acting in a supportive sense.

Hint 6

Conservation & Adaptation

Front 7

Ida Orlando Pelletier 1972

Back 7

Interpersonal Process
Nursing's unique and independent role concerns itself with an individual's need for help in an immediate situation for the purpose of avoiding, relieving, diminishing, or curing that individual's sense of helplessness.

Hint 7

Interpersonal Process

Front 8

Jean Watson 1979-1988

Back 8

Caring
The essence and central unifying focus for nursing practice is caring, a transpersonal value. Nurse behaviors are defined as 10 carative factors. Focuses on the spiritual subjective aspects of both nurse and patient and the "caring moment" relating to the time when nurse and patient first come together.

Hint 8

Caring

Front 9

Dorothy Orem 1980

Back 9

Self Care
Nursing is concerned with the individual's need for self-care action, which is the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining health and well being.

Hint 9

Self Care

Front 10

Dorothy E. Johnson 1980

Back 10

Systems Approach
Nursing is an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient's behavior at an optimal level, under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to physical or social health, or in which illness is found.

Hint 10

Systems Approach

Front 11

Imogene M. King 1981

Back 11

Open Systems approach
The focus of nursing is the care of human beings resulting in the health of individuals and health care for groups, who are viewed as open systems in constant interaction with their environments.

Hint 11

Open Systems approach

Front 12

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse 1981

Back 12

Man-Living-Health
Nursing is rooted in the human sciences and focuses on man as a living unity and as qualitatively participating in health experiences. Health is viewed as a process.

Hint 12

Man-Living-Health

Front 13

Betty Neuman 1982

Back 13

Systems approach
Nursing responds to individuals, groups and communities, who are in constant interaction with environmental stressors that create disequilibrium. A critical element is the client's ability to react to stress and factors that assist with reconstitution or adaptation.

Hint 13

Systems approach

Front 14

Sister Callista Roy 1984

Back 14

Adaptation
The goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptive responses (those things that positively influence health) that are affected by the person's ability to respond to stimuli. Nursing involves manipulating stimuli to promote adaptive responses.

Hint 14

Adaptation

Front 15

Martha E. Rogers 1984

Back 15

Science of unitary man
Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian, directed toward the unitary human, and concerned with the nature and direction of human development.

Hint 15

Science of unitary man

Front 16

Katharine Y. Kolcaba 1992

Back 16

Holistic theory of Comfort
The immediate desirable outcome of nursing care is enhanced comfort. This comfort positively correlates with desirable health seeking behaviors.

Hint 16

Holistic theory of Comfort

Front 17

Her theory was to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.

Back 17

Florence Nightingale

Front 18

She defined nursing..to "assist the individual to do what he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge."

Back 18

Virginia Henderson

Front 19

She outlined four stages of therapeutic relationship.

Back 19

Hildegard Peplau

Front 20

List the four stages of the therapeutic relationship

Back 20

1) orientation
2) working
3) exploitation of the relationship
4) resolution

Front 21

Her theory : Interpersonal Relations Model

Back 21

Hildegard Peplau

Front 22

Orem's self care deficit is based on the ideals of which theorist

Back 22

Virginia Henderson

Front 23

Nightingale's theory:
Her priorities were ________. Strategies to change ________. Evaluation of ____________.

Back 23

1. the environment,
2. environment,
3. whether environment was assisting the patient.

Front 24

Virginia Henderson's theory:
1. Priorities
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 24

1. Priortize pt's needs
2. Select a strategy assisting the patient
3. Evaluate the patient's function.

Front 25

Her theory is "the purpose of nursing is to foster personality development in the direction of maturity.

Back 25

Hildegard Peplau

Front 26

Two "System Theorists"

Back 26

Dorothy Johnson
Betty Neuman

Front 27

She believed that tension arises from the failure to meet needs, and that discomfort causes a person to seek a remedy.

Back 27

Hildegard Peplau

Front 28

Peplau's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 28

1. Priortize the relationship with pt
2. Strategize to increase maturity
3. Evaluate whether discomfort and tension were decreased.

Front 29

Behavioral System Model

Back 29

Dorothy Johnson

Front 30

Johnson's belief is that nursing client is ________.

Back 30

one or more behavioral systems, interacting with the enviroment.

Front 31

Theory: "Nurses foster correct behavior function in the patient to prevent illness, and during and following illness.

Back 31

Dorothy Johnson

Front 32

Orem's self care deficit is based on the ideals of which theorist

Back 32

Virginia Henderson

Front 33

Nightingale's theory:
Her priorities were ________. Strategies to change ________. Evaluation of ____________.

Back 33

1. the environment,
2. environment,
3. whether environment was assisting the patient.

