Nats1610 December Exam

Front 1

What organelles are indicated by letters a-d

Back 1

A) nuclear envelope

B) neucleolus

C) nuclear pore

D) intermediate filament

Front 2

E-H

Back 2

E-actin filament

F- micro tubual

G- intermediate filament

H-centriole

Front 3

I-L

Back 3

I- cytoplasm

J- lysosome

K- plasma membrane

L-perioxisome

Front 4

M-R

Back 4

M-mitochodria

P-Golgi apparatus

Q- vesicle

R- Exocytosis

Front 5

S-W

Back 5

S-ribosomes

T-microvilli

U- smooth ER

V- rough ER

W- ribosomes

Front 6

Two parts of a cell

Back 6

1. organelles (tiny organs)

2. Cytosol ( complex gel-like Mass in which cell Structures can be found)

Front 7

Membrane Structures

Back 7

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

Lysosomes, peroxisomes

mitochondrial Chloroplast

vesicles

Front 8

Non membrane Structures

Back 8

Ribosomes

centrioles

cytoskeleton

Front 9

most activities occur in _________. Including

Back 9

Cytoplasm. Including metabolic processes (glycolysis) and various processes (cell division.

Front 10

Molecules in cytosol

Back 10

Cytoskeletal filaments, dissolved molecules, salts, and water

Fill the cell and areas bw organelles

Front 11

Macromollecular crowding

Back 11

Occurs due to cytosol’s network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules (i.e., proteins)

Front 12

What is the largest organelle

Back 12

Nucleus

Front 13

A-e

Back 13

A- chromatin

B- neucleolus

C- rough ER

D- nuclear pore

E- nuclear envelope

Front 14

F-G

Back 14

F- nuclear envelope

G- nuclear pore

Front 15

Nucleus

Back 15

protects DNA and keeps it from becoming damaged S tangled Within cytoplasm

Front 16

Nuclear membrane

Back 16

Controls What gets in and out of nucleus

selectively Permeable

2 phospholipid biolayers w proteins

Front 17

Outer portion of nuclear membrane merges with

Back 17

rough ER membrane

Front 18

Inner portion of ER

Back 18

ANCHORS DNA molecules (chromatin)

Front 19

The arrow is indicating

Back 19

area where Nuclear membrane merges with ER membrane

Front 20

Chromatin Vs. Chromasome

Back 20

CHROMATIN – when cell is NOT DIVIDING → The DNA appears long and thin With small associated proteins called histones

CHROMOSOME – when cell IS DIVIDING. The thin fibrous DNA coils into a thick complex (condenses) → Histone proteins maintain the chromosome structure. Can be seen with a light microscope

Front 21

Nuclear pores

Back 21

Cross BOTH nuclear membranes Create CHANNELS for free movement of small molecules and ions

Front 22

NeucleoPorins

Back 22

The proteins that make up the nuclear Pore complex

The proteins that make up the nuclear Pore complex

Front 23

Nucleoplasm

Back 23

→ interior of nucleus no membrane bound Subcompartments.

→ contains protein complexes ie) RNA molecules, DNA

Front 24

Neucleolus

Back 24

→ assemble ribosomes before exporting to cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Front 25

Ribosomes

Back 25

→ Assemble proteins in cytoplasm (protein Synthesis)

Front 26

Endo membrane System (parts+ function)

Back 26

system of membrane bound organelles that :

→ modify new protein

→ build lipids (fats)

→ Package the completed molecules in vesicles and then sorts & ships them to various destinations

→ includes: ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, Lysosomes.

Does not include Chloroplast or mitochondria

Front 27

Rough Vs. Smooth ER

Back 27

Rough ER- Contains ribosomes which give rough appearance. modifies proteins

smooth ER- no mebrane bound ribosomes. Synthesize lipids.

