Natural History Final Exam Coverage

Front 1

How else do moose access salt content during the winter/end of winter?

Back 1

They eat the mud/drink the water found at roadside ditches to access the high sodium content.

Front 2

What is it called when animals eat plant-eating animals to access the nutrients?

Back 2

Predation.

Front 3

What are the advantages to predation?

Back 3

Much more return for the effort (proteins come prepackaged)

Easier to digest.

Front 4

What are the disadvantages to predation?

Back 4

Animals to eat can be hard to find

Often prey is well protected

They fight back

Front 5

What eats an animal from the inside while the animal is still alive?

Back 5

Parasitoid.

Front 6

What animals eat others without killing the animal?

Back 6

Parasite.

Front 7

What animals eat dead animals?

Back 7

Scavengers.

Front 8

What is the challenge of the Sharpshin Hawk and all other predators?

Back 8

They must locate their prey, capture it and immobilize it.

Front 9

What are diurnal birds of prey and what skill do they have to aid them in hunting?

Back 9

They are daytime hunters like hawks, and have sharp vision and large eyes that easily collect light.

Front 10

What can hawks do with their eyes?

Back 10

They can magnify what they are seeing 2-3x with a flattened lens a distance from the retina which creates longer focal length.

Front 11

What do Hawk's eye placement allow?

Back 11

Frontal eye placement for depth perception/binocular vision. Only have 110 degree field view so compensate for this by turning their head 270 degrees around.

Front 12

What is the temporal fovea "Pursuit fovea" and what does it help accomplish?

Back 12

Helps them lock on their target and assists them in capturing their prey.

Front 13

What is the central fovea "search fovea" and what does it help accomplish?

Back 13

They are sharper points in the peripheral fields of view.

Front 14

What are nighttime hunters known as?

Back 14

Nocturnal.

Front 15

What makes nighttime hunters eyes more light sensitive?

Back 15

Glycogen rich rods and lots of rods.

Front 16

Owls have lots of eye overlap but do have a large blind spot behind their head. How do they compensate for this?

Back 16

By being able to turn their head almost entirely behind them 270 degrees.

Front 17

How do frogs have an advantage with vision?

Back 17

They have large eyes they can move around for better visual acuity.

Front 18

Tiger Beetles hunt visually. How are their eyes adaptive for this?

Back 18

They have large compound eyes - which means each eye you see is made of a bunch of smaller components.

Front 19

How are ground beetles the nocturnal counterpart for tiger beetles?

Back 19

They have large eyes for nighttime vision.

Front 20

What helps provide dragonflies with superior vision?

Back 20

They have 28,000 ommatidia with 6 or 7 sensory cells which help to sense light even more effectively.

Front 21

What kind of eyes do spiders have?

Back 21

8 simple eyes which work as one single unit.

Front 22

How do Jumping Spiders have special eyes?

Back 22

They have 8 eyes, the most important pair being the anterior median eyes. They have an unusual ability of changing where their eyes are looking/their field of view by moving their retinas around.

Front 23

Crab spiders are visual hunters and follow movement very well. How do they hunt their prey?

Back 23

They sit on flowers and wait for their prey to come to them.

Front 24

What unique component do wolf spiders have that assist their vision?

Back 24

A reflective layer of crystals in their eyes much like a tapetum lucidem.

Front 25

How do Great Gray Owls hear?

Back 25

They have sunken eyes which form facial disks that work as a sort of satellite magnifier of wavelengths of sound. They can change the configuration of disks to home in on specific sounds.

Front 26

How does the Boreal Owl hear and what unique structural component do they have?

Back 26

They have a large wide head with asymmetrical ear openings which allow for horizontal and vertical separation of sound to pinpoint sound and direction.

Front 27

How do bats locate their prey by hearing?

Back 27

They produce high frequency sounds called ultrasounds and use echolocation to locate their prey. Sounds bounce back and they analyze them.

Front 28

What is another animal that uses echolocation?

Back 28

Shrews.

Front 29

What is the vomeronasal organ?

Back 29

A mass of sensory cells that helps analyze scents better.

Front 30

Why is it best for predatory mammals like foxes/coyotes to hunt at sunset?

Back 30

As the temperature drops the earth holds on to some heat. The cool air descends and settles down near the ground. The zone where the cold and warm air meets is a place where the scent of an animal walking over it gets trapped and is easy to track.

Front 31

What is unique about Racoon's front paws?

Back 31

They are loaded with sensory cells to assist them in analyzing what they touch.

Front 32

What are the tactile sensors around the mouth that river otters, foxes, and many mammals have?

Back 32

Whiskers - called vibrissae, are used to help find prey.

Front 33

What is the name of the hair-like feathers birds have to help them track their prey?

Back 33

Rictal bristle feathers.

Front 34

What do Star-Nosed Moles have to help them determine what is around them in the dark?

Back 34

Eimer's Organs in their nose protuberances which allow for finer descrimination of objects.

Front 35

What do Sandpipers and Ducks have in their bills tip to help them sense what they are touching when they probe in to mud or water?

Back 35

They have Herbst Corpuscles to help them react to pressure.

Front 36

What does the herbst corpuscle in the the Woodpeckers tongue tip assist them in?

Back 36

Helps them to differentiate between bark and bugs.

Front 37

How do rattle snakes, boas and pythons detect infrared heat?

Back 37

They have heat sensors located in the heat pits between the eyes and the nostrils. They track animals by sensing their heat.

Front 38

Wolves, jumping spiders, foxes, wolf spiders and tiger beetles do Active Searching. What is this?

Back 38

It is when an animals tries to track the scent or sight of their prey.

Front 39

Praying mantids, owls, crab spiders, and the goldenrod crab spiders are sedentary. What is this?

Back 39

When they change colour to camouflage and wait for their prey to come to them.

Front 40

What is the formal name for spiderwebs?

Back 40

Flight intercept traps.

Front 41

What kind of webs to Orb Weave Spiders weave?

Back 41

Spectacular orb webs that hang vertically from tree branches, bushes, and tall grass.

Front 42

How do Funnel spiders weave their webs?

Back 42

They usually build webs on the ground or in tree openings.

Front 43

How do Sheetweb spiders make their massive sheet webs?

Back 43

They create knockdown strands (guarder strands, which are particularly sticky) and they have a curve under which the spider hides.

Front 44

Why are webs seen more easily at dawn because of dew?

Back 44

Because they are hygroscopic, meaning they absorb moisture which burns off throughout the day.

Front 45

How many kinds of silk can webs contain?

Back 45

Six or more.

Front 46

What do spiders do with the silk from broken webs?

Back 46

They recycle it.

Front 47

How long does it take to build a complex orb web?

Back 47

20-30 minutes.

Front 48

What is unique about the large black and yellow Argiope spider web with it's zig zag pattern?

Back 48

The zig zag pattern is called the stabilamentum. It has special properties with UV particles that reflect ultraviolet light. The spider also has UV patterns on its body. It confuses prey to draw them into the web.

Front 49

How is the Argiope spider using aggressive mimicry to catch prey?

Back 49

It is using its body patterns to draw prey in.

Front 50

How does the Alligator snapping turtle use aggressive mimicry to draw prey in?

Back 50

They lie on their back and open their mouth and draw fish in with their tongue that looks like a worm.

Front 51

How do Angler fish use aggressive mimicry to draw prey in?

Back 51

With a massive head, it opens its mouth wide. It has an appendage on the head that dangles like a worm and draws in it’s prey straight into it’s mouth. Referred to as “modified lures.”

Front 52

What is the purpose of the flying insect called Antlion's pitfall traps?

Back 52

Baby Ant-Lions bury themselves in the cone they dig with their mandibles and await their prey. They have a poison bite to kill their prey.

Front 53

How are mole tunnels also like a pitfall trap?

Back 53

The invertabrates burrowing in the surrounding soil fall in to the pit.

Front 54

How do Owls and Hawks capture their prey?

Back 54

They use their feet with large claws and muscular toes.

Front 55

What do the Red tailed hawk and Northern Goshawk have to capture their prey?

Back 55

Very sharp claws called talons.

Front 56

Osprey have special feet for catching fish. They fly in feet first to the water to capture them. What is unique about their feet?

Back 56

They have rough pads on the bottom of their feet, scales, that help them to grab/spear fish. Called spicules. They also have a reversible outer toe.

Front 57

Owls also have reversible toes. The Northern Hawk Owls and all Owls feed on small mammals and birds hiding in the snow. How is this helpful to them?

Back 57

Helps them to catch prey when they are not easy to see in the snow.

Front 58

Fish Ducks, called Merganser’s are ducks that eat fish. What do they have to help them do this?

Back 58

Little serrated edges on their modified bills that help them to grab slippery fish.

Front 59

What do Loons tongues have to help them hold struggling fish?

Back 59

Sharp backwards projections.

Front 60

What do Otters have in their mouth to help them catch fish?

Back 60

Modified teeth called canines.

Front 61

How do Bright Green Tiger Beetles capture their prey?

Back 61

With modified mandibles.

Front 62

How do frogs use their tongues to capture prey?

Back 62

The tongue is folded up inside their mouth and it unfolds and extends to catch the prey. Sticky on the underside of the tongue, utilize tongue flick to capture prey.

Front 63

How do woodpeckers use their tongue to capture their prey?

Back 63

They use a sticky saliva they create. The tongue wraps around the skull. Hyoid horns are activated by muscles that extend the tongue.

Front 64

What are the Raptorial Legs that Praying Mantids have?

Back 64

Legs and special arms with spines on them to help them get a good grip on their prey.

Front 65

What muscles are applied for the bite of a fox?

Back 65

Temporalis muscles power the front of the mouth.

Front 66

Foxes grab their prey and shake it, breaking their necks. What is this called?

Back 66

Shake and break technique.

Front 67

Grey Wolves kill their prey by Slashing and Shocking. What happens in this?

Back 67

Their canines rip it and goes in to shock from blood loss. They also hunt cooperatively so they hunt as a unit to kill their prey.

Front 68

How do weasels kill their prey?

Back 68

They get on the back of their prey and use their canines to penetrate their cranium.