Front 34

Virginia Henderson's theory:
1. Priorities
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 34

1. Priortize pt's needs
2. Select a strategy assisting the patient
3. Evaluate the patient's function.

Front 35

Her theory is "the purpose of nursing is to foster personality development in the direction of maturity.

Back 35

Hildegard Peplau

Front 36

Two "System Theorists"

Back 36

Dorothy Johnson
Betty Neuman

Front 37

Theory : "Behavioral System Model"

Back 37

Dorothy Johnson

Front 38

Johnson believes that nursing client is _________________________.

Back 38

one or more behavioral systems, interacting with the environment.

Front 39

Nurses foster correct behavioral function in the patient to prevent illness, and during and following illness.

Back 39

Johnson

Front 40

Johnson's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 40

1. Prioritize pt's behavior
2. Strategize to correct his behavior.
3. Evaluate his behavior.

Front 41

Theory: "Adaptation Model"

Back 41

Sister Callista Roy

Front 42

Believes the person is in constant interaction with his environment. The environment changes, and the person must adapt.

Back 42

Sister Callista Roy

Front 43

Roy's four modes of adaptation:

Back 43

1) Physiological needs
2) Self-concept
3) Role Function
4) Interdependence relations

Front 44

Roy's Adaptation Model:
Goal of patient and nurse...

Back 44

To get stimuli into an acceptable zone.

Front 45

Roy's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 45

1. Need to adapt
2. Assisting adaptation in any of the four modes of adaptation
3. Patient's degree of stimuli into acceptable zones.

Front 46

Theory: "Health Care System" model

Back 46

Betty Neuman

Front 47

Neuman relies on Gestault theory that states:

Back 47

the whole is more than the sum of its individual parts.

Front 48

In lay terms...Gestault's theory

Back 48

People are more than just a collection of physical organs.

Front 49

"Stress is an intruder" : ? Model

Back 49

Neuman

Front 50

Neuman's three levels of prevention and their meaning.

Back 50

1) Primary prevention: before stressor
2) Secondary prevention: after stressor
3) Tertiary prevention: with restoration of balance

Front 51

Model that:
Describes patient's lines of defense, the stressors, and the need to promote equilibrium.

Back 51

Neuman

Front 52

Model: That is compared to the medical model and is much used to suggest nursing actions for prevention in various education and practice settings.

Back 52

Neuman

Front 53

Neuman's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 53

1. Prevention of pt's stress
2. Would be selected to reduce stress and prevent new problems
3. Would be done to see if stress was reduced and new problems prevented,

Front 54

Theory: "Self Care Deficit"

Back 54

Dorothea Orem

Front 55

Theorizes that a person does self care daily. When pt's resources are depleted and he cannot do self-care, deficit results that can be met by nursing systems.

Back 55

Dorothea Orem

Front 56

Model: "Nursing care can be compensatory (wholly or partial) or supportive (educative).

Back 56

Orem

Front 57

Promotes the idea that nurses select and use interventions to assist pts w/ self care in order to contribute to the maintenance and promotion of the patient's structure, function and development.

Back 57

Dorothea Orem

Front 58

Orem's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 58

1. Patient's self care
2. increase self care
3. evaluate to what degree patient is able to care for himself.

Front 59

Theory: "Science of Unitary Human Beings"

Back 59

Martha Rogers

Front 60

Similar to the "unified field theory" first developed in physics in which...?

Back 60

every action affects every other action.
For example.. stones dropped in a pond produce ripples in every direction.

Front 61

In her model, humans are greater than the sum of their parts (Gestalt) and move through time and space as an integral part of an expanding universe (physics).

Back 61

Martha Rogers

Front 62

Rogers theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 62

1. energy, wholeness
2. those that use nurse's intellect and knowledge
3. if pt's patterns were more in harmony.

Front 63

Theorist: Promotes the idea that nurses use intellect and knowledge to interact with patients in order to promote healthy patterns of living in harmony with their surroundings.

Back 63

Martha Rogers

Front 64

Theory describes a constant exchange of energy between humans and their environment that are essential for life.

Back 64

Martha Rogers

Front 65

Theory describes principles of homeodynamics: helicy, resonancy, complementarity, and an indivisible energy field.

Back 65

Martha Rogers

Front 66

Theory related to the New Age alternative therapies; and focus on energy. The field of Therapeutic touch is also, related.

Back 66

Martha Rogers "Science of Unitary Human Beings"

Front 67

Theory: "Human Science and Human Care"

Back 67

Jean Watson

Front 68

Theorist, stresses on the word "care".

Back 68

Watson

Front 69

Theory based on belief that people strive for a sense of inner harmony, and that the goals of nursing are unity and harmony.

Back 69

Jean Watson

Front 70

Watson's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 70

1. harmony
2. increase unity and harmony
3. eval. degree to which harmony was increased.

