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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Issues around Native remains
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What science can learn about the past from human remains, pitted against spiritual beliefs of Native Americans
- human remains as data about the past vs. remains of actual people Who has authority to make decisions People used to create Native skeleton museums |
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Native American remains museums
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19,250 catalog records of human remains at the National Museum of Natural History
Many, many others at other museums around the United States Some ancient, some relatively recent Many funerary objects taken from sites |
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Sources of human remains (construction, archaeology)
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Construction
- roads - buildings - anything that involves digging Archaeology - universities - People looking for artifacts to sell |
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Legislation (NAGPRA, NMAIA)
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National Museum of the American Indian Act (1989, public law 101-185)
- all Smithsonian museums must inventory, identify, and consider for return Native American remains and funerary objects Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) (1990, Public Law 101-161) - Similar requirements for all federal agencies and museums receiving federal funding |
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NAGPRA
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provides a process for museums and federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural items - human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony
- repatriation to lineal descendants, and culturally affiliated Native American tribes and Native hawaiian organizations |
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NAGPRA provisions, laws, process
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includes provisions for unclaimed and culturally claimed items
all organizations must comply Federal agencies and museums must consult with lineal descendants, indian tribes, and native hawaiian organizations regarding identification and cultural affiliation of the cultural items listen in their NAGPRA inventories - must send notices to lineal descendants, Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian organizations cultural items may be repatriated |
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making claims
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must be of Native american, alaskan, hawaiian descent
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Definition of Indian Tribe
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Any tribe is any band, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians that are recognized and eligible for special programs and services provided by US
Department of Interior: Indian Tribe: 770 tribes, in Alaska Native villages |
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NAGPRA funerary objects
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both associated and unassociated objects are cultural items that are reasonably believed to have been placed within individual human remains either at time of death or later as a death rite or ceremony
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Discovery of New remains
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excavation and discovery of provisions apply only to federal and tribal lands
- only within reservation/federal - if not they do not apply |
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How much has been repatriated
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27,777 individuals
associated 558,799 (many small items such as beads) unassociated 77,587 sacred 1185 objects of cultural patrimony 267 objects both sacred and patrimonial 644 |
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challenges of NAGPRA
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determining which groups and individuals are most likely descendants
many museums staff oppose it museums not well funded: it's labor intensive and sometimes human remains are not well documented Culturally unidentifiable remains |
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Ishi's brain
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1860-1916
Southern Yana: present day Tehama county Pre contact population 400 people population loss due to disease and extermination campaigns (three knoll's massacre: 40 yana people were killed for killing cattle) lone survivor: found in Oroville in 1911 Placed under care of Alfred Kroebe - chair of department of anthropology - brought him back to Berkeley - employed as a research assistant (really just a living exhibit of his people) Ishi was studied and written about by anthropologists (all very distorting) died of tuberculosis - Kroeber decided for an autopsy Body was cremated and interred in Colma, CA - brain was kept, eventually given back through repatriation/reburial |
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Repatriation and Reburial of Ishi
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he had no childre, and Southern Yana were wiped out
but he was related to Yana groups in Redding Rancheria and Pit River tribe Sufficient connection to repatriate remains |