Front 69

How do cats kill their prey?

Back 69

They bite into the neck vertabrate of whatever they are killing.

Front 70

How do larger birds of prey kill?

Back 70

Using their raptorial bill. Some have meathook tips.

Front 71

How do small white and black birds called Shrikes kill?

Back 71

With their bill that has a meathook on it.

Front 72

How do bird hawks kill?

Back 72

With their talons.

Front 73

How do many snakes swallow their prey whole and alive?

Back 73

They unhinge their jaws (distensible - semi detachable) to grab and lock them around the prey to get them down their throat.

Front 74

How do rattlesnakes, grey rat snakes, and milk snakes kill their prey?

Back 74

They constrict them until they suffocate to death.

Front 75

How do some snakes use their poisons to kill their prey?

Back 75

Venom is injected through special teeth. They also inject digestive enzymes.

Front 76

How do Crab Spider, Assassin Bug, centipedes, robber flies, many spiders and stinging wasps kill their prey?

Back 76

They inject toxins and digestive enzymes that start breaking down the inside of the prey.

Front 77

Robber flies have a firm grip and immobilize their prey. What do they do next?

Back 77

They stab them with a mouth part to inject poison and digestive enzymes to break down the insides of their prey.

Front 78

How do Short tailed shrews immobilize frogs?

Back 78

They have a venomous bite.

Front 79

How do spiders eat their prey once they have injected them with digestive enzymes?

Back 79

They slurp and suck out their liquified preys insides and leave the empty shell behind.

Front 80

How do Hawks employ Selective Feeding?

Back 80

They pluck off the feathers and fur, eat the meat, and leave the rest behind.

Front 81

How do Fishers eat porcupines?

Back 81

They skin porcupines, eat their insides, and leave behind their skin and quills.

Front 82

Eastern Wolves selectively feed but they do eat small bones. The bones pass through their digestive tract. How are they protected from this?

Back 82

The bones getting wrapped in hair which prevents internal damage.

Front 83

Owls swallow their small prey whole. What happens 12 hours later?

Back 83

They cough a pellet out that has the hair, bones, components they can’t digest.

Front 84

There are birds with weak necks who can’t fly and die. They get toxins from the fish that have them. What causes this?

Back 84

Ingestion of Toxins - Bioaccumulation. Biotoxins in the environment.

Front 85

What is botulism and when does it occur?

Back 85

When the toxins build up in the body and eventually causes death.

Front 86

Peregrine Falcons were driven near to extinction by an insecticide called DDT. Songbirds were vanishing. What did Bioaccumulation in peregrines result in?

Back 86

Thinner egg shells and behavioural changes. End result was no young produced and they are now endangered.

Front 87

What is the number one problem for predators?

Back 87

Being old, injured, or sick without speed and agility can lead to starvation and death.

Front 88

If the animal lives inside and kills the host, it is called a?

Back 88

Parasitoid.

Front 89

Braconid wasps are parasitoids only in the?

Back 89

Pupal stage.

Front 90

Parasitoid flies only in the larvae stage, and hatched larvae hide inside their opened eggs until a host strolls by onto which they grab.

Back 90

Tachinid flies.

Front 91

Many flesh flies are parasitoids in the?

Back 91

Larval stage.

Front 92

These wasps paralyze the grasshopper and bury it alive but paralyzed to hatch the eggs and then eat it after the eggs have been hatched.

Back 92

Thread Waisted Wasps

Front 93

These wasps paralyze spiders.

Back 93

Spider wasps.

Front 94

These wasps dig holes in the ground and stash their paralyzed prey.

Back 94

Digger wasps.

Front 95

This wasp digs a circular hole in all directions using their mandible mouthparts in order to do so. They seal themselves in their buried chamber to spend the night safely.

Back 95

Ceceris Digger Wasp.

Front 96

Some parasitoids find hosts through?

Back 96

Visual searching.

Front 97

When they find the right host, eggs are laid through an ovipositor. What is this?

Back 97

An egg laying apparatus.

Front 98

Parasitoids track their hosts by sound, using a process called phototaxis. What is the adaptation of the tachinid fly to assist them in tracking crickets?

Back 98

A special tympanum (eardrum) on the front part of the body of the tachinid is sensitive to the frequency of male cricket songs.

Front 99

How are Megarhyssa Ichneumenon Ovipositors impressive?

Back 99

They can use their ovipositor as a drill to drill through bark to reach grubs.

Front 100

How do Pelecinid Wasps parasitoids use a long jointed driller?

Back 100

Goes into the ground to get to the white june beetle grubs.

Front 101

Some parasitoids lay their eggs on these animals eggs so they hatch simultaneously.

Back 101

Snapping turtles.

Front 102

If they live inside of animals then they are?

Back 102

Endoparasites.

Front 103

If the parasite lives on the outside of the host it is called an?

Back 103

Ectoparasite.

Front 104

Leeches are ectoparasites in which of their life stages?

Back 104

All of them.

Front 105

Snowshoe hares, Moose often have ticks on their body in late winter. What are they and how do they get on to the animal?

Back 105

Winter ticks - formally known as Moose ticks. They climb on to passing moose and feed on their blood.

Front 106

Engorged female ticks fall off once filled with blood in late winter to?

Back 106

Lay their eggs.

Front 107

How can ticks tell a moose is approaching?

Back 107

They can tell a moose is approaching by sensing carbon dioxide and heat.

Front 108

What can happen to Moose when they rub off their hair trying to remove the ticks.

Back 108

They can become hypothermic.

Front 109

Deer ticks carry Lyme disease which does affect humans. Chances of illness are low if they have only been embedded in you for?

Back 109

A short amount of time.

Front 110

Mites that attach to dragonflies are?

Back 110

Aquatic.

Front 111

Dragonflies spend most of their life in the water as a nymph. When they change to adult dragonflies they crawl up on to shore and split open releasing the dragonfly. How do the Arrenus mites attach to it?

Back 111

The Arrenus nymphs attach to it leaving the water.

Front 112

Migratory birds have special ectoparasites. Flies live under the feathers next to the skin. What are these?

Back 112

Flat flies that allow them to get between the feathers on a bird and live against the skin.

Front 113

Flat flies (ectoparasite of birds and mammals) and bat flies (ectoparasite of bats) are parasitic only as adults. What does that make them?

Back 113

Obligate parasites - their sole source of nutrition is their hosts blood.

Front 114

Clams are ectoparasites of fish when they are babies. How do they get in to fish?

Back 114

They wave fake eye and tail to draw fish near and shoot thousands of spine-tipped barbs called Glochidium or Glochidia (plural) and they attach to gills, where they remain parasitic for several weeks before detaching and assuming a more placid role on the bottom of the lake.

Front 115

Clams are ectoparasites only as?

Back 115

Larvae.

Front 116

What is an ectoparasite organ for detecting a host?

Back 116

Haller's Organ is sensitive to humidity, temperature and carbon dioxide.

Front 117

What adaptation to ectoparasites have for grabbing and holding on to a host?

Back 117

Mouthparts.

Front 118

What does the Tick mouthpart: Hypostome have that assists it in grabbing on to a host?

Back 118

Barbs that insert easier but it is difficult to remove them because the barbs spread out.

Front 119

How do parasites stop blood from coagulating?

Back 119

They insert anti-coagulants to keep the blood flowing.

Front 120

Flat flies and other external parasites have amazing claws. How does this assist them?

Back 120

In holding on to their hosts.

Front 121

All the nutrition from a parasite comes from?

Back 121

The blood of its host.

Front 122

Problems for an ectoparasite include?

Back 122

Death of their host.

Front 123

How can the host can get rid of ectoparasites?

Back 123

Mammals tend to scratch and groom, birds preen to remove parasites.

Front 124

Great Blue Heron have long necks but cannot reach their head. They use their toe to scratch. What is this?

Back 124

It is a special grooming claw called a pectinate toe.

Front 125

Beavers groom using a split toenail on each back foot to assist them in what?

Back 125

Grooming their fur and removing ectoparasites.

Front 126

If a parasite lives inside its host it is a?

Back 126

Endoparasite.

Front 127

The cuterabra - rat fly is an endoparasite only as a?

Back 127

Larvae.

Front 128

How does the cuterabra rat fly attach to its host?

Back 128

Female fly lays the eggs on the ground. If a mammal walks over the egg it heats it up it causes it to hatch and shoot up to latch on, finding a hole to burrow into the flesh and under the skin. It cuts a small hole to breathe, and feeds on the flesh from the inside. Does not kill the host.

Front 129

How do the parasitic brainworms of deer work?

Back 129

They travel up the spine of the deer and live in their sinuses. They live in the brain of a deer but do not hurt them. As it reproduces, eggs pass down to digestive tract and pass as larvae in droppings. Certain animals eat droppings, such as slugs and snails. They burrow in to the snail or slug and live there for a while. They change the behaviour of slugs/snails and become daytime feeders who live on leaves. Deers then eat the snails on the leaves, and reabsorb the larval parasite.

Front 130

What is the snail called in the parasitic brainworm process for deers?

Back 130

An intermediate host.

Front 131

Because the brainworms only reproduce inside of deer. what does that make the deer?

Back 131

A definitive host.

Front 132

If a moose swallows the parasite, one tiny parasite can alter their behaviour. What happens?

Back 132

Damages their spine and gives them difficulty walking and unstable on its feet. Called the blind staggers. They burrow into the brain and will eventually kill the moose.

Front 133

Why does the brainworm kill moose?

Back 133

Whitetailed deer coevolved here with the brainworms.Moose evolved in the old world who came over during the last ice age.The parasite is therefore new to moose and they have not evolved to survive it.

Front 134

Another kind of parasitic worm is very flat - called flatworms or fluke worms. Where are they found?

Back 134

In robins. They don't hurt them. But transfer to intermediate hosts - snails/slugs in water.

Front 135

How do robins deliver flatworms to their intermediate host?

Back 135

Robin poops over water, which leads them larvae to the aquatic snail. Snails become more active in daytime. They begin to pulse colours which draw birds to eat them to resume the lifecycle.

Front 136

What is parasitic castration?