Front 71

Theory: "Principles of Nursing"

Back 71

Myra Levine

Front 72

List Levine's four Principles of Nursing

Back 72

1) Conservation of energy
2) Structural integrity
3) Personal integrity
4) Social integrity

Front 73

Theorist, believes nurses engage either in therapeutic intervention (help pts get well) or supportive intervention (help pts not get worse).

Back 73

Myra Levine

Front 74

Levine's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 74

1. integrity of patient
2. help pt either to get well or not worse
3. whether integrity had increased as a result of the intervention

Front 75

Theory: "Transcultural Care Model"

Back 75

Madeleine Leninger

Front 76

Theorist, belief the essence of nursing is caring.

Back 76

Leninger

Front 77

Theory states, the patterns of caring that develop can be seen and can be systematically observed, and from those patterns of caring we can develop a "science of caring".

Back 77

Madeleine Leininger

Front 78

Theory...Culture is defined as the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms and life way practices that guide the thinking, decisions, and actions of a particular group in patterned ways.

Back 78

Leininger

Front 79

Believes there are three commonalities of care across all cultures, but predicts that there are fewer universals than diversities because people and their situations are so different. Thus, it is vital that nurses give care that is based on knowledge of and respect for, the differing cultures of their patients

Back 79

Leininger

Front 80

Leininger theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 80

1. culture of the patient
2. take into account the culture
3. encompass the degree to which the culture was respected

Front 81

Theory: "Pender Health Promotion" model

Back 81

Nola Pender

Front 82

Emphasizes lifestyle changes that she believes would make patients healthy.

Back 82

Nola Pender

Front 83

List categories of determinants of patient's health promotion behavior according to Pender:

Back 83

1) Cognitive/perceptual factors
2) Modifying factors
first two determine the 3rd
3) Participation in health promoting behaviors

Front 84

Examples of Cognitive/perceptual factors

Back 84

Importance of health to person
Perceived control of health
Definition of health
Perceived health status
Perceived barriers to health promoting behaviors

Front 85

Examples of Modifying factors

Back 85

Demographics
Biologic characteristics
Interpersonal influences
Situational factors
Behavioral factors

Front 86

Pender's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 86

1. Patient's perceptions and situation
2. Selected to modify those perceptions and environment
3. Eval. strategies by pt's increase (or not) in health promoting behaviors

Front 87

Theory: "Goal Attainment"

Back 87

Imogene King

Front 88

Theorist, believes through transactions or interactions between patients and nurses, patients can attain their goals of recovery and health.

Back 88

Imogene King

Front 89

Believes that we are all part of some larger system and interacting within it.

Back 89

King

Front 90

King's theory:
1. Priority
2. Strategy
3. Evaluation

Back 90

1. Interaction or system btwn pt and nurse
2. Improve those interactions
3. Whether pt had attained his goal of better health

Front 91

Assess patient's environment... which Theorist

Back 91

Florence Nightingale

Front 92

Assess patient's self care deficits... which Theorist

Back 92

Dorothea Orem

Front 93

Assess patient's self care needs and functional abilities... which Theorist

Back 93

Virginia Henderson

Front 94

Assess patient's interpersonal relationship and maturity; evaluate discomfort and tension were decreased... which Theorist

Back 94

Hildegard Peplau

Front 95

Assess patient's behavior... which Theorist

Back 95

Dorothy Johnson

Front 96

Assess patient's ability to adapt to changes in the environment.. which Theorist

Back 96

Sister Callista Roy

Front 97

Assess patient's ability to reduce or prevent stress...which Theorist

Back 97

Betty Neuman

Front 98

Assess patient's energy and wholeness.. evaluate if patient's patterns are in harmony with their surroundings...which Theorist

Back 98

Martha Rogers

Front 99

Assess patient's care of self and sense of inner harmony...goals of unity and harmony...which Theorist

Back 99

Jean Watson

Front 100

Assess and evaluate patient's integrity to get well or not get worse/ if nurse's intervention increased pt's integrity

Back 100

Myra Levine

Front 101

Assess patient's culture and evaluate if patient received care congruent with their cultural beliefs...which Theorist

Back 101

Madeline Leininger

Front 102

Assess patient's perceptions and situations; goal to modify those perceptions and the environment; evaluate goals by pt's increase (or not) in health promoting behaviors...which theorist

Back 102

Nola Pender

Front 103

Assess if patient can attain their goals of health and recovery; goals to improvement of health through interactions with nurse... which Theorist

Back 103

Imogene King

Front 104

Stability models...with emphasis on caring. Which theorists?

Back 104

Orem & Watson

Front 105

Stability models...with emphasis on growth and development. Which theorists?

Back 105

Peplau, Rogers, Neuman

Front 106

Growth models of change. Which theorists?

Back 106

King, Johnson, Neuman

Front 107

Thanks!

Back 107

Thanks!