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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where did the Plains culture areas extend from?
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Rocky Mountains to Mississippi River
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What are the Western Plains known as?
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High Plains
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What are the Eastern Plains known as?
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Prairie
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During the Plains Archaic, what was hunting communally and in small groups
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Bison
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During the Plains Archaic, settlement patterns ____, but ____ was _____.
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varied; mobility was high
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During the Plains Archaic, Clovis and Folsom were not used anymore. They were replaced by?
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Notched forms
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When did the Plains Archaic start?
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65000 BC
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What was Head-Smashed in?
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Buffalo jump site from 3800 BC
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What does MNI stand for? How does it relate to buffalo?
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Minimum Number of Individuals; Minimum number of buffalo needed to make assemblage.
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What does Catastrophic signify?
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Based on community; they all died
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What does Attritional signify?
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Very young and old died.
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What was common at the Head-Smashed in site?
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Hide scrapers
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What are Hide scrapers?
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Unifacial; used to scrape hides to work the many hides
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What was the Woodland Period characterized by?
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Pottery, burial mounds, horticulture, and possibly corner notched projectile points
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What took place during the Woodland Period?
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Seditism
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Where and when did the Woodland Period begin?
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Central and Northeastern Plains at 500 BC
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What came into use at 500 AD during the Woodland Period?
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Bow and Arrow
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What was evident during the Plains Village Tradition?
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Village societies
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When was Plains Village Tradition?
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800 AD
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What changes took place in the Plains Village Tradition?
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Semisedimentary with larger and more permanent population aggregations
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How was the economy during Plains Village Tradition?
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Mixed economies combing farming in river bottoms and seasonal bison hunting
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When were Earth Lodges used?
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Plains Village Tradition
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During the Plains Village Tradition, they used bone tools that included _____?
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Bison scapula hoes
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When and where was the Crow Creek Massacre?
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1325 AD in South Central South Dakota
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What were some Major agents of transformation during the Protohistoric and Historic?
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Arrival of horse and trade in European goods, particularly the gun and disease.
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What happened in the Protohistoric and Historic?
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European's arrive on Plains from 3 directions.
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When did the Spanish come to the new world and with who did it begin?
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Beginning with Coronado in 1541 to New Mexico
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When was contact made with the Sioux in North?
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Middle of 17th century
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Who and when did the French contact?
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Pawnee from east around 1700
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What are some important theme in the Southeast?
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Environmental Zones
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What are the Environmental Zones in the Southeast?
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Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Southern Appalachians
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What food was vital in the Southeast?
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Nuts and Deer
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What type of nuts were using during the Southeast?
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Chestnuts and Walnuts
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What was the most important crop in the Southwest? Why?
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Sunflowers; grown by cultures as a crop
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How do you define the Coastal Plain?
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Jungly, forest, swamp type of area; Low line and slow rivers
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Where did people get their tool stone from in the Southwest?
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Southern Appalachians
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What is strange about the Florida Windover?
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DNA analysis relates them to nobody
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Where does the Culture Area extend from?
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Extends from Texas to Atlantic Ocean
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What does the Culture area include?
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Appalachians, Coastal Plains, and Plateau
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What is in the Culture Area?
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Humid, resource rich area that was naturally forested
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What were the 4 main time periods?
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1. Paleoindian (9000 BC)
2. Archaic (9000-7000 BC) 3. Woodland Period (7000 BC- contact) 4. Mississippian (800-1600AD) |
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What is Dalton Point?
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Time marker for end of PaleoIndian; Projectile point
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What time period was Povety Point from?
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Archaic
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What time period was Cahokia from?
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Mississippian
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Dalton point made what easier?
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Bison Hunting
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What else did Dalton point change?
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Plains became more attractive to many groups and some groups even gave up farming for bison hunting
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What are the Modern/Contact Plain Cultures?
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1. Sioux
2. Crow 3. Blackfeet 4. Cheyenne 5. Pawnee 6. Comanche |
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What aided in the making of Native Cliches?
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Tourism, Railroads, and Vanishing West
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What else contributed towards the making of the native cliche?
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Teepees, feathers, headdress
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In the National Parks video, what were the railroad companies doing?
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Making a lot of money from National Parks
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Who was paid for entertaining tourists?
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Blackfeet Indians
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Who was important for parks, and is known as the Father of National Parks?
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Stephen Mathers
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Where was Hardwood Forest?
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Piedmont
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What was adopted in the Late Woodland?
