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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
archaeology of Persian wars
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-Persian chariot wheels as votives in temple of Apollo & Artemis at Kalapodi
-Schliemann - burial mound of Plataeans at Marathon |
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relevance of myth & history
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-Iranians felt making of 300 was meant to go against them
-people are portrayed as different than they are/were (Reagan, Jews under Hitler) -belief that your own country is best |
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gods in the Iliad
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Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Artemis
Thetis, Scamander (river god) Hades (represented more as place than god), Hermes (almost invisible - Iris more important) Dionysus, Demeter (references in similes but not important) |
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tripartite division
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Zeus (land & heavens)
Poseidon (sea) Hades (underworld) |
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gods' interaction with mortals in Iliad
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-constantly told they don't interact anymore
-come down into battle to aid hero, act as charioteer, move missiles, push people -come down for beauty contests |
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judgment of Paris
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-pivotal excuse for war
-even if a hero is a champion, they'll only win if no gods are against them |
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Trojan supporters
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Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite
-Laomedon (Priam's father) had deal w/ Apollo & Poseidon that gods would build walls of Troy but Laomedon refused to give them reward -> not sure why Apollo supports Trojans -Aphrodite because Aeneas' mother & because Paris chose her -Ares - most hateful god, god of unjust war, loves killing & terror, in love w/ Aphrodite |
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Laomedon
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Priam's father
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Greek supporters
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Hera, Athena, Poseidon
-Hera & Athena not chosen by Paris -Poseidon angry at Laomedon |
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who's in charge of the gods?
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Zeus? Fates? Hera? Aphrodite?
-Aphrodite's magic underwear |
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Aphrodite's magical underwear
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kestos, "miracle bra"
magic sexual attraction, used by Hera to seduce Zeus |
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Fates
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Clotho - spinner of thread of life
Lachesis - determiner of length Atropos - cutter of thread |
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Sarpedon
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beloved son of Zeus, Zeus wants to save him, but Hera points out that he could but that every other god would do the same & chaos would ensue (risk in turning gods against him)
-> lets Sarpedon be killed, sheds blood tears, sends both death & sleep to take him away to Lycia |
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psychopompos
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accompanyer of souls (Hermes)
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Liminal
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space between earth & Hades
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elements of religious cult
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-sacrifice (priests)
-prophecy (prophets, but not always) -libations - pouring out of something (wine) -prayer |
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sacrifice
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-hekatomb=100 cattle - big sacrifice
-burnt thigh bones with fat (smoke rises towards gods on mountains) -slaughter of bulls & other animals |
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priests
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Chryses, Cassandra, Laocoon, Agamemnon (sacrificer-in-chief)
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Chryses
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abduction of daughter Chryseis by Agamemnon makes Apollo angry (insufficiently honored) -> plague
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Cassandra
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-no prophecy in Homer
-priestess of Apollo -lesser Ajax rapes her on altar of Athena, calls to Athena for revenge -taken as war booty back to Clytemnestra, who kills her -given gift of prophecy but no one will believe her because she refused to sleep w/ Apollo |
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Laocoon & Poseidon
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-not in Homer, but in Vergil
-priest of Poseidon -tries to warn Trojans that Greeks are in Trojan horse, 2 serpents come and eat him & sons -"I fear the Greeks even bearing gifts" |
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Agamemnon as sacrificer-in-chief
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-senior male, assures authority
-Iphianassa/Iphemede/Iphigeneia - daughter, sacrificed, not really in Iliad Iphi - Greek for "strength" |
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prophecy
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-trained prophets
-bird flight -entrails -interpretation of dreams & portents (some weird occurrence, e.g. something eaten by snake) -direct communication with gods (sometimes on deathbed) |
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prophets
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-get info from Apollo
-Calchas (Greek) -Helenos (Trojan) -Eurydamas & Merops - sons fighting for Trojans, foresaw sons' death by Diomedes -Patroclus & Hector - make predictions as they're dying |
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Calchas
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Iliad I-II
-cause of plague -snake & sparrows - predicted length of Trojan war (devoured 10 sparrows -> 10 years) -Poseidon disguised as Calchas in XIII -more prominent in cycle -explains why Apollo is angry at Agamemnon (Chryseis) |
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Helenus
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-Apollo, Athena, & duel between Hector & Ajax
-Cypria - warns Paris that if he brings back Helen, Troy will burn -Little Iliad - bow of Philoctetes is necessary to win (previously Hercules') -Helenus taken as spoils by Neoptolemus to Epirus, marries Andromache |
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Poulydamas
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-born same night as Hector
-good w/ words, not actions, opposite of Hector -tells Hector not to attack, spells destruction for him (bird omen), Hector ignores warning -if you don't listen to prophecy -> disaster; if you do, doesn't matter |
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libations
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-wine poured onto burnt offerings
-feast -prayer -happens at funerals (Achilles at Patroclus' funeral) -before perilous journeys - ask gods to allow safe return -duel oath - Agamemnon makes libation before duel saying if anyone breaks agreement, let brains flow like wine -Chthonic gods (gods of the earth) - wine sinks into earth -apotropeic - warding off evil/resentment |
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hero cults
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-Aipytos' ancient tomb
-Old King Ilos' barrow (pillar on man-made tomb) -Sarpedon (son of Zeus that Zeus wants to save) - mounded tomb & pillar -none in Iliad because heroes still alive |
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myth, archaeology, & religion
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-Homeric (from Iliad)
-Minoan -Mycenaean - adopted parts from Crete -Dark Age/Iron Age |
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bronze age started earlier east or west?