Back 136

They change the behaviour of their hosts chemically by shutting down their reproductive hormones and preventing them from wanting to reproduce.

Front 137

What are some of the problems for endoparasites?

Back 137

Intermediate host may not be found.Wrong host may be entered.

Front 138

What is it called when animals eat another that is already dead?

Back 138

Scavenging.

Front 139

Eagles, bald eagle, foxes, marten, gulls, common ravens, are also part-time what?

Back 139

Facultative (part time) scavengers.

Front 140

Ravens are scavengers?

Back 140

Primarily in winter.

Front 141

Animals such as Turkey Vultures that are full time scavengers are called?

Back 141

Obligate scavengers.

Front 142

Vulture adaptations for scavenging include:

Back 142

Claws, enzymes for digestion, high sense of smell to track down their prey.

Nasal chamber where air goes in is very large. The part of the brain olfactory bulb that deals with scents is also huge. Their huge nostrils (nares) are not separated. Their head has no feathers, which is helpful because they’re putting their heads into really messy places. They have a very hooked raptorial bill, for ripping open dried carcasses.

Front 143

How do vultures conserve energy when flying around looking for food?

Back 143

They soar with their wings in a V shape, and perform teetering flight.

Front 144

Flies like Blow Flies are drawn to carcasses because their lay their babies on them. Their babies are...?

Back 144

Obligate scavengers because they feed on the carcasses.

Front 145

Carrion Beetles are Necrophagous. Necrophagous insects. What does this mean?

Back 145

They can move animals by climbing underneath it and use their legs to slowly move an animal like a mouse along. They find a soft area in the ground and bury it. They skin it and lay their babies inside. Some species the parents stay with them and feed the baby grubs.

Front 146

Some carrion beetles are also called burying beetles. What are these?

Back 146

Burying beetles follow airborne death scents to the carcass and then send out chemical signals to males and together they work to bury the carcass. If the ground is too hard, they lie on their backs together and shove it along with their feet. Once buried, the carcass is skinned and turned into a pulp which the mother then feeds to her grubs.

Front 147

Predictable food shortage solutions include…

Back 147

Dormancy/hibernation

Migration - they solve predictable food supply problem

Front 148

Bohemian Waxwings move to food-rich regions when necessary. What does that make them?

Back 148

Nomadic. They are fruit specialists who go where the fruit is most readily available.

Front 149

Bohemian Waxwings are nomadic and irruptive. What does this mean?

Back 149

A large number occurs when they weren’t there before because they need to go where they can access the crops they need.

Front 150

What are Crossbills are nomadic and irruptive for?

Back 150

For seed supplies that fluctuate.

Front 151

Unpredictable lack of food that lead to a mass movement called?

Back 151

Irruptions.

Front 152

Great Grey and Boreal Owls are irruptive in the Ottawa area when they are forced to undergo irruptive movements due to?

Back 152

A lack of small mammals to eat.

Front 153

Beavers create a large central store of food called a?

Back 153

Food pile. Beavers create a central cache of branches called a food pile.

Front 154

Where is the Beaver's food pile located?

Back 154

Not far from their lodge.

Front 155

Beavers have trails they use where they drag their branches on. What are they called?

Back 155

Drag trails.

Front 156

Why do beavers have underwater entrances to their food pile that is accessible?

Back 156

Because it doesn’t freeze like what they place at the top of their food pile.

Front 157

What is a beavers favourite food?

Back 157

Poplar trees.

Front 158

Northern Shrikes store extra food by

Back 158

Impaling it on trees/thorns.

Front 159

The term for the total amount of food is called:

Back 159

Larder - this is the term used to describe the extra food they store for down the road.

Front 160

How do small owls store their food?

Back 160

They hang it over branches in the forest. They thaw it out to eat by sitting on it.

Front 161

How do Grey Squirrels hide their food?

Back 161

They create hundreds of solitary caches.

Front 162

How do Grey Squirrels create these many caches for their food and what is it called?

Back 162

They run around digging holes in the ground, hiding acorns in the ground stored everywhere. This is called scatter hoarding.

Front 163

How do Grey squirrels find their food throughout the winter?

Back 163

By memory.

Front 164

How do animals glue their stores food under bark and lichens on spruce trees?

Back 164

They put it in their mouth and have enlarged salivary glands that produce a sticky saliva and coat the food.

Front 165

How is nesting early a good adaptation for food storage?

Back 165

The young hatch and leave the nest early - mid May. Allows them to store food all through summer and fall for winter survival.

Front 166

How do animals memorize every single location of hidden food items?

Back 166

They have an enlarged hippocampal region which provides excellent spatial memory.

Front 167

Black-Capped Chickadees also stash extra food when available. How are they better able to remember where they've hidden their food?

Back 167

Their hippocampus grows larger in the autumn which allows them to have a better memory for hiding food.

Front 168

How do red squirrels store their food?

Back 168

They make multiple food pile caches called middens.

Front 169

How do Chipmunks carry multiple food items in their mouth.

Back 169

Their cheeks can form huge pouches with expandable cheek pouches in order to conserve energy.

Front 170

What is one way Chipmunks may conserve energy not pulling the meat off cherries to access the pits?

Back 170

Some chipmunks store the pits taken from bear droppings beneath cherry trees.

Front 171

Plants that can make their own food are called?

Back 171

Autotrophic.

Front 172

What nutrients do plants require to make food?

Back 172

Calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen.

Front 173

Floating mats of vegetation are known as

Back 173

Bogs. Nutrient poor habitats.

Front 174

How does fungus benefit?

Back 174

From getting some of the manufactured sugars from their plant - it is a symbiotic relationship.

Front 175

Mycorrhizae inside of roots is called?

Back 175

Endomycorrhizae.

Front 176

Mycorrhizae that wrap around the root hairs of the plants but don’t go inside are called?

Back 176

Ectomycorrhizae.

Front 177

What do Orchids have?

Back 177

Endomycorrhizae.

Front 178

What do mycorrhizae do?

Back 178

Mycorrhizae increase uptake of nutrients such as N and P and prevent uptake of toxic compounds.

Front 179

Myccorhizae called Hyphae also allow trees to grow in bogs. Spindly trees called black spruce. What do the hyphae do?

Back 179

They wrap around the root hairs and form a sheath or mantle.

Front 180

Speckled Alder have a different solution for Nitrogen. They have bacteria living in specific parts of their roots - root nodules. What do the bacteria do?

Back 180

They take in the Nitrogen and transform it into a form the plants can use. They fix the Nitrogen.

Front 181

What are carnivorous plants?

Back 181

Plants that get their Nitrogen from eating other animals.

Front 182

How does the Sundew plant lure in and eat insects?

Back 182

Have sticky “dew drops” on the ends of stalked glands, a form of modified trichome known as catch hairs/tentacles. Insects get stuck to glue and is dissolved into liquified meal. Catch their prey using little hairs on their leaves that have little balls on the end that release glue and digestive enzymes. Insect lands, get caught by the sticky ball, and then the leaf slowly folds over and it ends up being digested.

Front 183

What are leaf pad traps called?

Back 183

Adhesive traps.

Front 184

How do Butterwort Plants capture their prey?

Back 184

They have adhesive traps made by leaves modified into them, also known as flypaper or sticky traps. They release enzymes that will dissolve the insect into a soup for absorption by the leaf.

Front 185

How do Pitcher Plants lure in and capture their prey? Pitcher-Pitfall.

Back 185

Modified leaves with colourful wine-coloured lines with ultraviolet patterns to lead insects inside. It has downward pointing hairs which lead the insect downwards one direction to a suddenly waxy portion where they inevitably slide down, fall into the water and drown. The water has digestive enzymes which allows the plant to dissolve the insect. Called a pitfall trap.

Front 186

How do Bladder worts with bladder-like sacks capture their prey?

Back 186

Leaves are underwater and are suction traps.They have superfine hairs. On the bladder is a trap door which flips up. Inside is a vacuum that sucks up the water and the little animal, where enzymes dissolve it for nutrients.After the plant digests the animal, it reverses the vacuum and gets rid of the water to create a vacuum for capture once again.

Front 187

Leaves on a plant make most of their food through?

Back 187

Photosynthesis.

Front 188

A solution for plants to the problem of low sunlight is?

Back 188

Growing larger leaves.

Front 189

Round leaved orchid has very large and thin leaves. How does this help?

Back 189

When the leaves are thin the light penetrates the cells with chlorophyll which assists it in making food more quickly, removes competition, and there is less energy spent on building support tissues.

Front 190

What is the adaptation of Hobblebush leaves?

Back 190

They have massive leaves with a huge surface area to capture sunlight.

Front 191

Chlorophyll A is?

Chlorophyll B does what?

Back 191

Chlorophyll A is directly involved in photosynthesis while Chlorophyll B is only a collector of light photons.

Front 192

What is more valuable to shade plants? Chlorophyll A or B? Why?

Back 192

Chlorophyll B > chlorophyll A in shade plants.Shade tolerant plants have more Chlorophyll B than A. Because it collects light photons it is more helpful because they are in low-light conditions.

Front 193

Ferns, bunchberry plants have found another way to solve low sunlight conditions. What is it?

Back 193

Having lots of leaves.

Front 194

A bunch of plants attached to a common root - which is known as a colonial growth or clonal growth - what does this allow?

Back 194

Allows a plant to have many leaves without expending the energy required to grow tall erect stems and branches. An example of a plant using Clonal growth is bunchberries.

Front 195

Growing away from the shade towards the light is called?

Back 195

Phototropism.

Front 196

Wild cucumbers are prickly growths like burrs that beat the shade problem by climbing on top of the competition. How do they climb?

Back 196

The have little parts are called tendrils, which are thigmotropic. When they touch something they wrap around it which helps them to climb higher with further support.

Front 197

How have Trillium flowers found a solution to being in the shade?

Back 197

They bloom before the leaves on the trees open up which create the shade. Blooming early allows them to gain the sunlight. They have a short blooming period. They are called spring ephemerals, or spring ephemeralism.

Front 198

What is a problem associated to a flower blooming early?

Back 198

Frost could kill it.

Front 199

What plant has lost the need for sunlight or the need to photosynthesize?