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Adoption of Bow and Arrow and Larger sites
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What was the Shell Mound Archaic?
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During the Middle-Late Archaic, more intensive use of shellfish
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Where was the Shell Mound Archaic being used?
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Along the interior rivers and in coastal parts of Southeast
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What was a large Late Archaic earthwork complex in Northeastern Louisiana?
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Poverty Point
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Where was Poverty Point?
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On the Mississippi River
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How would you describe Poverty Point?
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Concentric, C-Shaped earthen rings, mounds, and ditches
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What took place in Poverty Point?
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-Trade over a wide area
-Impressive stone working area -Microliths |
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What was the date for Poverty Point?
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1600 BC- 1100 BC
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What was specific to Poverty Point?
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Clay cooking balls
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What was the largest mound in poverty pointy?
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Mound A, which was 70 ft tall
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Poverty Point was the ____
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2nd largest mound site
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When did the Woodland begin?
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1000 BC
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What were two early cultures that were mound builders during the Woodland?
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Adena and Hopewell
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Woodland Period is known for?
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-Pottery
-Horticulture -Seasonally settled camps and villages -Mound building -Long distant trade |
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When was Mississippian Society?
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1000 AD
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What are the 3 sisters? used by who?
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Bean, maize, and squash; agriculturalists who fished, hunted deer, and plants
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In Mississippian Society, everything was ____; they also had ____
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Big/large; Platform mounds
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What was used during the Mississippian to elevate public buildings and chief residences?
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Platform Mounds
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What was the Mississippian society like?
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Social ranking and chiefly political control; Production and trade in raw materials
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What was noticeable during the Mississippian?
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Difference in class
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What are the Two Basic Mound Types?
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Effigy and Burial
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Where was the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex found?
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Found in large Mississippian Centers
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How would you describe the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex?
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-Very fine, expensive, and elite artifacts
-Nice pottery and stone tools -finely made |
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What is an example of a Southeastern Ceremonial Complex? What is the date and what did it include?
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Moundville, Alabama; 1200-1500 AD, includes decorated pottery
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During the Protohistoric and Historic times, who was the contact group with Mississippian organization?
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Natchez
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What site is an example of the Natchez?
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Ground Village of the Natchez
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What was the ruler in Natchez villages called?
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Great Sun
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What were the 4 social classes in Natchez society?
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Sun, Noble, Honored, and Common
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Who met and destroyed the Natchez in 1682?
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French met; Destroyed by French, Spanish, and British colonialism
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British colonized what part of the Natchez?
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Atlantic Coast
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French controlled what part of the Natchez?
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Mississippi River
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Spanish controlled what part of the Natchez?
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Louisiana
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What were the 4 subareas of the Northeast?
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1. The Great Lakes
2. Ohio River Valley 3. Mid-Atlantic Coast 4. Maritimes |
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Describe the Appalachian Mountains?
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Run both southwest and northeast, provide a nice divider, and is heavily forested
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Where does the St Lawrence River flow?
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Flows east to Atlantic
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5 Great lakes?
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Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Erie
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Ohio River Valley flows ____ to join ______
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west; Mississippi
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What 3 things are important in the Ohio River valley?
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Three Sisters, Mounds, and Great Serpent Mound
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The Middle Atlantic is similar to the Ohio River Valley but ___
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Coastal
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Ohio River Valley is one of the more ____ regions
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Complex
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Where does the Middle Atlantic extend from?
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Coastal New England down through Virginia
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What are the Maritimes and what were they like?
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Cold, coastal Main and Newfoundland;
Subarctic, Dorset |
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Who was the first Archeological researcher in the Maritimes? What did he publish?
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Thomas Jefferson; notes on the State of Virginia
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What were the Three Sisters?
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Corns, Squash, and Beans
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What was the Late Archaic known for?
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Time of growing complexity in cultural traits along with a burst of technology & burials.
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What are the three cultural traditions?
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Lake Forest Archaic, Narrow Point Archaic and Maritime Archaic
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Lake Forest Archaic was in the ________ and _____ area?
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Great Lakes and Old Copper
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Copper was ____
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Cold hammered
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What was in the Great Lakes?
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Awls, beads, fishhook, and projectile points
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Narrow Point Archaic was in ____ and ______ area
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Ohio River and Mid Atlantic
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What became widespread during the Late Archaic?
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Red ochre burials
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When was Adena? During what period?
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1000BC-0 AD; Early, Middle Woodland
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When was Hopewell? during what period?
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0-500 AD; Late Woodland
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The woodland tradition emphasized on? Took place when?