Front 28

What types of Cells have larger rough ER

Back 28

cells Specialized for protein Synthesis ie) cells Secrete digestive enzymes or anti-body secreting Plasma cells

Front 29

Endoplasmic reticulum produces ________ filled with Products move to _______

Back 29

→ vesicles

→ Golgi

Front 30

Vesicles

Back 30

→ Vesicles FORM by “budding” from ER – patches of ER membrane bulge and break off

→ Vesicles move to the Golgi complex

→ The Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) ALSO forms vesicles – these then move out of cell (usually)

Front 31

4 functions of Golgi Body

Back 31

1. Sorting/ dispatching Station for Products of the ER

→Prepares proteins and lipids for cell export. For SECRETION OUT OF THE CELL by exocytosis (e.g. digestive enzymes, mucous, etc…)

2. Major site of carbohydrate synthesis

→Pectin and hemicellulose (plant cell wall components)

3. The modification of some proteins and lipids from the ER

→ Various changes are made to “mature” some proteins and lipids

4. Making Lysosomes

→ Vesicles containing various enzymes used to “digest” various components inside of cells

→ Stay inside the cell

Front 32

Lysosomes

Back 32

→ Vesicles - BUD from the Golgi membrane – BECOME lysosomes and STAY INSIDE cell

→ Contain digestive enzymes – to destroy things inside of cells

→ Interior of lysosomes is ACIDIC – to activate their internal digestive enzymes

Front 33

Peroxisomes

Back 33

→Vesicles - BUD from ER membrane – STAY INSIDE cell

→ Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids

Front 34

Cytoskeleton

Back 34

network of Protein fibres and tubes extend throughout Cytoplasm

→ maintain Cell shape and Organization

→ intra + extracellular Movement

→ not Permanently rigid. Assemble+ disassemble based on cell activities

Front 35

Cytoskeleton Consists of

Back 35

microtubules - Organize cell interior

intermediate filaments - add Strengths anchor filaments of actin+ myosin

micro filaments - reinforce Cell Parts

Front 36

microtubules

Back 36

Cytoskeletal filament.

→2S nm diameter

→ hollow tubule often grows from Centrosome located near nucleus

→ Composed of the protein tubulin

→ functions: Cell Shape, organize organelles, Chromosome Sorting, intracellular movement of Cargo, Cell motility

Front 37

intermediate Fillament

Back 37

→ cytoskeletal filament

→ 10 nm

→ twisted filament

→ Composed of different proteins ie) desmin, Keratin, lamin

→ functions: cell shape, Strength, Anchorage of cell + nuclear memberanes

Front 38

Actin filaments

Back 38

→ 7 nm diameter

→ Spiral filament

→ 2 Strands of actin

→ function: cell Shape, muscle Contraction, Cell movement, animal cell division, intracellular movement of cargo

Front 39

Structural Support for Cilia and Flagella formed by _

Back 39

→ microtubules Covered by plasma membrane

Front 40

Cilia and flagella

Back 40

move unicellular organisim + Sperm

Cillia move fluid over a surface ie) mucas through respiratory

Front 41

Micro tubules provide tracks to move _______

Back 41

→vesicles bw Cell interior t plasma memberan

→ move+ Seperate Chromosomes during Cell division

→motor proteins move vesicles and Chromosomes along Microtube tracks

Front 42

Microfilaments

Back 42

→ solid rods composed of actin

→Microfilaments, with other proteins, form a 3-dimensional network just inside the plasma membrane - MICROVILLI

→arranged parallel to each other

→ in Muscle cells → together with myosin filaments enable MUSCLE CONTRACTION as actin filaments slide past myosin filaments

→ In other cells, wide bands of actin filament networks push against the cell membrane - Causing CELL MOTILITY – I.e., migrating white blood cells

Front 43

intermediate filaments

Back 43

→ Made from intermediate proteins

→ occur Singlely, in parallel bundles and interlocking networks

→ Either alone or in combination with microtubules, microfilaments, or both

→ Provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT in many cells and tissues

Front 44

Metabolism

Back 44

→intracellular Chemical reactions ie) Degredation, Synthesis, transformation of small organic molecules

→Linear or Cyclic reactions

Front 45

Enzymes

Back 45

→play a vital role in metabolism

→ Mostly proteins, Catalytic → Optimum pH and temperature → Interact with substrate at the active site

→ Speed up Chemical reactions by bring Substrate molecules togetherso they interact.