Back 199

Coralroot.

Front 200

How have Coralroots adapted to no longer need to photosynthesize?

Back 200

They live by having fungal associations which they use to aid them in stealing the carbon products from other plants - mycorrizhae on their roots that bring in the food for them. They are mycoheterotrophs.

Front 201

What does a mycoheterotroph do?

Back 201

It taps into the mycorrizhae of a photosynthesizing plant, intercepting the flow of carbon being sent to its fungal helper.

Front 202

How has Indian Pipe adapted to no longer need sunlight?

Back 202

It also has mycorrizhal associations. It lives like a parasite as well. Carbon products come from living plants. It is also a mycoheterotroph.

Front 203

The term for plants that both photosynthesize and steal carbon from other plants with the help from mycorrhizae is called?

Back 203

Mixotroph or mixotrophy.

Front 204

Cancerroot has no leaves and no mycorrhizae. How does it survive?

Back 204

Its roots form haustoria on the roots of other plants. It tracks chemicals (strigolactones) released by host plants roots to attract mycorrhizae. Through it’s haustoria, the parasitic plant steals all the nutrition it needs to grow and eventually develop flowers and seeds.

Front 205

Cancerroot is an example of?

Back 205

Complete parasite. Because it is a complete parasite it is called a holoparasite.

Front 206

Another example of a holoparasite (complete parasite) is Dwarf Mistletoe which causes a Witches Broom. What is this?

Back 206

Wildflower Dwarf Mistletoe seed will land on its stem of certain trees and penetrate the stems on its branch and makes the tree have abnormal growth and excessive branching that results in a distinct tuft or ball called the Witches Broom.

Front 207

How have Buttercup and Goldenrod adapted to excessive sun?

Back 207

Tiny angled leaves around 45 degree angle to protect from the sunlight.

Front 208

How have plants in sand dunes adapted to the heat and sun?

Back 208

Plants often have leaves that are highly dissected to protect them from the extreme heat because they have a reduced surface area.

Front 209

What is it called when a single celled animal splits/divides in half and makes a carbon copy of itself

Back 209

Asexual.

Front 210

What are the benefits/downfalls of asexual reproduction?

Back 210

Easy and safe to do for insects. Downside is there is no variation in the exact copy of genes. Evolution works better with genetic variation.

Front 211

What are the benefits/downfalls of sexual reproduction?

Back 211

Sexual offers the advantage of mixed genes, different traits, and chance for survival to increase.

Front 212

What are the two types of sexual reproduction?

Back 212

External fertilization - sperm meeting eggs outside the body of the donors.

Internal fertilization - sperm meets egg inside donors body.

Front 213

What is the downside of external fertilization?

Back 213

No guarantee that the sperm will meet the eggs.

Front 214

What animals use external fertilization?

Back 214

Frogs/fish.

Front 215

How do male frog stimulate females for reproduction?

Back 215

A long firm squeeze around her middle to provide stimulation where she will hopefully releases the eggs. This special hold is called Amplexus and can last hours or even days.

Front 216

How do freshwater sponges produce sexually?

Back 216

Internal fertilization. Another sponge will release its sperm into the water, it will go downstream, and another sponge in a colony of their type absorbs it and it meets the eggs inside.

Front 217

What is unique about freshwater sponges?

Back 217

Each sponge colony has both male and female sexes. This is called being hermaphoditic.

Front 218

Clams are not colonial, but they are hermaphroditic. How do they reproduce?

Back 218

They send their sperm in to the water for another clam to absorb.

Front 219

What is the benefit of being hermaphroditic?

Back 219

It doubles the chance of reproducing.

Front 220

Snails, slugs and earthworms are also hermaphroditic. How do they reproduce?

Back 220

They use a love dart which is like a sword and they jab it in to the other snail, and it delivers the sperm in to their body. It is covered with mucous which seems to stimulate the recipient into sperm-receptive mode.

Front 221

What is an organ like the love dart in snails called?

Back 221

This delivery system is called an intromittent organ.

Front 222

How do slow moving or sedentary animals double their chance of reproducing?

Back 222

By having both sexes.

Front 223

How do Snowfleas - also called Springtails, use internal fertilization but without meeting their mate?

How do they try to guarantee fertilization?

Back 223

Males produce a package of sperm (spermatophores) and put it on the ground. Female lands on it and it can explode in to her genitalia and can fertilize her. Sometimes males surround females with these packages so she will encounter a package regardless of which way she goes, further guaranteeing fertilization.

Front 224

Male spiders deliver their sperm into females by using their mouth parts. What are they called and how do they function?

Back 224

They have special mouth parts called palps or pedipalps. They use their mouth part to jab it in to the female genitalia in order to deliver their sperm. This organ is another example of an intromittent organ.

Front 225

How do snakes deliver their sperm through two intromittent organs?

Back 225

Through two intermittent organs called hemipenes. Only one is functional at a time.

Front 226

What is the advantage to storing the penis away when it is not in use?

Back 226

Protection. It could get damaged by the elements, nature, or other animals.

Front 227

How is it beneficial for beavers/birds/aquatic animals to store their penis away?

Back 227

It could create drag in the air or water.

Front 228

How do birds reproduce since they do not have a penis?

Back 228

Birds press their cloacas together. It is a common opening through which bodily wastes as well as sperm or fully developed eggs pass. It is a part of the body and when they mate it is called a cloacal kiss.

Front 229

Some animals such as mice rodents and seals have an additional support in the penis. What is it called and what is its proposed function?

Back 229

A penis bone called a baculum. Vaginal stimulation, induced ovulation and prolonged copulation - but their exact use is still unknown.

Front 230

Cats have a penis that is covered in spines, what is the benefit of this?

Back 230

Stimulation and to prevent the penis from coming out during reproduction.

Front 231

Barnacles on whales/rocks meet by chance but do not meet their mates. They are hermaphroditic but how do they reproduce?

Back 231

They have a penis that can be 40x the barnacles body length. It’s penis will come out and move around to find another to insert into. The long penis is adaptive because they can often be situated quite far apart from one another.

Front 232

How do Ruffed Grouse produce non-vocal advertising of sexual availability?

Back 232

They use their flapping of their wing feathers to create a drumming sound. They get on a log and beat their wings. Air gets sucked into a vacuum and makes a low frequency drumming sound. The logs are called drumming logs.

Front 233

How do woodpeckers create non-vocal advertising of sexual availability?

Back 233

They use drumming with their bills and create a rhythmic sequence of sounds. Dead wood helps to amplify the sound.

Front 234

How do Snipes make non-vocal sounds with their tails?

Back 234

Snipe flies high in the sky and dives down. With the outermost tail feathers they vibrate and make a very loud sound. It is called winnowing.

Front 235

Grasshoppers and crickets produce their sound by rubbing body parts together - what is this called?

Back 235

Stridulation. Top set of wings are hardened which they rub together. Sometimes its the legs that have a set of knobs on one wing and a scraper on the other that rub together to make the sound.

Front 236

How do Tree crickets use their wings to make sound?

Back 236

They use a folded leaf to amplify the sound.

Front 237

How do Band-Winged Grasshoppers produce an electric crackling sound?

Back 237

By rapidly snapping their soft hind wings.

Front 238

How do Cicadas, also named heat bugs, use a special structure on their lower abdomen that makes sound?

Back 238

They have tymbals, with muscles on these plates on their bellies that pull back and make the sound. The plates make popping sounds. Makes a long prolonged buzzing sound in the air during hot days.

Front 239

American toads have a throat sack that fills with air to make vocal advertisements sound is produced internally and resonates. How does this work?

Back 239

They have amplifiers which are an extensible throat sack. Bigger males have better throat sacks that can make a stronger and lower sound. Females can distinguish between genetic quality of males based on their vocal advertising. It forces air from its lungs into its inflated vocal sac, keeping the nostrils closed to prevent air from escaping through those openings.

Front 240

Moose females send out audible sexual invitations, not males. How do they do this?

Back 240

The give long, low frequency, mournful calls that carry great distances.

Front 241

Song Birds sounds are produced in the sphinx. What is it and how does it work?

Back 241

It is a special organ unique to that group of animals. Air passing through it causes the associated membranes and labia that partly block the air passages to vibrate, while muscles help to modulate the sound.

Front 242

Bird song can have two functions - what are they?

Back 242

To advertise sexual availability and to announce territory ownership

Front 243

How do female birds choose their males for mating based on their vocal advertising?

Back 243

Females choose better singers, either with more complexity, longer lengths, or more frequent singing than their rivals.

Front 244

Frogs have a tympanum - which is an eardrum. There is a size difference and it is larger in males. Why is this?

Back 244

It is speculated that they have a larger tympanum because they hear better and can compete accordingly with male rivals.

Front 245

Birds produce song without a voice box but through a structure called a syrinx. What does this structure allow birds to do?

Back 245

It allows birds to sing two songs at one time.

Front 246

Many Warblers sing two different songs. What are they?

Back 246

One for territory and one for sexual advertisement.

Front 247

What is it called when you have a trait of an animal that deals only with natural selection?

Back 247

This is called sexual selection. Female choice is a big part of this and a driving part behind evolution.

Front 248

What is the advantage to using sound to attract males?

Back 248

Multiple partners can hear - sound transmits widely so animals farther away can hear.

Front 249

What is the disadvantage to using sound to attract males?

Back 249

Parasitoids can hear you and find you to lay their eggs, predators can hear and track them down.

Front 250

What are satellite males?

Back 250

They are males who hang around the periphery of territory and jump on females to try to get a chance to reproduce. They exploit the efforts of more virile males.

Front 251

Appearances are part of the attraction process. There can be visual advertisements. What are some examples of this?

Back 251

Ducks have green heads, the greener the better. It reveals age and health.

Front 252

What is sexual dimorphism?

Back 252

It means there are two forms.

Front 253

How are Wilson's Phalarope different in terms of mating?

Back 253

The female bears the bright colours so males choose the females. Females court the males, male stays on the nest and cares for the young, females go off and find a new one the court. Males do all the work and the females do the courtship. Females have a higher level of testosterone in their ovaries than the males.

Front 254

What is polyandrous?

