Native American Studies Final Exam

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What is NAS?

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- interdisciplinary
- study of native peoples (tribes and tribal culture)
- focused on comtemporary issues

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Authors?

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-D'Arcy McNickle
-N. Scott Momaday- "House made of Dawn"
-Dee Brown- "Black Elk Speaks", "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee"
-Vine Deloria- "Custer died for your Sins"

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Native Ethnographers?

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- Franz Boas
- George Hunt
- Arthur Parker

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Emergence as academic discipline?

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- early 20th century
- speaking out about native issues, federal policy, and cultural preservation
- Charles Eastman (1st M.D.)
- Native ethnographers
- Native authors

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Political Activism?

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- National Congress of American Indians (1944)

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Student Activism?

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- Protests and demonstrations
- late 1960's-1970's
- focused on inequity
- low number of minorities on college campuses
- ethnic studies programs developed

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What does NAS entail?

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- language
- art and aesthetics
- place- significance of land
- sovereignty
- contemporary
- history- the counter story
- identity

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Early Native art?

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- utilitarian
- purpose
- petroglyphs

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Ledger art?

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- no background, narrative
- strong sense of line
- attention to detail
- variety of colors

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Kiowa Five?

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- Monroe Tsatoke, Jack Hokeah, Spencer Asah
- Oscar Jacobson
- representational, narrative style
- inspired easel art
- cermonial and social scenes of Kiowa life
- studied at OU

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Easel Art?

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- emphasis on line
- 2-dimensional
- narrative
- clear outlines
- flat style

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Renaissance?

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- late 1960's
- drive to move away from traditional art

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Dorothy Dunn?

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- influential in SW
- "The Studio" at Santa Fe School
- encourage students to use primitive style, draw pueblo traditions

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Common Instruments?

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- drums, rattles, whistles, flutes, bells

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Differences in pitch?

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- Northern- higher pitch
- Southern- lower pitch

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Types of dance?

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- contemporary
- ceremonial/ traditional (stomp)

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Importance of Land and identity?

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- environment influenced tribal life
- believed land created specifically for tribe
- land means everything (animals, plants, water)
- inanimate can be alive

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Typical Native stereotypes?

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- feather/regalia
- savage/ "noble" savage
- indian maiden
- gaming
- alcoholic
- disney/ children's literature
- advertising
- environmentalist
- mascots

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polysynthetic?

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- words combined to create meaning

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epistemological?

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- how we percieve/understand the world through language

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characteristics of native language?

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- oral, language loss, language families, polysynthetic, metaphoric

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what does native language affect?

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- future traditions and generations
- history of tribe

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metaphorical?

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- correspondance between words and things complex
- words embody complex concepts that express relationship
- Selu Corn Mother

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Social implications?

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- native cultures are oral
- no back-up
- knowledge
- identity
- ceremony

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Languages?

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- 500 at European contact
- 175 by 1960
- 136 less than 2,000 speakers
- 34 had no more than 10
- 21st century half disappeared and in danger of distinction

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policy of assimilation?

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- vehicle to assimilation is boarding schools

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Civilization Act of 1819?

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- funding from federal government to "benevolent institutions" (churches, missionaries) that would teach natives to read and write
- goal was to convert to Christianity
- suppression of language

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Common themes in oral traditions?

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- tricksters
- coyotes, rabbit, spider, Saneday
- teach lessons, morals, how things came to be/ humorous

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Creation stories?

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- explain where a specific tribal group cam efrom and how things (earth, sky, etc.) came to be
- world above, world below
- Iroquois story

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Cherokee stories

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- Selu the Corn Mother
- Kanuti the Hunter

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Black Hill- Lakota Story?

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- Two leggeds v. Four leggeds

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What is tribal sovereignty?

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- function of the orginal occupation of U.S. by tribes as self- governing entities

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Characteristics of sovereignty?

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- inherent (belong by nature or habit)
- must be recognized by others
- basis for government- government relationship

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functions of sovereignty?

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- determine membership
- tax members
- regulate internal civil and criminal matters
- right of sovereign immunity

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trade and intercourse act?

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- established basic jurisdictional principle that the federal government regulated its citizens and tribes regulated theirs
- required traders to obtain a license before they could enter Indian territory and prohibited the introduction of alcohol
- preempted state power

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Marshall Trilogy?

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- named so for Supreme Court Justice John Marshall
- fudiciary relationship
- Johnson and Graham's Lessee v. McIntosh (1823)
- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1830)
- Worcester v. Georgia (1831)

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fudiciary?

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- a trust relationship
- having a duty to act in others "best interest"

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Johnson and Grahams Lessee v. McIntosh (1823)

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- basic question was to establish ownership of land
- "doctrine of discovery"- indians only had rights of occupancy and not ful title to their lands
- title belonged to those who "discovered" land
- set up "landlord- tenant" relationship

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1830)

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- challenged teh right of the state of Georgia to extend its laws over the Cherokee Nation
- Georgia wanted to remove Cherokees from the state
- ruled Cherokee Nation was dependent on the U.S. government

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Worcester v. Georgia (1831)

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- challenged authority of state to exercise its laws in the Cherokee Nation
- involved missionary Samuel Worcester
- asserted federal government was responsible for Indians not state

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Lonewolf v. Hitchcock (1903)

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- suit brought by Kiowa tribe against the Secretary of the Interior
- treaty provision required 3/4 vote of tribal members
- asserted power of Congress to abolish treaties with tribes
- Congress could decide what was best for tribes, even if ignoring treaty provisions

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Wintu

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- Mt. Shasta
- ski resort

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Hopi

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- Woodruff Butte
- mining

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Lakota

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- Devil's Tower
- rock climbing