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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
American Bitterns have vertical markings on their breast because the stripes: |
allow bitterns to hide in cattail marshes |
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Mullerian Mimicry is when: |
a number of animals, non-related and all armed with some defence, look like each other |
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True or False: Giant Swallowtail caterpillars look like bird droppings. This is known as masquerade. |
True |
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The head of a Chipping Sparrow has a black line through the eye and a white stripe above it. These marks are called |
disruptive patterns |
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if you see a caterpillar covered in yellow and red spines, you would suspect that it |
has a strong chemical defence |
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Underwing Moths look just like tree bark. But if a bird sees one and pecks at it, the moth opens its wings and this happens: |
bright patterns suddenly appear and startle the bird |
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Monarch butterfly caterpillars are not good to eat because they contain cardiac glycosides (terpenoids). They get these by eating milkweed leaves. The way they acquire the toxins is known as: |
sequestering |
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True or False: Snakes spend winter deep in the ground, beneath the frost line, in hibernacula |
True |
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Inchworm caterpillars looks like twigs. This defence is known as: |
masquerade |
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True or False: Skunks are black and white because this colour pattern makes them better camouflaged for night activity. |
False |
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True or False: Virginia Opossums play dead when frightened |
True |
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True or False: Many insects have membranes that function as ears for detecting danger |
True |
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Mullerian Mimicry is when |
a number of animals, non-related and all armed with some defence, look like each other |
|
Bright colours worn by insects that are poisonous are known as |
aposematic colouration |
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Terpenoids serve this purpose |
they taste bitter and thus serve to deter an animal from eating a plant |
|
Flocking in birds offers this benefit: |
a flock provides more eyes to watch for danger and lessens the odds of being caught for each bird in the flock |
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True or False: Snakes spend winter deep in the ground, beneath the frost line, in hibernacula |
True |
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True or False: In the Far North, many animals are larger and more rotund than their southern relatives. This feature is known as Bergmann's Rule |
True |
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You see 200 Cedar Waxwings in one tree all eating berries. This is an example of |
a single-species flock |
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When Hog-nosed Snakes are frightened, they do this: |
play dead |
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The subnivean space allows: |
small mammals to better survive cold temperatures in winter |
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True or False: Alkaloids are chemical defences that taste very bitter and repel animals |
False |
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True or False: Mallards (ducks) are able to see behind their heads and in front of them at the same time. |
True |
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If an insect eats Balsam Fir, it never matures into the adult stage because it ingests a lot of this chemical defence: |
phytojuvenile hormone |
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True or False: Porcupines have quills coated with antibiotics and can shoot them up to 1 metre. |
False |
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A Polar Bear is very large and rotund (round). This shape conforms to |
Bergmann's Rule |
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True or False: The tapetum lucidum is an adaptation for seeing at night. |
True |
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In preparation for winter, Beavers do this |
add lots of mud to the outside of their lodge for insulation |
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When Hog-nosed Snakes are frightened, they do this |
play dead |
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Gulls, ducks, and geese can stand on ice without freezing their feet because of this adaptation |
a counter-current heat exchanger known as the rete mirable is activated in winter |
|
A harmless moth looks just like a harmless beetle. This is an example of: |
NOTHING |
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When frightened, a Killdeer "freezes" and allows this adaptation to help protect it: |
breast bands for disruptive colouration |
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Giant Swallowtail caterpillars have a great secondary defence. This is: |
sticking out a bright red osmetarium from their head (to look like a snake) |
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A moth sits camouflaged on a tree trunk. When disturbed, it opens its wings and two large eyespots appear. These: |
camouflage the moth (by looking like holes in leaves) & startle the predator |
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Autotomy is the ability to shed a body part and regrow it. This is a defence of: |
five-lined skinks |
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True or False: Alkaloids are chemical defences that taste very bitter and repel animals |
False |
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An insect eats a plant and continues to stay in its juvenile state and cannot change into an adult. It likely ate: |
balsam fir |
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Animals in northern areas tend to be paler than animals farther south. This principle is known as: |