Back 254

It means to have multiple mates.

Front 255

Female finches choose the most brightly coloured males, who become brightly coloured because of their diet. Why do they do this?

Back 255

Females would choose a male with bright colours because adaptively it shows that they can survive, and find food when it is hard to come by. They help feed the babies so they prove they will be good help to provide for the babies.

Front 256

What ornaments do Atlantic Puffins grow during the mating season?

Back 256

They grow coverings for their bills. They reflect badges of maturity or status.Males with two or more grooves are chosen by the females. One groove takes two years to grow. It demonstrates to them that they’re able to survive/stay alive.

Front 257

How do Antlers on deer and moose figure into mate selection?

Back 257

Antlers change size and shape with age. Reveals things to the females considering them. They can display age, health, and maturity.

Front 258

What are the points and flat parts called on antlers?

Back 258

Tines and palms.

Front 259

What is the fuzzy covering on antlers and what is its purpose?

Back 259

The fuzzy covering is called velvet and it nourishes the bone underneath.

Front 260

How do bulls establish dominance?

Back 260

By sparring. They put their heads together and push each other back and forth in order the learn the sizes of their antlers to establish who is the more dominant male.

Front 261

When does playful sparring occur?

Back 261

When the rut is over between the moose.

Front 262

What ornaments do male dobsonfly have and what is their purpose?

Back 262

They have large tusk-like structures that are used for fighting others.

Front 263

What does the Hooded Merganser Duck do as a display for females?

Back 263

They can raise and lower their hood to impress females - head display.

Front 264

What do Ruffed Grouse do as a display for females?

Back 264

They displays with their neck feathers creating a neck ruff and tail feather displays.

Front 265

What aerial displays do Midges do?

Back 265

They do swarms.

Front 266

Male Ebony Jewelwing have a beautiful display of elegantly coloured wings. How does their courtship work?

Back 266

Males and females have an elaborate courtship with opening and closing of their wings.

They display their colours during nuptial flight. Males sexual parts are at the base of their abdomen, they hold on to the female with clasps at the end of their body parts.

Front 267

What synchronized displays do Sandhill Cranes perform?

Back 267

Sandhill Cranes perform ritualized dances. They take turns bowing and jump high in to the air.

Front 268

How do Wild Turkeys do their displays?

Back 268

They do special head and wing movements and tail fanning.

Front 269

How do In turkeys, grouse, and pheasant group together and display?

Back 269

They all gather together and display at the same time. It is called communal displays.

Front 270

What are turkeys, grouse, and pheasant group display grounds called?

Back 270

Their display grounds are called Leks.

Front 271

Yellowjacket wasps release attack pheromones. Chemicals that spread in to the air quickly. What is this an example of?

Back 271

An example of Olfactory advertisements done with chemicals.

Front 272

Moose dig shallow rut pits or wallow pits in which the moose pees, where the urine contains pheromones. What is the purpose of this?

Back 272

Moose will roll around in their urine to better advertise their scent.

Front 273

What is it called when moose curl back their upper lip to better expose scents to their Jacobson’s Organ?

Back 273

It is known as flehmen.

Front 274

What is the purpose of snakes swarming?

Back 274

Males swarm over the females. Males fight for access to the female - largest and strongest has the best chance.

Front 275

How are pheromones used by insects?

Back 275

Females produce the pheromones, males use their antennae to find the females. They have over 4 million sensory pores per antenna.

Front 276

What female moths use pheromones to attract males?

Back 276

Silk and Luna moths.

Front 277

Pheromones form a cone - densest molecules are near the female. How do male Polyphemus moths use this?

Back 277

They have loaded sensory antennae and can follow them to home in on the denser concentration.

Front 278

Male Snowshoe hares jump over females and pee on them. What is believed to be the purpose of this?

Back 278

Believed there is a stimulation role from the male peeing on the female.

Front 279

How are pheromones in porcupine urine thought to be related to female stimulation?

Back 279

Males stand up during courtship - with a full erection they shoot out a stream of urine with a couple of meters accuracy on to the females.

Front 280

How do Cedar Waxwings perform courtship through gift giving?

Back 280

They perform food gift giving back and forth. It is important to females because she can learn he might be good at feeding their young.

Front 281

Terns are gull-like birds that also give gifts - smaller fish which they give to females. How do they do this?

Back 281

They put minnows down in front of her, go away, and come back with more. Important because they also help feed their young.

Front 282

Crickets, grasshoppers, katydids produce spermatophores. What is this?

Back 282

They are sperm packages with an edible outer portion.

Front 283

Edible courtship gifts are given by spiders, scorpion flies, and dance flies. What is the advantage to this?

Back 283

Females are often predatory. If the male brings food, he can safely mate with the female as opposed to the risk of her eating him.

Front 284

Marsh Wrens also give gifts. Males build round balls that resemble nests called dummy nests. What do they do with these and what is their purpose?

Back 284

They offer them to the females. Males have multiple females in their nesting areas - polygenous. If he has time on his hands to build nests, there is a lot of food in that territory that does not require him to search. The more nests there are, safer it is.Number of dummy nests reflects number of females that come in to mate with him.

Front 285

Male bass and bluegill sunfish scoop out a hollow in the muddy bottom of ponds. What is the purpose of this?

Back 285

Males guard them and try to attract the female. They externally reproduce in these hollows.Sunfish spend time in the hollows and fight others off, sometimes females would come in, along with another one. At times two females in the nest, but one is actually a pseudo female that uses this opportunity to fertilize the eggs.

Front 286

What is the cheater referred to in sunfish pond hollows that attempt to steal the opportunity to fertilize the eggs?

Back 286

The sneakers that perform this action are called satellite males/sneakers.

Front 287

What are the three forms of males of sunfish?

Back 287

Three forms of males - two forms of cheaters out there. Small male who is not threatening, and a female like form that could drop sperm on the egg.

Front 288

Males try to ensure paternity. How do they do this?

Back 288

Contact guarding. Staying close during copulation period to ensure paternity.

Front 289

How do male odonates mate uniquely?

Back 289

Male odonates use claspers to hold the female by the back of the head.

Front 290

What unique adaptation do Ebony Jewelwings and many other odonate males have?

Back 290

They have special scoops on their penis to pull out sperm that might be present in the females genital opening.

Front 291

What shape do dragonflies and odonates form with their bodies when they mate?

Back 291

They form a wheel.

Front 292

Walking Sticks have very long copulations - two-three days, to ensure paternity. How do they ensure the female stays?

Back 292

They have claspers to ensure the female doesn’t get away.

Front 293

Some insects mate with the female and seal up the opening. What kinds of sperm do beetles produce?

Back 293

Some beetles make two types of sperm - normal and that without a head. The headless sperm will plug up the females sexual opening.

Front 294

What type of sperm do feathering beetles use?

Back 294

Giant sperm.

Front 295

When a sperm tries to block the opening or plug the genital area, what is it referred to?

Back 295

Copulatory plugs.

Front 296

Mosquitoes also produce a plug. How does this work?

Back 296

They ejaculate sperm and a cement that hardens and plugs the female alongside an anti-aphrodisiac to prevent her from wanting to reproduce again.

Front 297

Some insects also put a chemical on their plugs to turn off other insects. What is this called?

Back 297

An anti-aphrodisiac.

Front 298

What do Male Garter Snakes apply during mating?

Back 298

They also put a plug and anti-aphrodisiacs.

Front 299

What is unique about honeybees during copulation?

Back 299

The male honeybees genitalia explodes off its body. It’s genitalia plugs her up and the male dies.

Front 300

Some male ground squirrels try to work around the cement plug inside females by doing what?

Back 300

Some males try to pry out that plug using penis bones (baculum) as a kind of crowbar.

Front 301

Most plants are?

Back 301

Hermaphroditic.

Front 302

Male plant parts that are a stalk that produce sperm are called?

Back 302

Stamens.

Front 303

The head on top of the male plant parts stamens stalk is called?

Back 303

Anthers.

Front 304

The curly long stalk in the middle that is female and produces eggs is called?

Back 304

Pistil.

Front 305

Curly part at the top of the Pistil that receives the sperm is called the?

Back 305

Stigma.

Front 306

The long neck of the female Pistil is called the?

Back 306

Style.

Front 307

How does pollen plant reproduction occur?

Back 307

After the pollen grains are produced by the anthers of stamens, they are sent to the sticky stigmas of pistils. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it is welcomed. The grain sends out a tube that enters the stigma and grows down through the pistil’s long neck, called the style. This is how pollination occurs.

Front 308

What is analogous in plants to a penis or intromittent organ?

Back 308

Pollen.

Front 309

When a pollen grain is fertilized it produces two embryos. What are they?

Back 309

It is called a double fertilization event because there are two eggs being fertilized.One sperm fuses with the egg cell to produce an embryo while the other joins with the central cell, which contains a double nucleus, to produce endosperm, the embryo’s food.

Front 310

What are some ways that plants can get their pollen to the eggs?

Back 310

Harnessing the power of wind or water.

Front 311

What are some wind pollinated plants?

Back 311

Grass pollen, Sedges, Ragweed, Conifer pollen.

Front 312

What is wind pollination called?

Back 312

Anemophily.

Front 313

Aquatic plants use what to pollinate?

Back 313

They use the power of water to pollinate. Called hydrophily.

Front 314

Most plants rely on animals to get their pollen where it needs to go. What is this referred to?

Back 314

They use couriers to deliver the pollen - they are called pollinators.

Front 315

What are some common pollinators?

Back 315

Wasps, flies, butterflies, moths, hummingbirds.

Front 316

What is pollination by insects called?

Back 316

Entomophily.

Front 317

What is buzz pollination and what plant requires it?

Back 317

Bittersweet Nightshade has an anther cone, bee has to shake the cone to get the pollen out.

Front 318

Bees have a pollen basket. What is its purpose?

Back 318

It is a special apparatus on their legs to help them compact pollen.

Front 319

Where is nectar held in the flower?

Back 319

It is held in nectaries.

Front 320

What is nectar made of?

Back 320

Glucose, fructose and sucrose.

Front 321

What are Buttercup nectaries?