Front 46

Coenzymes

Back 46

enzyme "helpers"

→molecules that move hydrogen atoms & electrons to the sites of chemical reactions in cells

→e.g., the nucleotides NAD+, FAD

Front 47

2 types of metabolic Pathways

Back 47

Anabolic process →Favour the SYNTHESIS of molecules for building up organs and tissues, Often CONDENSATION/DEHYDRATION reactions ex) “anabolic steroids” – drugs that increase proteins in cells - esp. in skeletal muscle cells

Catabolic process→ Favour the BREAKDOWN of complex molecules into smaller more simple ones, Often HYDROLYSIS reactions (covered in more detail later)

Front 48

Photosynthesis

Back 48

→ Process by which carbon dioxide and water are converted (with the aid of light energy) INTO CARBOHYDRATES (mostly sugars - GLUCOSE)

→ By green plants, algae, some protists (pond organisms), and some bacteria (these are the primary producers)

Front 49

Primary Producers Store ___________ surplus as _________. Withdraw when energy is needed for _________

Back 49

Glucose

Starch

Cellular respiration

Front 50

Primary consumers

Back 50

Feed on primary producers. Break down starch into glucose to support own metabolism.

Break down further during cellular respiration. To “release” the energy that’s “trapped” in the chemical bonds within glucose And to “store” this energy in ATP molecules (in high energy phosphate bonds)

Front 51

Glucose is stored as

Back 51

Starch + cellulose in plants

Glycogen in animals

Front 52

Cellular respiration

Back 52

PROCESS by which glucose (and some other sugars) is (are) BROKEN DOWN

To yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy - Energy is in the form of ATP

Cellular respiration releases the energy STORED in the CHEMICAL BONDS of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) to produce ATP (Cells use ATP as Energy)

Front 53

3 chemical pathways (cellular respiration)

Back 53

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle) – oxygen requiring 3. Electron Transport Chain – oxygen requiring

Front 54

MITOCHONDRIA

Back 54

provide cells with ENERGY through the BREAKDOWN of GLUCOSE and the FORMATION of ATP molecules during cellular respiration

OXYGEN REQUIRING series of metabolic reactions Mitochondria require oxygen – O2 By inhaling air, organisms provide mitochondria with O2 Mitochondria also produce carbon dioxide – CO2 By exhaling, organisms remove the CO2 formed by mitochondria

Front 55

Cellular respiration final products

Back 55

Carbon dioxide – CO2 Water - H2O Energy (in the form of ATP)

Front 56

The mitochondria contains enzymes for ______

Back 56

Krebs cycle Electron transport chain BOTH are oxygen-requiring processes

Front 57

ATP forms in the ______________ of the mitochondria

Back 57

Inner compartment

Front 58

Inner membrane has folds called ______ contain enzyme for

Back 58

CRISTAE

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Front 59

Inner compartment

Back 59

The INNER SPACE bounded by inner membrane ATP forms IN the matrix

Front 60

OUTER compartment

Back 60

The SPACE BETWEEN inner and outer membranes Is the “Intermembrane Space”

Front 61

How cells make ATP

Back 61

Through the process of CELLULAR RESPIRATION → A SERIES of reactions that break down macromolecules (larger molecules) → Anabolic or catabolic? → Resulting in the formation of ATP → In particular, GLUCOSE is broken down and converted into INTERMEDIATE molecules

Front 62

HYDROGEN IONS (H+)

Back 62

are H atoms that lost their electron

Front 63

Glycosis

Back 63

→ Breakdown of GLUCOSE molecules to PYRUVATE (aka pyruvic acid) → Occurs in cell cytoplasm, OUTSIDE of mitochondria → Oxygen NOT required

Front 64

Final product of glycosis

Back 64

→ TWO pyruvate (these move to Step 2) → TWO NADH (not shown in figure) → Net energy yield is TWO ATP

Front 65

Go through 29-34

Back 65

L08

Front 66

Blood Glucose regulation

Back 66

→ takes place in Pancreas

→Glucagon (HORMONE) Increases blood glucose

→ Insulin (HORMONE) Lowers blood glucose

Front 67

Functions of plasma membrane

Back 67

→ maintain Cell structural integrity

→ regulate movement in tout of cell

→ rocognition bw cells

→ communication bw cells

→ Sticking cells together to form tissues organs

Front 68

Plasma membrane

Back 68

Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins and cholesterol

→ Phospholipids: Polar heads, Non-polar tails, Form spherical bilayer when placed in water →Different proteins have different functions: Adhesion, Transport, Reception, Enzymes →Selectively permeable (semipermeable)

Front 69

MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS are AMPHIPATHIC molecules

Back 69

AMPHIPATHIC: Presence of BOTH hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

HYDROPHOBIC: WATER-HATING, non-polar fatty acid tails,

HYDROPHILIC: WATER-LOVING,polar heads

Front 70

Lipid Bilayer formation

Back 70

Phospholipid molecules organize into MICELLES & BILAYERS → VIA AGGREGATION of hydrophobic tails