Gloger's Rule |
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The main defence of Anglewinged Butterflies is: |
masquerade |
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Bright colours worn by insects that are poisonous are known as |
aposematic colouration |
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True or False: Monarch caterpillars sequester cardiac glycosides from milkweeds |
True |
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Insects that swim at the surface of ponds often have this defence: |
bicolouration |
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An analogous structure: |
has the same function as another structure on a different animal but arises from a different part of the body |
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True or False: Snails and slugs use sharp mandibles for ingesting plant material |
False caterpillars have these! |
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This structure is analogous to a bird's gizzard: |
mammalian cheek teeth |
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Flight intercept traps are prey-capturing adaptations used by: |
orb-weaver spiders |
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True or False: The Hyoid Process (Horns) is an important adaptation for filtering food from moving water (i.e., what clams use to extract their food). |
False The Hyoid Process is for extending tongues |
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True or False: Black Fly larvae attain their food by filter-feeding in water |
True |
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True or False: Crab Spiders do not make webs but hide on flowers; one species is able to change its colour to better match the flower on which it sits |
True |
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Large masseters indicate that an animal eats: |
tough plant tissues |
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Moose go to beaver ponds and shallow lakes in summer to: |
acquire sodium from aquatic plants |
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Mixed Function Oxidases are: |
enzymes that counteract plant toxins making them safe to eat |
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You can tell an Orb Weaver Spider web from a Sheet Web Spider web because: |
Sheet Web Spider webs look "messy" with vertical knock-down strands and a cone in the middle of the web under which the spider sits while Orb Weaver webs are beautiful vertical structures with complex strand patterns |
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Snakes are able to analyze scents with this structure: |
Jacobson's Organ |
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True or False: Birds that eat a lot of seeds and other hard plant parts often swallow small stones to help with the physical breakdown of the food |
True |
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True or False: The American Bittern puts its beak in the air to change its shape |
True |
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What animal lies on the forest floor and uses the high contrast pattern on its body to blend in? |
Ruffed Grouse |
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________ folds in its legs to background match with a tree. |
Grey Tree Frog |
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True or False: Grey Tree Frogs can change their skin pigment to green to mimic the lichen on trees |
True! This is an example of mimicry! |
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Eastern Screech Owls sit on the outside of holes of trees to: |
become a bark mimicry |
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This animal is brown in the summer and white in the winter due to seasonal colour change: |
Snowshoe Hare |
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Many song birds have eyelines and eyestrips. This is an example of: |
Disruptive Pattern |
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This animal has breast bands: |
Killdeer |
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This animal has a chin strap to disrupt its shape: |
Canada Goose |
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This insect uses its shaped wings to resemble dead leaves |
Angled Wing Butterfly |
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This insect resembles an alive leaf |
Katydid |
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This insect looks like bird poop |
Giant Swallowtail |
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This animal hides by having a two tone body |
Whirligig beetle |
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This insect swims upside down because its bicolouration is backwards |
Backswimmer |
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Deers have a lighter belly than the rest of their body. This makes them look one dimensional. This is an example of: |
Counter Shading |
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This insect uses brightly coloured under wings to startle predators: |
underwing moths |
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This insect has giant fake eyes on its underwing |
Polyphemus moth |
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This animal's startle pattern is bright yellow on the inside of its legs |
Grey Tree Frog |
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A Giant Swallowtail's startle pattern is: |
Its osmeterium (red horns) |
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This caterpillar makes giant webs to live in without food |
Eastern Tent Caterpillar |
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This caterpillar makes giant webs to live in with food |
Fall Webworm |
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This caterpillar is brown and orange and fuzzy |
Woolly Bear Caterpillar |
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This lizard has a bright blue tail that falls off when touched |
Five Lined Skink |
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Some snails shells are made of: |
Calcium |
|
Warning colouration is also known as: |
Aposematic Colouration |
|
True or False: Ladybugs manufacture their toxins |