Back 321

Small sleeves at the end of each petal.

Front 322

Where is Nectar held in Milkweeds?

Back 322

It is held in shallow cups.

Front 323

How does columbine store nectar and how is this helpful?

Back 323

It has special nectar leaves with long spurs. Long spurs are helpful because only specific insects can access it. Long tongues are required.

Front 324

How are insects attracted to specific plants?

Back 324

Insects tend to see certain bands of wavelengths and are drawn to them. Different combinations of colour and form attract insects and pollinators.

Front 325

What are examples of long range visual attractants?

Back 325

Shape and colour.

Front 326

Why do Hummingbirds go to red flowers?

Back 326

They are drawn to red. Most insects are colourblind to red but hummingbirds are not.

Front 327

What colour flowers are bees drawn to?

Back 327

Blue and yellow.

Front 328

What colours are Butterflies drawn to?

Back 328

A range of colours including orange.

Front 329

What is a close range attractant?

Back 329

Scents.

Front 330

Why does Evening Primrose release a scent at dusk when their flowers open?

Back 330

Because it attracts the primrose moth which is only active at dusk.

Front 331

How does Wild Ginger smell and why?

Back 331

Like decaying fungus, it attracts fungus gnats which are their pollinators.

Front 332

What is it called when a flower smells like something to attract a specific pollinator?

Back 332

It is called brood site deception.

Front 333

How does Red Trillium use brood site deception?

Back 333

It smells like rotting flesh and is pollinated by flies drawn to carrion.

Front 334

How do flowers use close range guidance aids?

Back 334

Flowers with stripes on their petals, nectar guides.Nectar guides can also be landing targets.

Front 335

How does yellow marsh marigold have nectar guides?

Back 335

They have an invisible bullseye that we cannot see that serves as a nectar guide to insects.

Front 336

How does a brown eyed susan look bright pink with a dark centre to insects?

Back 336

It is created by ultaviolet light.

Front 337

Why is cross pollination better?

Back 337

It is better for genetic variability.

Front 338

How do plants avoid self pollination?

Back 338

Plants avoid self pollination by not having a chemical agreement so that pollination cannot occur. If it says yes chemically, the grain receives a water and calcium mixture which causes it to swell up and send out its pollen tube. If not, the tube does not grow.

Front 339

What is self-sterility or self-incompatibility?

Back 339

There must be a chemical communication between the pollen grain and stigma, they must be in agreement before the pollen tube goes down.

Front 340

Another way to reduce the risk of self-pollination is to have spatial separation of the sexes. What is an example of this on the same plant?

Back 340

Male flowers of conifers are usually near the bottom of the tree and females are near the top.Why are female flowers on top of coniferous trees? If the pollen was up high, and female flowers down low, the wind would blow it in the wrong direction.Avoid the chance of pollen from the same tree going on its own flowers.

Front 341

What is an example of spatial separation each sex on a different plant?

Back 341

White Campion: either only male or female flowers on one plant!

Front 342

What is an example of spatial separation on the same flower?

Back 342

Bottle Gentian is pollinated by bees that force their way inside the blooms. A bee climbs down to the bottom of the flower, first meeting the stigma, and then the stamens. The insect is forced to back out, ensuring that any pollen it picked up is not deposited on the upper surface of the flower’s stigma.

Front 343

What is temporal separation of the sexes and what plant utilizes this?

Back 343

This is when the sex of a plant is actually separated by time. Orange Jewelweed flowers start off as males.The male part falls off the flower… leaving the flowers stigma and female parts. Called a temporal sex change = dichogamy

Front 344

What is a temporal sex change? Otherwise known as dichogamy.

Back 344

It is when a plant male part falls off to make way for the female part. Prevents self pollination.

Front 345

How do spiral flowers display dichogamy?

Back 345

Lower flowers open first and are functionally male with pollen blocking the way inside the flower.After the pollen is removed, the flowers become functionally female.After a flower becomes female is offers stronger attractions.Pollinators start at the bottom of spiral and work their way up the spiral.Younger and higher flowers are male.Older and lower flowers are female.

Front 346

How do Pink Ladies Slippers employ a placement strategy and also use deceit (false promises) and a trap?

Back 346

They have a pouch petal w/ a slit opening. The bee has to come along an push its way in.It has a staminode at the top. The bee pushes through it, it’s back is pushed against it and gets coated in pollen. They are directed to escape through either exit hole at the top and in doing so leave pollen behind and take pollen with them.

Front 347

The purple loosestrife has three types of flowers. Each form is on a separate plant. How is this beneficial?

Back 347

The pollen from one form cannot pollinate the ovary eggs on that same form. The name of the strategy is based on the style length.Heterostyly is the strategy being used by the plant. Because there are three forms it is called tristyly.Two forms is referred to as distyly.

Front 348

Pickerel Weed also has three forms. A short, long, and medium style. What is this called?

Back 348

Tristyly.

Front 349

Many orchids have pseudo pollen. What does this mean?

Back 349

They attract bees but do not actually have pollen.

Front 350

Grass of Parnassus have another kind of bribe called pseudonectaries. What is this?

Back 350

It is when the plant glistens like it has nectar but does not actually. It serves only to attract insects to the plants sexual parts.

Front 351

Queen Anne's lace has a small purple flower at the centre of a bunch of white ones. What is the purpose of this?

Back 351

It is believed to serve as a decoy.

Front 352

Milkweeds have saddlebags of pollen, with a wire holding the two sacks together. They have little slits down the sides. What is the purpose of this?

Back 352

An insect goes to a Milkweed flower to get the nectar, its legs go down one of those slits and the saddlebag clamps down, insect pulls their leg free but the saddlebag comes with it.They then move on to the next Milkweed and deposit the saddlebags.

Front 353

How does the White Water Lily ensure pollination?

Back 353

Opens first as a female flower. Insects crawl in to access the nectar at the base of the lily. It’s petals close and trap the insects overnight, and when it reopens it the stamens have matured and are covered in pollen. As the insects crawl out they carry the pollen with them.

Front 354

Grass Pink flower has a slam dunk trick. What is the purpose of this?

Back 354

They have fake stamens and pseudopollen, which is the lure.The weight of the bee makes the hinge petal on top collapse, trapping the bee below. It’s back hits the female part of the structure, pollen attaches. As it crawls out glue attaches the pollen, and the petal comes up again.

Front 355

Laurels have bashing stamens. What do they do?

Back 355

The stamens are pinned down and under high tension. An insect lands on the stigma, picks up pollen and when it lands on the arm it springs up and hits the insect, covering it in pollen.It puts the pollen on the insect physically.

Front 356

Bunchberry flowers are white. Why are they known as pop flowers?

Back 356

Because they pop open. The closed flowers are pointed, which are triggers that explode like landmines.When a pollinator comes along and touches it, the flower explodes open and throws pollen on the insect.

Front 357

Twayblades have explosive sex. How does this work?

Back 357

They open as males with a cannon of pollen ready to fire.

Their landing platform has drops of nectar. When insect gets to the top, vibration from the insects footsteps cause the cannon to explode. It shoots pollen and glue which sticks to the insect.

Front 358

Helleborine attract pollinators through deceit. How do they do this?

Back 358

It releases the odours of a plant under attack (wound hormones). These attract predatory wasps, and it also provides nectar.

Front 359

How do bee and fly orchids offer sex to insects?

Back 359

Bee and fly orchids produce flowers that look, feel and even smell like the female insect. They offer pheromones to attract insects. They try to go mate with the flower, and get covered in pollen.

Front 360

If cross pollination cannot occur, when do plants do?

Back 360

Self pollination is plan B.

Front 361

What are cleistogamous flowers and why do many spring ephemerals have them?

Back 361

Next to the warm ground they have flowers that self-pollinate and produce seeds.They are insurance policies in case the above ground flowers don’t attract insects or no pollen from other plants comes along.

Front 362

Dandelions primarily self-pollinate. How does this work?

Back 362

They grow best in recently disturbed habitats that offer very little competition from other plants. They have the ability to produce large numbers of seeds quickly and without the aid of pollinators, and so are able to rapidly spread and dominate, ensuring a strong flow of genes in to the future.

Front 363

What is it called in animals when it comes to getting progeny off to a good start in life?

Back 363

Parental Care.

Front 364

In plants, what is analogous to parental care?

Back 364

Seed dispersal.

Front 365

What are ways of protection of seeds until their dispersal?

Back 365

Hard seed shells for things like acorns or pine cones.

Front 366

How are blueberry seeds protected chemically?

Back 366

Through bitterness of terpenoids and with aposematic colouration.

Front 367

How are young pine cones protected chemically?

Back 367

Through sticky resins of terpenoids.

Front 368

How are milkweed pods protected chemically?

Back 368

By pods full of cardiac glycosides.

Front 369

What is wind dispersal of seeds known as?

Back 369

Anemochory.

Front 370

What is necessary for seeds like of Dandelions to be successfully dispersed?

Back 370

They must have small lightweight seeds.

Front 371

What is a drawback to wind dispersal?

Back 371

You can't control where the wind blows.

Front 372

How many seeds does a fireweed flower produce?

Back 372

70,000-100,000 seeds.

Front 373

How does the Stick-Tight or Burdock seeds plant disperse seeds?

Back 373

Hooks and barbs catch hair on feathers. The seeds hitch hike.

Front 374

What is it called when animals disperse seeds?

Back 374

Zoochory.

Front 375

What is another way for animals to disperse seeds?

Back 375

Internally. Waxwings are fruit seed dispersers.

Front 376

How do Trillium flowers disperse their seeds in the forest?

Back 376

Pay small animals to disperse their seeds - Carpenter Ants.They have a protein package on the seed that they like called Elaiosomes. They take it with them, eat the edible component and burrow the useless seed in an ant garbage bin and the seeds sprout.First they are dispersed from the plant.

Front 377

Mitreworts plant doesn’t use animals or the wind to disperse seeds. How does it go about dispersing seeds?

Back 377

It uses raindrops to disperse. Mitrewort cups are shaped so raindrops will splash out the seeds with the impact. They are called splash cups.

Front 378

Foamflower uses raindrops in another way to disperse seeds. How does it?

