N362 Health Assessment

Front 1

Epidermis

Back 1

The outer highly differentiated layer of skin. Avascular. It is Replaced every 4 wks and we shed ~1 lb/yr. It is stratified into two layers:

1. Stratum Germinativum (basal cell layer): forms new cells; major ingredient is keratin; melanocytes produce melanin

2. Stratum Corneum (horny cell layer) the surface layer; consists of dead keratinized cells

Ex: This is the layer of skin that we inject the PPD test and see the wheal.

Front 2

Skin Color

Back 2

3 sources:

1. Melanin = brown
2. Carotene = yellow-orange
3. Vascular bed- red-purple

Front 3

Dermis

Back 3

The second inner supportive layer. Connective tissues:
Collagen which resists tearing
Elastin that allows skin to stretch
Consists of:
Nerves, sensory receptors, bld vessels, and lymphatics

Front 4

SubQ Layer

Back 4

Adipose tissue
Stores fat for energy
Provides insulation - temp. control
Protection- soft cushion

Front 5

Vellus Hair

Back 5

fine hair covers most of body

Front 6

Terminal Hair

Back 6

Darker, thicker hair that grows on the scalp and eyebrows, and >puberty, axillae, pubic area, face and chest for males.

**Infants: if present at birth, on the scalp, tends to be soft and to suffer a patchy loss, espec. at the temples and occiput.

Front 7

Sebaceous Glands

Back 7

Produces sebum, protective lipid layer that makes skin waterproof and lubricates the skin and hair and prevents water loss

Front 8

Hair

Back 8

• Vesitigial for humans bc no longer needed for protection from cold or trauma
• Hair is threads of keratin
• Arrector pili is a muscle that contracts the hair and causes gooseflesh
• Two types of Hair-
i. Vellus hair = fine hair
ii. Terminal hair = darker, thicker hair that grows on scalp, pubic area, eyebrows

Front 9

Sweat Glands

Back 9

• Eccrine Glands – coiled tubules that open directly to the skin surface and produce dilute saline solution called sweat. Evaporation of sweat cools off body
• Apocrine glands – produces a thick milky secretion and open into hair follicles. Becomes active during puberty, and secretion occurs with emotional and sexual stimulation. Bacteria on the skin react with apocrine sweat and produce a musky body odor

Front 10

Nails

Back 10

• Hard plates of keratin on the dorsal edges of the fingers and toes
• Nail plate is clear with longitudinal ridges that become prominent in aging

Front 11

Function of the Skin

Back 11

1. Protection : barrier against MO and prevents loss of water and electrolytes from w/n the body

2. Prevents Penetration: vast sensory organ that’s sensitive to touch, pain, temperature, and pressure

3. Temperature regulation – allows heat dissipation thru sweat glands and heat storage in subq fat.

4. Identification

5. Communication – blushing or blanching are signals of emotional states

6. Wound repaircell replacement of surface wounds

7. Absorption and secretion

8. Production of Vitamin D – UV light convert cholesterol in Vit D

Front 12

Lanugo

Back 12

the fine downy hair of the newborn infant. In the first few months after birth it is replaced by vellus hair.

Front 13

Vernix Caseosa

Back 13

the thick, cheesy substance made up of sebum and shed epithelial cells

Front 14

Linea Nigra

Back 14

during pregnancy, a dark vertical line appears in the midline of the abdomen

Front 15

Chloasma/ Melasma

Back 15

the "Mask of Pregnancy", a patchy tan to dark brown discoloration of the face