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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hazard |
A condition that threatens human life or property |
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Disaster |
Natural or man-made emergency which exceeds available resources Results in significant loss of property or life |
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Catastrophe |
Large scale disaster-massive loss and long term recovery |
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Linked Event |
One type of event can trigger a different type of event. ex. rock avalanche caused by an earthquake |
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Magnitude |
size of an event as measured by a defined scale |
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Frequency |
how often a type and size of event is repeated |
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Urbanization |
Impact. Man-made features can both exacerbate and mitigate the impact of natural disasters |
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Prior History |
Looking at regular recurrence intervals and making predictions off of those so you can prepare |
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Precursor |
Conditions or occurrences that precede a disaster, providing warning that an event is likely |
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Warning System |
Sirens-Flash Floods, Tornadoes, and mass wasting Buoys-Tsunamis First Motion Detectors-Earthquakes News Media for others
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Risk Analysis |
Hazard maps based on prior history |
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Retrofitting Structures |
Prepare and protect buildings to withstand a particular natural disaster |
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Catastrophism |
every major feature of the earth was caused through sudden catastrophic events |
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Uniformitarianism |
Processes operating today did so in the past, the present is the key to the past |
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Chemical Properties of the Earth |
Core, Mantle, Crust |
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Mechanical Properties of the Earth |
Inner Core, Outer Core, Mesosphere, Asthenosphere, Lithsosphere |
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Core |
Iron Chemical |
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Mantle |
Iron+ Iron Bearing Minerals Chemical |
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Crust |
Devoid of Iron Chemical |
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Inner Core |
Solid Mechanical |
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Outer Core |
Liquid Mechanical |
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Mesosphere |
Solid Mechanical |
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Asthenosphere |
Ductile Solid Mechanical |
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Lithosphere |
Broken into rigid plates-cold on outside Mechanical |
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Shrinking Earth Theory |
As the earth hardened it contracted-Ocean floors and continents are fixed Mountains are formed by crustal contraction when the crust cooled. (Like shrinking dried fruit) |
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Continental Drift |
All land masses used to be together (Pangea) and have drifted apart Had no driving mechanism |
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Seafloor Spreading |
The seafloor is spreading at ocean ridges and being subducted along deep sea trenches Provided a driving force for contiental drift (forming plate tectonics) |
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Plate Tectonics |
Process by which rock material is moved from within the earth to its surface and sometimes back |
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Convection |
The movement of materials due to differences in density As material is heated it expands lowering its density and rises until it cools and contracts causing it to become more dense and sink |
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Oceanic Ridge |
Submarine mountain range found to run along continental margins on either side of the Atlantic Ocean (found in other ocean basins as well) |
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Deep Sea Trench |
Lowest areas on earth Next to folded mountain belts Ocean crust sinks beneath the continent (forming the trench) and powers the mountains |
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Magnetic Pole |
Places on Earth where the polarity stays the same and affects the continents |
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Magnetic Reversal |
Earth's magnetic polarity periodically changes directions |
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Polar Wandering |
It appeared that the poles were located at different places for each of the continents, but it seems as if the continents have moved and the poles have remained stationary |
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Divergent Plate Boundary |
Spreading Mostly on the sea floor-causes oceanic ridges On land it forms continental rift systems which can eventually form ocean basins. Shallow focus earthquakes-Volcanoes are rounded and can produce flows that layer over a wide area |
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Convergent Plate Boundary |
Collision On the Sea floor- oceanic trenches On land- continental suture zones Crust material is being consumed as one is subducted Shallow, Intermediate and deep focus earthquakes |
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Convergent: Ocean-Continent |
Subduction creates large volcanoes inland (Benioff zones)
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Convergent: Ocean-Ocean |
creates island chains with large volcanoes |
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Convergent: Continent-Continent |
no volcanoes but folded mountains |
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Transform Plate Boundary |
Plates slide laterally past one another Connects plates together and transfers energy Little or no volcanic activity-lots of earthquakes (San Andreas Fault) |
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Hot Spot |
Occur where plates move over a stationary heat source - Forms a volcanic chain Only the volcano right above the hot spot is active and the further from the hot spot you go the older the mountain |
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Continental Rift |
As continental crust is stretched it becomes thinner and eventually produces an ocean basin Have linear mountain ranges Valley-Mountain-Valley |
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Isostasy |
Vertical uplift or subsidence of the crust in response to changes in thickness. Material is added and the crust thickens and sinks, then as it is removed by erosion the crust thins and material formed at depth rises toward the surface |
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Mitigation |
Efforts to reduce consequences of natural disasters |
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Why does the seafloor drop in elevation away from oceanic ridges? |
As it moves out it cools making it increase in density and sink to greater depths |
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Why does the thickness of sediment overlying basaltic oceanic rust increase away from oceanic ridges |
Most of the sediment comes from the continents so the closer to the continent the more sediment there will be |