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Farming, Pottery, and Burial Mounds; 1000BC - contact
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What was the Adena complex?
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Early Moundbuilders in Ohio River Valley
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What was Hopewell/
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Elaboration of Adena and The Moundbuilders
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The Late Woodland marks a transition that reflects in?
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Tribal confederacies, permanent villages, and more farming
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What time did Oneota take place?
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Late Woodland/Mississippian Combo before contact
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The various Iroquoian made their pottery _____ rather than _____
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molded;coiled
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Iroquoian villages made up several _____
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longhouses
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The Iroquoian came together before ____ and their culture was based on _____
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contact; three sisters culture
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What was formed before the Europeans came?
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Iroquois Confederacy aka Iroquois League
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What were the Five Nations in the Iroquois League?
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1. Mohawk
2. Oneido 3. Onondaga 4. Cayuga 5. Seneca |
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During the Contact Period, what settlement had little effect on Native Americans?
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Viking
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Who landed on Hispanoila in 1492? What did he bring that caused major depopulation?
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Colombus; Disease
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Who did the Pilgrims meet in 1620?
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Wamponoags
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In the Canary Effect, what were 5 aspects that cause Genocide?
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1. Killing members of the group
2. Causing bodily harm to members 3. Physical destruction of the group 4. Imposing measure to prevent birth 5. Forcibly transferring children from the group to another group |
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California installed a bounty on _____ until 1860s
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Hostile Indian
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Why were the conquistadors coming to the New World?
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Gold, Glory, and God
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What time period were the massacres centered around in the Canary Effect movie?
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1853-1890
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What does "Kill the Indian, Save the Man" mean?
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Children were placed into boarding schools and beaten if they spoke their native tongue. They were taught to forget their heritage. Half the Indian children were not coming out alive. US was attempting to eradicate all sense of their culture & attempting them to model themselves from what society wants to see. Also, was forced to convert to the religion of the church.
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Who was the first President to visit Indian Country? Where did he visit?
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President Clinton; Pine Ridge
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What became detrimental to Native Americans on Indian Country?
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Alcoholism
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Native youth suicide rates are _____ higher than national youth
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10 times
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Why are there so many suicides on Indian country?
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Lack of resources, anger, and distress from rigorous living conditions
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Who created an animation of a murder shootout then committed this exact same shootout months later?
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Jeff Weise
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In 1970, White House authorized ____ of American Indian Woman. Routine Involuntary Practice was ____
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Steralization; 43%
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During the US Government/Tribal relations, 1830's- 1890's was known for?
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Removal & Reservation
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During the US Government/Tribal relations, 1880's- 1930's was known for?
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Assimilation
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During the US Government/Tribal relations, 1930's-1950's was known for?
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Self Rule
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During the US Government/Tribal relations, 1950's-1960's was known for?
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Termination
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During the US Government/Tribal relations, 1970's- Today was known for?
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Self Determination/ Civil Rights
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In 1830, what was established that made all Indian Tribes move west of Mississippi?
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Indian Removal Act
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When did the Trail of Tears and Vanishing American happen?
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During the Indian Removal Act
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Alice Fletcher involuntarily contributed towards the _____________ in 1887
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Dawes Act
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Who helped contribute towards the Indian Reorganization Act?
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John Collier
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Indians get treated separately then other American citizens due to?
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Tribal Sovereignty
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What is the largest archeological site in the US?
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Cahokia
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When was Cahokia? and during what era/culture?
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800-1200 AD; Mississippian
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Cahokia is part of _______; which are?
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American Bottom; mound building tribes along rivers
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After the flood, Cahokia planted?
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Corn
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What is an example of a Platform Mound in Cahokia that is 100 ft tall?
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Monk's Mound
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Because Cahokia was a ______ city, what must have occurred from time to time?
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walled; warfare
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What type of society was Cahokia?
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Chiefdom or state level society, which had major class differences
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Cahokia also had _________
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Solstice markers
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in 1000 AD, Cahokia had established
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-Sun Symbolism
-insulated and tougher houses -storage vessels for corn -fantastic ceramics |
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In Cahokia, what was Mound 72?
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Chiefs burial ground that had a lot of sacrifices and treasures.
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What substance was used as mirrors when polished?
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Micah
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What effigy mound was found in Ohio that linked with Adena?
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Great Serpent Mound
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Which was a maize-based agricultural society lived in sedentary villages and built ceremonial platform mounds?
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Fort Ancient
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