Back 378

Seeds are hidden under a cover, with a lip sticking out. When a raindrop hits the cup, it bends down, the seed comes rolling out into the raindrop and gets flung up off the diving board. These are referred to as Springboards.

Front 379

When wind is available in the fall because leaves fall off, how do maple samara keys disperse?

Back 379

The key is a sail to help it catch wind to assist it in drifting away.

Front 380

Why are yellow birch trees often called perched birch trees?

Back 380

They are called Perched Birch because its standing on their roots.Mats of dead leaves on the forest floor are hard for seeds to penetrate. A Stump is easy to penetrate. They are good germination sites. So the tree grows through the stump and is forced to stand on its roots.

Front 381

Indian Pipe blooms late in summer. How does it disperse its seeds?

Back 381

It disperses seeds by going upright when it gets pollinated. It dries out, the wind pulls the seeds out gradually in different directions.

Front 382

How do shoreline and aquatic plants work through habitat challenges for seed dispersal?

Back 382

They have flotation devices on their seeds.They float for a while, giving the chance for it to float away, but eventually become waterlogged and sink and germinate in shallow water. Hydrochory dispersal again.

Front 383

Orange Jewelweed grows in wet places. How does it disperse seeds?

Back 383

When the seeds are mature, the pod straps are under high tension and explode when touched. They hurl like a slingshot and eject the seeds several meters from the plant.Ballistic Ejection being used again.

Front 384

Advantages of seed dispersal include:

Back 384

Lack of competition/avoids overcrowding.

Prevents spreading of disease or parasites.

Prevents inbreeding.

Saves some of the offspring from being eaten.

Front 385

Many plants can adjust the amount of seeds they produce based on the environmental conditions. What is this called?

Back 385

It is called the boom or bust strategy.

Front 386

Some animals that have no parental care after fertilization has happened. What animals are these?

Back 386

Animals that utilize external fertilization - like american toad eggs.

Front 387

Temporary or ephemeral ponds are habitats for what animals and why?

Back 387

Gray tree frog, chorus frog, spring peeper, wood frog. They all like to use temporary ponds to lay their eggs in.Freeze tolerant frogs arise early in the spring. They can use temporary ponds where there are no fish which are safe environments for laying their eggs.

Front 388

Many small Snakes lay their eggs in special sites. What are these and why do they choose them?

Back 388

They choose rotting logs to lay their eggs. They do this because they are warm and humid, a buffer against the hot sun. Good environmental conditions for egg development.

Front 389

What do Stinkbugs do with their babies after they hatch?

Back 389

Stinkbugs guard their babies after they hatch.

Front 390

Parental care in turtles stops after they lay their eggs in the ground. How does this work?

Back 390

They dig multiple holes for their eggs, and potentially to confuse their predator.Temperature of the soil determines whether male or female turtles, or mixed are hatched.

Front 391

What happens with the eggs of most insects, amphibians and reptiles?

Back 391

They are not guarded after they are laid.

Front 392

How do Goats Beard plant disperse their seeds?

Back 392

Goats Beard plant seeds are equipped with parachutes to be carried away by the wind.

Front 393

How does Queen Anne's Lace disperse seeds?

Back 393

A flower head with a big mass of flowers on the top it is called umble. It stores the seeds.When they absorb moisture, they close up, when they dry up, they open and disperse seeds. Guarantees seeds only available on nicer days.

Front 394

Violet Seeds are physically ejected from the pods before being carried off by ants. What happens during this ejection?

Back 394

The pods shrinks, shooting out the seeds one by one. This is called Ballistic Ejection and the ants go for the elaiosomes.

Front 395

How do Walking Stick Eggs end up underground?

Back 395

The eggs are taken by ants and brought underground, where they steal the sweet package (capitulum) and leave the eggs where they are free to hatch and safely leave.

Front 396

Northern Water Snakes and Garter snakes hold their eggs internally. What is this process called?

Back 396

Ovoviviparity. Or Ovoviviparous is the animal doing it.

Front 397

How does the Female Five Lined Skink guard her eggs?

Back 397

They dig little cavities under rocks where they hide their eggs for protection. They guard them until they hatch.

Front 398

How do Female Red-Backed Salamanders guard their eggs?

Back 398

They go to old rotting logs to lay their eggs, by burrowing inside and creating a cavity and basket to suspend them to guard until they hatch.

Front 399

How do female Wolf Spiders guard their eggs?

Back 399

They carry their eggs around. The egg sac is held stuck to their spinnerets. The babies hatch and are carried on their mother’s back.

Front 400

How do female Nursery Web Spiders guard their eggs?

Back 400

They carry their egg sac in their jaws. Some egg sacs can have up to 1000 eggs.

Just before the eggs are ready for hatching, the spider drops the sac and builds a special web called the nursery web and guards the sac.

Front 401

How do Giant Water Bugs guard their eggs?

Back 401

The female goes to the male, and glues her eggs to his back. The male then has the eggs glued to his back, he can’t open his wings to fly away. He spends his time guarding them eggs mainly because he has no choice in the matter.

Front 402

What kind of investment do moose make with their young?

Back 402

The egg gets fertilized, and the pregnancy is 8 months long. When the baby is born, she guards them for a whole year, as well as feeding them with milk.

There is a grand total of 20 months of investment.

Front 403

The terms for animals born:

Helpless

Self-sufficient are?

Back 403

Helpless - Altricial

Developed - Precocial

Front 404

What percentage of female mammals take care of their young?

Back 404

95%

Front 405

What mammals provide bi-parental care?

Back 405

Foxes and wolves.

Front 406

How do Foxes provide bi-parental care?

Back 406

Foxes den underground - litter can be as big as 5 up to 11. Male goes off hunting and drops food down the hole to the female.

Young are born and spend 5 weeks underground. Once they’re weaned off the milk both sexes start hunting for food.

Front 407

How do wolves provide bi-parental care?

Back 407

The pack cooperatively raises the pups.

In mid-summer pups are taken to open places called rendezvous sites. They are the pup-raising sites.Pups eat regurgitated food from the adults.

Front 408

How do bear gestation periods work?

Back 408

Bears mate in June/give birth in January. Gestation period of 2 months. The egg starts growing and then stops. It does not implant, the ball of cells called a blastocyst that floats around the uterus until November, which is when it implants and gestation begins.This is called delayed implantation - many carnivores display this.

Front 409

What is the term for the fake charge female bears will do to protect their young?

Back 409

A bluff charge.

Front 410

How are Black Bear Cubs highly altricial?

Back 410

They are cared for for two years.

Front 411

Male opossums have a forked penis, females have a forked vagina. They mate and gestation period for an opossum is 13 days. How does this work?

Back 411

The young, when they are born are more like an insect grub than a mammal. They don’t have hind legs.

They crawl out of the vagina and crawl in to their pouch because mothers are marsupials - they have a pouch.They attach to the nipple and get their milk nourishment.

Front 412

How do Fishers gestation period work?

Back 412

Their gestation is the same as black bears.

Implantation occurs about a month and a half before birth, but gestation appears to be around 11 months. They mate 10 days after giving birth.

Front 413

How do Bat gestation periods work?

Back 413

Bats mate in the summer, and give birth the following spring. Appears to be 11 months gestation but is in actuality about 40 days.Male sperm is stored internally in females, kept away from the eggs. During dormancy, sperm is allowed to meet the eggs and then development occurs.This is called delayed fertilization of the eggs.

Front 414

How does gestation occur in social insects such as bumblebees and paper wasps?

Back 414

Males find a queen and mate, then the males die. Mated queens survive the winter in sheltered site, queen digs hole in ground in the spring and lays her eggs. Eggs come from sperm stored throughout the winter. She only lays a few eggs and feeds them. She lays more eggs each time. Each generation becomes a larger set of slaves for her. At the summers end she runs out of sperm.

Front 415

What is the strange phenomenon seen in Bumblebees and Paper Wasps?

Back 415

The remainder of a female queen's unfertilzated eggs become male, which is a strange phenomenon.

Front 416

What percentage of birds in the world provide bi-parental care?

Back 416

90%.

Front 417

Ducks, Grouse, Sandpipers have large eggs which are 40% yolk.They put very little effort in nest-building.

Why do they put so little effort?

Back 417

They invest very little effort because the babies spend more time inside the egg - a month. They leave the nest right away - precocial chicks leave the nest after hatching.

Front 418

Songbirds have small eggs with 25% yolk.Songbirds have very elaborate nests with a thousand trips carrying materials.

Why do they invest so much effort?

Back 418

They invest a lot of effort because they have no feathers, are blind, and are very altricial. The nestlings remain in the nest for a couple weeks being fed but only spend 2 weeks in the egg.

Front 419

Shells require a lot of what?

Back 419

Calcium.

Front 420

What is a sign of an inactive beaver lodge?

Back 420

No nearby food pile.

Front 421

Why do wolves howl?

Back 421

To communicate, but also for territorial reasons.

It can also serve as a form of social bonding.

Front 422

How is incubation performed?

Back 422

They keep the eggs warm by keeping their stomach in contact with the eggs.In most birds, the feathers in the body on the stomach fall out with exposes special skin patches that they utilize for incubation. It’s flaccid and full of blood vessels which helps incubate more effectively because the loose skin folds around the eggs and the blood warms them up.

Front 423

What are the special skin patches for incubation called?

Back 423

Brood patches.

Front 424

In Phalaropes, which gender incubates?

Back 424

The males who are polyandrous incubate. They have brood patches.

Front 425

Who does all of the incubation in grouse and ducks?

Back 425

Females do all of it. After mating, the males desert them.

Front 426

Why do hummingbirds have female only incubation?

Back 426

Because the males desert them.

Front 427

How does the incubation work between songbirds?

Back 427

In many songbirds, female only incubates but male feeds the female and/or guards nest.

Gray Jay, female only incubation, male feeds female (and off nest).

House Finch, female only incubation, male feeds female on nest.

Front 428

What is the flicker in birds?

Back 428

A key identifying mark from males to females.

Front 429

What is the clutch?

Back 429

The total number of eggs laid in one breeding attempt.