Lipid Bilayer is “SELF-SEALING” → Constant spontaneous re-arrangement of lipid molecules To ‘HIDE’ hydrophobic tails that become exposed

Front 71

Membrane Permeability

Back 71

INNER LIPID BILAYER OF HYDROPHOBIC TAILS creates a BARRIER TO WATER

→ Most materials dissolved in water UNABLE to pass across this lipid bilayer

→ Important materials that need to pass across this lipid bilayer MOVE THROUGH special protein complexes embedded in the bilayer called Transporter molecules

Front 72

Diffusion Accross bilayer

Back 72

BARRIER FUNCTION - impermeable to “SELECTED” solutes and ions (BLOCKS most hydrophilic molecule)

Diffusion rate ACROSS lipid bilayer DEPENDS on (1) molecule size (2) it’s lipid permeability

Small non-polar molecules: Readily diffuse across

Uncharged polar molecules: Diffuse across if small enough, Some need transporter molecules

Ions and charged molecules: Cannot diffuse across, Need transporter molecules

Front 73

Simple diffusion

Back 73

The RANDOM movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration TO a region of lower concentration

Water moves across the plasma membrane by the simple diffusion process called OSMOSIS

Front 74

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Back 74

The movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration TO a region of lower concentration WITH THE AID OF A MEMBRANE PROTEIN (transporter molecule) that acts as a channel or a “carrier” protein

Front 75

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Back 75

movement of molecules across the plasma membrane from an area of lower concentration TO one of higher concentration With help from a Carrier Protein AND ENERGY, usually in the form of ATP

Front 76

ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS

Back 76

Transporting LARGER MOLECULES Across Cell Membranes

Endo - in Ex- out

3 Types of Endocytosis 1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis ↳ Ex., Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) particles (contain cholesterol)

Front 77

slide 27

Back 77

Lo9

Front 78

3 types of cell junctions

Back 78

Tight junctions: hold cells together, prevent leak bw Cells

Adhesion Junctions: Cement cells together

Gap junctions: hold cells together, help Cells Communicate, connect Cytoplasm of connected Cells

Front 79

Tight Junctions

Back 79

Points of Contact bw plasma Membranes of adjacent cells

↳ tight Junction proteins

↳ Cells fused, form v tight Seal

→ multi-layer for protection

→ tight junction have sealing function (impermeable barrier)

ex) intestinal cells → lumen fluids stay in lumen

Front 80

Lo9

Back 80

33

Front 81

Adhesion Junctions (Desmosomes, Anchoring Junctions)

Back 81

→Extremely TIGHT connections between adjacent cells

→ Plasma membranes do not touch n Material passes between cells

→Held together by INTERCELLULAR protein filaments (cadherin family)

↳attached to cytoplasmic plaques, composed of protein material

→Connect CYTOSKELETON FILAMENTS of adjacent cells (Intermediate Filaments)

Front 82

Adhesion junction provides __________ + examples

Back 82

Provide 1. Structural continuity 2. Tensile strength 3. Enable stretching of tissues and organs

EX)skin, heart, gums, uterine cervix, etc

Front 83

Gap junction

Back 83

Adjacent cells connected by paired & joined “membrane channels”

Form “CHANNELS” in between adjacent cell membranes

↳CYLINDRICAL ARRAYS (CONNEXON) of membrane-spanning proteins

→Form OPEN CHANNELS between the cytoplasm of joined cells Allowing for material to PASS from one cell to its neighbour

Front 84

Gap junctions Function + example

Back 84

→Gap Junctions create TIGHT “cell-to-cell” CONNECTIONS

→Gap Junctions also enable “cell-to-cell” COMMUNICATION ↳ Some ions, sugars, & small molecules ↳ Passing ‘signals’ between cells

e.g., cardiac cells in heart, between FOLLICLE CELLS and OOCYTE in ovary

Front 85

Intercalated disks

Back 85

TIGHTLY CONNECT adjacent cardiac cells. Contain numerous complexes of ‘adhesion proteins’ including gap junctions & desmosomes.