True |
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What plant do Monarch Caterpillars sequester their toxins from |
Milkweeds |
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What poison is sequestered from milkweeds? |
Cardiac Glycoside |
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Does the Milkweed Tussock Caterpillar sequester? |
Yes |
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This beetle will actually give you blisters: |
Blister Beetle |
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Skunks spray this: |
Sulfur Alcohol |
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When animals share similar appearances and are both poisonous |
Müllerian mimicry ex: wasp & bees |
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When two animals share appearances but one is not poisonous: |
Batesian Mimicry ex: Monarch (poisonous & model) Viceroy (not poisonous & mimic)) |
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True or False: There has to be more mimics than models for Batesian mimicry to work |
False |
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________ puffs up as its secondary defence |
American Toad |
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True or False: Hog Nosed Snake swells up as a defence |
True |
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Define Thanatosis |
Playing dead ex: Virginia Opossum |
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A group of white tail deer together is called a: |
Yard |
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Flocking is a: |
Bird group defence |
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Murmuration is: |
Thousands of birds flying in crazy pattern (youtube video from class) |
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When birds come together as a preemptive defence and try to drive away predator: |
Mobbing |
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This insect is a body guard for Aphids: |
Carpenter Ant |
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Why do Carpenter Ants Guard Aphids? |
Aphids suck suck juices from plant and release sugary sap from their backsides that Carpenter Ants eat |
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True or False: Deer can pivot their ears |
True |
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Insects use _______ to "hear" |
Membranes that vibrate due to sound |
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Can snakes hear? |
No, but they can feel vibrations on the ground |
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Snakes determine where their prey is by using: |
Jacobson's Organ |
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True or False: Moose have olfactory sense and Jacobson's organ |
True |
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This hare's eyes are placed so they can see 360° |
Snowshoe Hare |
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True or False: Eyes on the side of the head allow for greater depth perception |
False |
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_____ are modified leaves: |
Spines |
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_______ are epidural out growths, like hairs |
Prickles |
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When new rose buds resemble prickles this is called: |
Automimicry |
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_______ are modified branches |
Thorns |
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What are Trichomes? |
They are plant "hairs" that can have glue like stuff on them and form a defence barrier against small insects who try to walk through them. |
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_______ have Trichomes that have chemicals inside them that burn |
Stinging Nettles |
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______ have an INDUCIBLE defense which means when the plant is in water it does not have Trichomes but when it is above water it grows Trichomes |
Water Smartweed |
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Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Pectin are all examples of: |
Structural defences |
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This gives cherry pits their hardness: |
Lignin |
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_______ is found ins Horsetails as a structural defence: |
Silica |
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True or False: Tannis are astringent (dries plant) and makes them hard to eat |
True |
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________ taste bitter and DO NOT contain nitrogen |
Terpenoids |
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Toxins that contain nitrogen are called |
Alkaloids |
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This is the hormone that causes insects to mature: |
Phytoecdysones |
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______ are full of Phytoecdysones |
Braken Fern |
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______ causes insects to not mature |
Phytojuvenile hormone |
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________ contain phytojuvenile hormone |
Balsam Fir Trees |
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Phytoestrogen messes up __________ in insects |
The reproductive system |
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_____ causes the skin to be susceptible to light |
Phototoxins |
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An example of a plant that demonstrates aposematic colouration is: |
Mustard |
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When body temperature is determined by environment temperature: |
Ectothermic |
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When body temperature is determined internally: |
Endothermic |
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_____ is a type of hair that traps body heat in |
Underfur |
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True or False: Pale colours retain heat better |
True |
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Who's rule states that paler animals are more north? |
Gloger's Rule |
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______ rule states that short extremities are better in the cold |
