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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the core composed of? |
Metalic iron and nickel |
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What is the mantle composed of? |
magnesium and iron rich sulfates |
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what is the crust composed of? |
aluminum rich silicates |
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Describe the core |
solid inner core, molten outer core |
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asthenosphere |
partially melted zone in upper mantle |
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Lithosphere |
rigid uppermost mantle and crust |
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why does the outer core convect? |
release of heat from the inner core |
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ocean crust is _______- |
continuosly being created and destroyed |
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name the 3 types of earth boundaries |
divergent, convergent, transform |
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divergent boundary |
Move away from each other, small earthquakes and faults |
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Transform boundary |
lateral fault movement, earthquakes |
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convergent boundary |
move towards each other, subduction zones, mountains, volcanoes, |
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what moves the earths plates |
heat released from earths interior causes convection in the mantle |
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how much do they move |
2-15 cm a year |
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what can cause an earthquake |
meteorite, landslides, magma moving in a volcano, movement along a fault |
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Stress |
an applied force and its direction |
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strain |
a change of shape in response to a force |
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3 types of stress |
tensional, compressional, shearing |
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3 types of strain |
elastic, plastic, brittle |
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elastic deformation |
reversible, return to original shape when stress removed |
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plastic deformation |
irreversible, change in shape from stress is permanent |
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brittle deformation |
rocks fracture when elastic limit reached |
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what are seismic waves |
vibrations that carry away enourmous energy released by fault movement |
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two types of body waves |
p waves, s waves |
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two types of surface waves |
love waves, rayeigh waves |
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P waves |
Primary waves, first to arrive, can pass through anything |
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S waves |
secondary waves, only pass through solids |
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Love waves |
sideways motion of land surface |
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Rayleigh waves |
circular rolling motion |
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what is an earthquakes focus |
site of first motion along the fault, located below the surface |
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what is an earthquakes epicenter |
point on the surface directly above the focus |
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fault plane |
the fractured surface |
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fault rupture |
extent of surface along which the fault moved |
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how to calculate the distance to epicenter |
time delay between p and s waves |
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earthquake intensity |
measure the effect of an earthquake (human response and physical damage) |
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earthquake magnitude |
measure of energy realeased |
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richter magnitude |
measures the largest sysmic wave |
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moment magnitude |
takes into account the fault rupture |
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strong motion |
measure of acceleration |
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effects of ground shaking |
permanent change in surface |
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factors in landslides |
steepness of slope, composition of material, water content |
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slumps |
rotational landslide, material moves along a concaved, curved surface |
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rock falls |
free falls from a cliff |
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rock and debris avalanches |
high velocity, travel a long way |
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earthflows |
flow of mixed soil, water, rock |
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Liquification: flow |
fluid sediment flows horizontally, collapse of bridges or roads |
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Liquification: flotation |
objects adjust to buoancy level |
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Liquification: fountaining |
weight of overlaying layers force fluididized sand upwards |
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impoundment floods |
blocking of river by landslide |
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damburst flood |
failure of damn or levee |
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displacemnt waves |
waves created by landslide into water |
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transgression floods |
permenent shift in shoreline causing a loss of land |
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seiches |
sloshing of water back in forth in a lake or bay |
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bores |
single wave crests that move in a river upstream |
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best earthquake foundation? |
bedrock |
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best materials for earthquake |
wood, steel, reinforced concrete |