Front 86

Gap Junction

Back 86

(1) The follicle cells (granulosa cells) surrounding the oocyte are COUPLED to each other by gap junctions

(2) In addition, the granulosa cells extend processes through the zonapellucida and make gap junctions with the oocyte (different type of Connexxons used)

Front 87

Cancer Cells

Back 87

→ lose Connection, ESCAPE normal growth mechanisms & over-proliferate

→Cancer cells often LOSE their ability to normally connect to & communicate with other cells

→spread throughout body to start new colonies - METASTASIS

Front 88

3 PRIMARY GERM LAYERS

Back 88

Ectoderm→ outer layer

↳ Nervous system, epidermis of skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, mammary glands, and lining of mouth & rectum

MESODERM – middle layer

↳Muscle, bone, connective tissue, dermis of skin, heart, kidneys, ovaries, and testes

Endoderm

↳Lining of digestive & respiratory tracts & urinary bladder, pancreas, liver, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands

Front 89

4 mayor tissues

Back 89

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Front 90

Epithelial tissue

Back 90

↳Consists of TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS that form a CONTINUOUS layer that COVERS body surfaces

→LINES internal & external surfaces

features: UPPER surface EXPOSED to Body cavity Or external environment BOTTOM surface ATTACHED to the basement membrane Also known as basal lamina ↳CONNECTS the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

→In many epithelial cells, NUCLEI are somewhat basal (near basement)

Front 91

The bottom surface of Epithelial cells is attatched to

Back 91

basal lamina (basement membrane)

Front 92

Epithelia are SUPPORTED by

Back 92

connective tissue

Front 93

Connective tissue contains

Back 93

→variety of cells

→extracellular matrix components

Front 94

fibroblast

Back 94

→predominant cell type in connective tissue

→secretes abundant amounts of most of the extracellular matrix

Front 95

Structure of Epithelial

Back 95

→ONE SIDE of LAYER of Epithelial Cells (Epithelium)

↳ Exposed to space

→OTHER SIDE of LAYER of Epithelial Cells (Epithelium)

↳ATTACHED to Basal Lamina (basement membrane)

→SUPPORTED by Connective Tissue

↳attached to basement membrane

Front 96

Function of Epithelial tissue

Back 96

→PROTECTION: bw body + outside world. protects against moisture loss, mechanical trauma, toxic Substances + pathogen invasion

→ABSORPTION: Digestive and respiratory linings

→SECRETION:Hormones, mucus, enzymes, HCl, etc, Exocrine + Endocrine gland

→EXCRETION & FILTRATION: Areas of kidney

Front 97

Exocrine glands

Back 97

secrete into DUCTS that empty to inside or outside of body (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands...)

Front 98

Endocrine Glands

Back 98

lack ducts – secrete directly into the BLOODSTREAM (e.g., adrenal glands, thyroid, pancreas, testes, ovaries, etc...)

Front 99

Classification of Epitheliam Shape

Back 99

a. Squamous (flattened) b. Cuboidal (cubed) c. Columnar (column) d. Transitional (mixed)

Front 100

Classification of Epithelium Number of Layers

Back 100

a. Simple (one layer) b. Stratified (multilayered) c. Pseudostratified (one layer that looks like multilayers)

Front 101

Surface Specializations

Back 101

a. Microvilli b. Cilia c. None

Front 102

Back 102

Simple Squamous

Front 103

Back 103

Simple squamous

Front 104

Simple Squamous epithelium, Description, function + location

Back 104

Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

Front 105

Simple Cobodial Epithelium, description, function + location

Back 105

Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical centraI nuclei . Function : Secretion and absorption. Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

Front 106

Back 106

Simple Cubodial

Front 107

Back 107

Simple Cubadial

Front 108

Back 108

Simple Cubodial

Front 109

Simple Columnar Epitheliam

Back 109

Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus- secueting unicellular glands ( goblet cells).

Function: Absorption; secntion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; Ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of sale glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Front 110

Back 110

Simple columnar Epithelium

Front 111

Back 111

Simple Columnar

Front 112

Back 112

Simple Columnar unciliated with microvili

Front 113

Back 113

simple columnar with Cilia

Front 114

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Back 114

Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia. Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by Cilliary action

Legation: nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciIiated variety Iines the trachea most of the upper respiratory tract.

Front 115

Back 115

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Front 116

Back 116

Pseudostratified ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Front 117

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 117

Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active : surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina, urethra and anus; keratinized variety forms the epidedermis of skin a dry membrane.