Allen's |
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______ rule states a low surface area to volume ratio is better in the cold |
Bergmann's |
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Why does the Arctic Fox have a long fluffy tail? |
To keep its face warm when it sleeps |
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How can ducks & birds stand on ice in the winter without their feet getting frozen? |
Counter Current heat exchanger (aka the Rete Mirabile or wonderful net) |
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_______ has counter current vessels in snout to heat the air they breathe in |
Red Fox |
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_____ is the ice crystal layer under the snow |
Subnivean Space |
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_______ can lower their internal body temperature so that they don't waste energy trying to stay warm |
Black Capped Chickadee |
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_______ is when an animal enters a deep sleep and lowers their body temperature |
Torpor |
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Snakes are ectotherms & they survive by going below the frost line and becoming _______ |
Dormant |
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Turtles and frogs survive winter by: |
Going under water and staying in a dormant state |
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Wooly bear caterpillar uses ______ to survive the winter |
Glycerol (antifreeze) |
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All adult ______ die in the winter, however their eggs survive the winter |
Praying mantids |
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______ has no water or sometimes has antifreeze |
Ootheca (insect egg casings) |
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_____ has a gall with insects inside that can freeze |
Golden Rod |
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Wood frogs, Spring peepers, Chorus frog are all: |
Freeze Tolerant |
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Painted turtles' eggs survive the winter because they are: |
Freeze Tolerant |
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______ go under periods of lethargy in trees or dens |
Raccoons |
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Chipmunks go under long periods of ______ during the winter |
Torpor |
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Bats go under periods of _____ during the winter |
Torpor |
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During the winter black bears go into: |
A period of Torpor |
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A _________ is an example of a true hibernator: |
A groundhog (because their heartbeat is less than 8 per minute) |
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______ is a bear's rectal plug to stop them from pooping in winter |
Tappen |
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True or False: Jumping mice are true hibernators |
True |
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True or False: Snowshoe hares have small hind legs to help them traverse in the winter |
False! Their hind legs are massive to help them get through the snow |
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_______ are when animals walk in a single file line through the snow to make a path |
Browse lines |
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______ & _______ use their bodies as toboggans and slide |
Otters & Minks |
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Song birds & Canada goose do this for the winter |
Migrate |
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True or False: Butterflies (monarch), dragonflies, and bats all migrate for the winter |
True |
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True or False: Red Knots have a 26,000km round trip for migration |
True |
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_____ can double their body weight in 10 days |
Sandpipers |
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_____ migrate at night because there are less predators, less wind, and the air cools them down |
Songbirds |
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True or False: Blue jays migrate at night |
False They migrate during the day |
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Turkey Vultures conserve energy when flying by: |
Thermal Hopping |
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True or False: Birds can navigate using the earth's magnet field |
True |
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_____ is how they learnt about birds migration by attaching trackers to their legs |
Banding |
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Motus is: |
Towers that pick up nanotags on birds as they fly by |
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_____ is what plants become for winter. They do this by getting rid of all excess water in leaves and drawing all the water out of their cells |
Cold hardy |
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Plants become cold hardy through: |
Acclamation |
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Acclamation is triggered by: |
Photoperiod (when the days start to get shorter) |
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This plant can heat up and melt the snow around it |
Skunk cabbage |
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This insect uses the obelisk position to create shade in hot temperatures |
Dragonflies |
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This animal stands on its tippy toes to keep its body away from hot sand |
Tiger Beetle |
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Foxes and birds _____ to cool down |
Pant |
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Evaporative cooling is used by: |
Bees |
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True or False: Turkey Vultures poop on their legs to cool themselves down |
True They poop on their legs |
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Mourning dove keep cool by: |
Allowing their body temperature to reach 45° C so that the outside temperature is actually cooler |