Front 430

Birds have a bump of calcium on their bills called an egg tooth.

What is this for?

Back 430

They are like a reverse can opener which helps them to open up the eggs.It takes some time to do this. The young birds inside the eggs talk to each other during this process, and keep track of each other through the breaking process.

Front 431

A reason birds hatch together is the female doesn’t start incubating until all the eggs she will lay are there. What is this called?

Back 431

Synchronous Hatching when all eggs are hatched simultaneously.

Front 432

Why do songbirds do synchronous hatching?

Back 432

They do this because if they have altricial young, they will all be able to leave at the same time which is better than the parents.

Front 433

Owl and Hawk clutches hatch asynchronously. They babies hatch spread out over multiple days.

What are the reasons for this?

Back 433

This may lessen the feeding stress on the parents.

It reduces the odds of losing the entire brood.

It can ensure the survival of some young in times of food stress.The oldest might eat the youngest - this is called Siblicide.

Front 434

Another element of parental care is sanitation. Parents have to clean the nests.

What is this called?

Back 434

Nest sanitation.

Front 435

Nestling birds produce a fecal sac. What do they do?

Back 435

They help to deep things tidy, the feces are contained.

Front 436

Why do Precocial birds have no need to produce fecal sacs?

Back 436

Because they immediately go off on their own.

Front 437

Hawks add green conifer sprigs to their nests.

Why do they do this?

Back 437

Their needles are full of tannins. The leech out of the decaying plants and go throughout the nest, which helps keep parasites at bay.A time of chemical hygiene is being performed by the parents who do this.

Front 438

White Breasted Nuthatches grab white blister beetles and wipe them around the hole and their nesting sites. Why do they do this?

Back 438

The blister beetles exude cantharidin from their leg joints and that provides them a chemical barrier to help keep certain insects away.

Front 439

How do young birds call for food?

Back 439

By performing a begging call. They open their mouths wide with a brightly coloured area that directs the parents bill as to where to bring the food.

Front 440

Another form of parental care is defending the nest and the young. What is this called?

Back 440

Nest defence.

Front 441

Gulls and Terns perform aggressive nest defence. How?

Back 441

They will fly over the attacker and vomit and excrete on their attacker.

Front 442

Precocial Birds Aggressive Response Pattern:

Back 442

30 days and eggs hatch, off they go.

Eggs laid

Aggressive response is weak at first

Really strong leading up to hatching

Eggs hatch

Declines after the eggs hatch.

Front 443

Altricial Birds Aggressive Response Pattern:

Back 443

15 days eggs hatch, 30 days they fledge.

Eggs laid

Aggressive response is weak at first

Moderate leading up to hatching

High at hatching

Eggs hatch

Continues after hatching

Front 444

In Red-Winged Blackbirds the nest defence is paternity dependant. Why is this?

Back 444

Red-Winged Blackbirds have a harem.

May have 4 or 5 females in his nesting grounds.He will defend them based on how much paternity he has over the eggs. He knows where his paternity lies.

Front 445

Mobbing is a group defence. Where is it commonly seen?

Back 445

In birds that nest together, like gulls.

Front 446

Sometimes a bird that is nesting will try to lead the attacker away from the nest like a decoy.

What is this called?

Back 446

A distraction display.

Front 447

Ground nesting birds like sparrows will do distraction displays. How do they perform them?

Back 447

Ground nesting birds close their wings and run around erratically. It will try to draw the attention of an attacker and look like a rat or a mouse. This is called a rodent run.

Front 448

Ducks give a broken wing act, the duck appears to have broken wings. What is another term for this and what is its purpose?

Back 448

It is also called a feigned injury - and it lures the attacker away.

Front 449

Killdeer birds will also employ a broken wing act when you go to their nest. What feature of theirs helps make it more convincing?

Back 449

The back of their tail is an orangey-red that looks a bit like an injury with blood.These are examples of distraction displays as well.

Front 450

Ducks are well known for going up to another female duck and abandoning her babies with the other female duck. In what ducks is this commonly seen?

Back 450

Merganser ducks.

Front 451

Duck and goose broods can often be extremely large due to:

Back 451

Brood amalgamation.

Front 452

Brood amalgamation is also called creching. What are the benefits of this?

Back 452

They may provide safety in numbers.Young can be led to safety as well.

Front 453

Some Mergansers also dump their eggs in other female nests. This is called Egg dumping.

What is another name for this and what is the purpose of this?

Back 453

This can also be referred to as Brood Facultative Parisitism.

Believed this is supposed to be like an insurance policy in case other eggs die. If she’s doing it with her own species it is intraspecific.

Front 454

Cuckoo birds are also facultative brood parasites. How do they dump their eggs?

Back 454

They can be both inter and intraspecific when it comes to where they will dump their egg.

Front 455

Opossums have 13 nipples in their pouch. They have 20-50 maggot-like babies. There is a race to get in to the pouch. 13 will get a nipples but the rest all die. The nipple swells inside their mouths and they can’t get off it.

What is it called when the strongest ones survive?

Back 455

They strongest babies are the ones that survive. When the brood is reduced it is called Brood reduction, or litter reduction.

Front 456

Eagles also have brood reduction. What is unique about their incubation process?

Back 456

They have two eggs, which they incubate one after the other. One is bigger than the other. Often the biggest Eaglet will kill their weaker sibling - siblicide.The second egg in eagles is the insurance policy in case the first one isn’t as healthy or something happens to it.

Front 457

Muskrats are known for going to the neighbours lodge and slaughtering their neighbours young.

Why do they do this?

Back 457

They do this because it protects their young from having to fight for resources. When adult animal kills young it is called infanticide.

Front 458

Tree Swallows have bi-parental care for their young. What happens if the female swallow re-mates?

Back 458

When the female swallow re-mates, the male swallow kills her babies. Also employ infanticide. They want their own DNA.

Front 459

Meadow Voles can mate 23 days after being born and produce litters. What unique thing does the female do if she smells an unfamiliar male nearby?

Back 459

If the female is pregnant and a male that didn’t mate with her comes along, she will abort her fetuses and go into mating mode with the new male. Foreign males are not safe to be near. Spontaneous abortion of fetuses can be caused by bodily or urine scent.This is called the Bruce Effect.

Front 460

Male Brown-Headed Cowbirds have the most complex song in the world. How is this?

Back 460

They can go through 4 octaves in milliseconds.

Front 461

Male Brown-Headed Cowbirds do not display biparental or uniparental care. They never build nests, incubate eggs, feed babies. They are brood parasites but not infraspecific or facultative brood parasites. What is unique about how they ensure their young are raised?

Back 461

Foster parents raise the young cowbird. They are obligate brood parasites.

Front 462

What are the adaptations of the brown-headed cowbird?

Back 462

Fast egg laying: 20-40 seconds.

Thick egg shells to protect their young from foster parents breaking it open.

Fast hatching (10 days) it is bigger because it hatches earlier so they get more food.

Removal of host egg prior to hatching.

Front 463

How do young cowbirds outcompete nest mates?

Back 463

They have been known to physically crush them.

Front 464

Why are brown-headed cowbirds do successful a breed?

Back 464

They are so successful because a female can lay as many as 40 eggs in a season.

Front 465

Female cowbirds find a host nest in three ways:

Back 465

Sit on high perch and quietly watch for nest building activity

Walk on ground and silently watch for nest building

Drive birds off nest by flying into shrubs and leaves to noisily flap sings into.

Front 466

When they find a nest they watch the females laying their eggs.

What do they do when the nest builder leaves the nest?

Back 466

The cowbird dives in, disposes of an egg and adds their own to the clutch.

Front 467

Some birds do not recognize a cowbird egg.Some recognize it and do not accept the egg.

So birds will sometimes:

Back 467

Abandon the nest

Front 468

What does the Yellow Warbler do if it notices a cowbird egg?

Back 468

It will build a new nest on top of the old nest and starts over and lays a new clutch of eggs.

Front 469

A few larger birds (American Robins and Gray Catbirds) will throw the cowbird egg out. What are these birds called?

Back 469

They are called grasp-ejectors/egg-ejectors. They can grasp the egg with their bill.

Front 470

Small birds will punch a hole in the cowbird egg. What are these birds called?

Back 470

They are called puncture-ejectors.

Front 471

Different common Cuckoos produce different coloured eggs. Why do they do this?

Back 471

They do this because it will make their egg match the eggs laid by their host nest. It better ensures the safety of the cuckoos egg.

Front 472

Mafia Hypothesis discovered in European birds dictates what?

Back 472

You raise my young or I will destroy your eggs. Birds are forced to raise the young in order to protect their own eggs.

Front 473

Why do female mosquitoes, black flies, deer flies, biting midges, horse flies steal the blood of other animals?

Back 473

Because the fluid gives their developing eggs a necessary protein boost.

Front 474

Where do Pelecinids oviposit?

Back 474

On June Beetle grubs underground.

Front 475

Why do Smooth Green Snakes lay their eggs under rocks/partly decaying logs in sunny locations?

Back 475

Because the heat/moisture combine to create a sauna-like environment.

Front 476

Describe r-Strategy in reproduction.

Back 476

Lay thousands of eggs and expend very little effort to care for them. Often seen in insects.

Front 477

Describe k-Strategy in reproduction.

Back 477

Provide extensive investment both inside and outside, and produce fewer offspring each year. Often seen in mammals.

Front 478

The number of calves a moose produces depends on?

Back 478

Her health and the population's density.

Front 479

Female moose often select a high point on a peninsula or island that she reaches by swimming through icy water. This is where she will settle down with her young. Why?

Back 479

It is a good escape for her and her young to just run down and swim away from any potential prey.

Front 480

How do Female little brown bats fertilize their eggs?

Back 480

They perform delayed fertilization.

Front 481

How do Male and Female Northern Flickers divide the responsibility of incubating their young?

Back 481

Male Northern Flickers perform all of the incubation at night while the females take over from dawn to dusk.

Front 482

African Lions travel in groups called Prides, which often consist of a dominant male and several females. If a new males takes over the pride, what does he typically do and why?

Back 482

He typically kills all of the young present.This puts the females back into heat to produce new young.