Front 118

Back 118

Stratified Squamous

Front 119

Back 119

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized – Human Lip

↳ Outer Cells wo nucleus- dead Waterproof barrier

Front 120

Back 120

Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized

→ same as Keratinized wo Surface layer of dead cells

Front 121

Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Function

Back 121

Protection→ abrasion, pathogens, chemicals

Front 122

Stratified Cubodial Epithelium

Back 122

Description: Generally two layers of cubelike cells. Function: Protection Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Front 123

Back 123

Stratified cubodial Epithelium

Front 124

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 124

Description : Several ceII layers ; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial ceIl is elongated and columnar.

Function: Protection; secretion. Location : Rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands.

Front 125

Transitional Epithelium

Back 125

Description: Resembles both gratified squanous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, (spending on degree of organ sketch. Function: Stretches readily and permiits distension of urinary organ by contained urine.

Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.

Front 126

Functions of Connective tissue

Back 126

→ Framework: can provide Support or bind organs together

→ Transport: Blood, oxygen, Carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones

→ Storage: Triglycerides and Electrolytes

→ insulation: Heat loss

→ Protection: produce blood cells, White blood cell ingest bacteria. Antibodies in Plasma cells combat disease.

→ Repair: fractures, Sprains + wounds

Front 127

Characteristics of Connective tissue

Back 127

→ most abundant+ widely distributed type of tissue

→ vascular

→connective tissue CELLS ARE WIDELY SPACED

→Cells are WITHIN THE (MATRIX → non-cellular fluid Varying Consistancy from solid to fluid to semifluid)

→ may have fibres

Front 128

Fibroblasts, reticular cells

Back 128

→ migratory

→ Produce and secrete protein fibres

→ collagen fibres Strength→ resist stretching

→ Elastic fibre → flexible, maintain Shape after stretching

→Reticular fibres → networks & support frameworks for soft organs Thin collagen fibres coated with glycoprotein

Front 129

Adipocytes

Back 129

→non-migratory

→ Energy/ insulation (protection)

→ Store tryglicerides (lipids, fats)

Front 130

White blood cells

Back 130

→migratory

→Neutrophils & lymphocytes, plasma cells – protection & defense

Front 131

Matrix

Back 131

→Determines the connective tissue properties

→ Composed of Protein fibres: Provide elasticity, strength, and structure i.e., collagen fibres, elastic fibres, reticular fibres

→ Composed of Ground Substance:Viscous & slippery material Cells are suspended in, ranges from solid, Semi fluid to fluid, Composed of an assortment of large molecules that bind cells together

Front 132

Soft Connective tissue (Structure, location t Function)

Back 132

Structure: Fibres - COLLAGEN, ELASTIC, Cells - FIBROBLASTS, adipocytes, few white blood cells

Location:FILLS IN spaces, beneath skin dermis and around digestive, respiratory, & urinary tracts, between muscles & around blood vessels, nerves, joints

Function: SUPPORTS EPITHELIUM & many internal organs, presence in lungs, arteries, & urinary bladder allows these organs to expand. forms part of protective covering for muscle, blood vessels, & nerves

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Back 133

→ loose connective tissue areolar

Front 134

Dense fibrous tissue

Back 134

→ dense Packed collagen Fibres

→ Made up of fibrolast cells

→ located:Tendons (muscle-bone), Ligaments (bone-bone), Covering of skeletal muscle, Dense irregular forms parts of the Dermis of skin

→ Function→ depends on type + location

↳ Attachment, protection, Support, Strength, Elasticity

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Back 135

Dense irregular

Front 136

Back 136

dense regular

Front 137

Difference bw denseregular + dense irregular connective tissue

Back 137

→ regular dense connective tissue can withsand great tensile pressure When force is applied in one direction.

→ irregular able to withstand tension in multiple direction

Front 138

5 Specialized connective tissues

Back 138

Adipose Reticular Cartilage Bone Blood

Front 139

Adipose Tissue

Back 139

Fibres - few to none

Cells – ADIPOCYTES - derived from fibroblasts that enlarge to store fat, occupy most of matrix

Location- beneath the skin; some in loose connective tissue; around certain organs (heart, kidneys)

Function: Store Energy protection + insulation

Front 140

Back 140

adispose tissue

Front 141

Back 141

addispose tissue

Front 142

reticular Connective tissue

Back 142

Fibres – RETICULAR FIBRES (wavy and curly)

Cells – RETICULAR CELLS

Location - Spleen, Kidney, Lymph Nodes, Bone Marrow

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Back 143

Reticular connective tissue

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Back 144

Reticular connective tissue