|
An animal who eats dead plants is a: |
detritivore |
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True or False: Clams are filter feeders |
True |
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True or False: Adult Black Flies are filter feeders |
False! The Black Fly Larvae live in water and are filter feeders with the Labral Brushes in their mouths |
|
Dabblers and Puddle ducks eat by: |
Filter feeding by using their lamellae to catch organisms |
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The long tongue used by insects to get nectar from plants is called: |
Proboscis |
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Humming birds use the _______ to extend their tongue |
Hyoid Horns (muscle) Can also sometimes be wrapped around skull |
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Insects use ______ to puncture plants to get their juices |
Stylet |
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Slugs and Snails use the _______ to break plant tissue to eat |
Radula (chainsaw conveyer belt) |
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Caterpillars use _________ to eat |
Mandibles |
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Mamal's teeth that never stop growing and self sharpen are called: |
Incisors |
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Moose use these to grind up their food: |
Cheek Teeth |
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The muscles used by a Moose to grind up its food is called: |
Masseters |
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An ____________ is when two different animals have structures that perform the same function but are from different origins (ex: birds and insects both have wings to fly) |
Analogous Structures |
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_____ have a gizzard instead of teeth to break down their food |
Ruffed Grouse |
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______ & ______ produce enzymes to break down the plants they eat |
Slugs & Snails |
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This insect does not produce enzymes to break down their food so they poop a lot and eat 10 times their body weight |
Caterpillars |
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Moose don't have enzymes to break down their food so they have _______ to break down their food |
Bacteria, which is held in their rumen |
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_______ is when a moose coughs up cud and then chews it again |
Rumenation |
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_____ is when you eat your own poop |
Coprophagy |
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______ are fruit eating specialists |
Bohemian Waxwings |
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Seed Dispersers are: |
Animals that eat fruits and then spit out the seeds |
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_______ uses its funny shaped bill to pry open pinecones to get the seeds from inside |
Red Crossbill |
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True or False: Red Squirrels are able to use their incisors to open up cones and get the seeds from inside |
True |
|
What is an MFO |
Mixed Function Oxidases & is used to neutralize toxins |
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True or False: Redheaded pine sawflies only eat pine needles |
True |
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______ only eat a certain plant |
Specialists ex: monarchs only eat milkweed |
|
______ eat a variety of food |
Generalists ex: beavers |
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Balsam fir and leaves are low in this nutrient |
Sodium |
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Moose eat _____ because they are high in sodium |
Aquatic plants |
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True or False: Watershield has 500 times more sodium than land plants |
True |
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______ eats an animal without killing it |
Parasite |
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______ eat dead animals |
Scavenger |
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True or False: Hawks have large eyes to allow more light in Have a large number of cones in eyes to help see better Can magnify their vision 2-3 times Have their eyes placed on the front of their head for depth perception Have a Retina Fovea to help find targets |
True |
|
True or False: Owls have large eyes to let more light in Have Glycogen- Rich rods in eyes to allow them to see better at night Have eyes placed on the front of their head for good depth perception Have a large blind spot so they are able to turn their head 270° |
True |
|
True or False: Dragonflies are visual hunters |
True |
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_____ have their eyes half above water half under |
Whirligig beetle |
|
This type of spider can move its retina to change its field of view |
Jumping spider |
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_____ spiders ambush their prey |
Crab spiders |
|
True or False: owls use their facial disks to capture sound |
True |
|
True or False: Owls ears are placed symmetrically on their head |
False They are placed one higher than the other |
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_____ & ______ use echolocation to track their food |
bats & shrews |
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What is the Olfactory sense? |
A set of cells used to track prey by scent |
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______ is when an animal stands still and uses its Olfactory sense |
Flemen |
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Snakes use ______ to "smell" with their tongue |
Jacobson's Organ |
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Raccoons touch sensitive paws are called: |
Tactile Paws |
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Otter's whiskers are called: |
Vibrissae |
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Orb Weaving Spiders build _______ webs that are called _______ |
circular webs that are called flight intercept traps |
|
_______ spiders make horizontal webs at ground level or in tree crevasses |
Funnel Weaver |