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east
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challenges to understanding Minoan religion
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-lack of documentary evidence (& can't understand language, only gives how to pronounce)
-overlap of religion, society, politics |
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cave of Eileithya
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-MM cult centers
-Baetyl -animal bones -animal figurines -bronze artifacts |
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Eileithya
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Greek goddess of childbirth
|
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baetyl
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Greek for meteorite
any stone that is worshipped |
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peak shrines
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-artifacts link MM protopalatial elites
-built at tops of mountains (closer to gods?) -Linear A (used only by palace scribes), Kamaras ware -worship continuity for hundreds of years at some -ash layer, no bones (too hard to bring animals up mountains) -many figurines - symbols of animal you would/do sacrifice if not on peak -pilgrimage? - seasonal activity, layers of ash from different times -as palaces got more important, shrines became less |
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horns of consecration
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-abstract symbols of bull horns, painted on sarcophogi, physical structures at shrines
-don't know ritual significance |
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tripartite shrine
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-1 central part w/ 2 wings
-maybe related to trinity |
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ritual equipment
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-rhyton (rhyta pl.)
-double axe - ceremonial, not for use -stone offering table |
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rhyton
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pouring vessel for serving wine, large vessel w/ hole, conical or shaped like bull's head, involved in ritual
|
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domestic shrines
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-depicted in frescoes
-town, palace, house |
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lustral basin
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throne room, Knossos
lustral = "purification" no way to drain, so maybe not for ritual/purification |
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throne room, Knossos
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lustral basin, griffons, throne, benches around sides (sign of religious space?)
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griffons in Knossos throne room
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also on seal rings in cult significance
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throne in Knossos throne room
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contour built for woman?
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snake goddess or priestess?
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most generally believed to be fake (made later)
ivory representations fake, signet rings authentic |
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goddess of the mountain/beasts
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standing on top of mountain, holding scepter, man also present, depicted on signet rings, w/ griffons
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goddesses?
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horns & animals (birds on crown), hands raised
|
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Minoan pantheon
-example on ppt |
-female figures depicted as bigger than males (but man up higher in some cases)
-3 big women, 2 small women, 1 small man -1 big woman sitting, the rest standing -double-double axe |
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male consort
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smaller than females
consort to queen/princess/goddess |
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male divinity?
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-male figures rarer
-usually smaller in stature -lesser male divinity? -rural matriarchy? - power of creation -urban patriarchy? |
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Ayia Triadha sarcophagus
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LMIIIA (14th century)
-painted plaster over stone -carrying offerings - animal figurines, boat model -one pouring liquid into vessel that drips on ground (offering) -one person w/o feet (Chthonic god rising from earth?) |
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celestial vs chthonic gods
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chthon = earth
-older earth gods often female -newer sky gods often male |
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sacrifice fresco on sarcophagus
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-bull tied to altar - animal sacrifice, followed by feast
-music being played |
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human sacrifice
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-act interrupted by earthquake in Anemosphila
-bound(?) male on alter, cut open (maybe injured & being operated on, probably sacrifice) -2 others killed in room by earthquake -1 killed in anteroom w/ krater (of blood?) |
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child sacrifice & cannibalism
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-children's bones w/ butchering marks in North House, Knossos
-bones w/ cut marks (removing flesh) -same bones as you find after butchering animals |
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Theseus & minotaur
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-Minoan palace + human sacrifice + worship of bulls?
-Athenians send human tribute to bull-crazy Minoans -palace at Knossos like Labyrinth to simpler Mycenaean Greeks? -father left tokens under huge rock that Theseus had to lift -> ready for quest -heroic journey |
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Labyrinthine Palace
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-complex corridors in palace at Knossos
-dismembered bodies |
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hero story elements
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-miraculous conception/birth
-hiding of/threat to child -society's desire for change -withdrawal & initiation -resistance of hero role -search for lost father -quest -magical tools/weapons -impossible adversaries -journey to underworld -return (in disguise) to rescue beloved |
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Theseus miraculous conception/birth
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Aegeus (mortal)/Poseidon father
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Theseus hiding of/threat to child
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Troezen, with Aethra, Medea
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Theseus society's desire for change
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no more sacrifice!
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Theseus search for lost father
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trip to Athens
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Theseus quest
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killing minotaur
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Theseus magical tools/weapons
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club, thread, sword
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Theseus impossible adversaries
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numerous
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Theseus journey to underworld
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rape of Persephone
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Aegeus, Medea, & Theseus
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-Medea the Colchian witch
-murderer of brother & children by Jason -sends Theseus to kill Cretan bull, tries to poison him |
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Marathonian/Cretan bull
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-brought to Greece by Herakles (12 labors)
-bull of Poseidon -Pasiphae & bull -minotaur's father -killed by Theseus |
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revenge of Minos
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-Androgeos at Panathenaic games
-victorious Cretan murdered by envious Athenian athletes or by Aegeus -Athenian compensation: 7 boys & 7 girls sacrificed every 7/9 years |
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Cretan "games"
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-bull-leaping
-use horns to jump over bull (force of charge flips you) |
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Theseus' trip to Crete
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-1 of 7 boys
-white sails indicate success, black/red sails indicate failure (death of Theseus) |
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Theseus' edge in quest
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inside woman - Ariadne, daughter of Minos
-gives him magical thread to escape |
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Theseus' victory
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-slays minotaur
-sails off into sunset w/Ariadne |
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Theseus' honeymoon
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-Naxos
-abandons Ariadne -Dionysus finds her, they drink happily ever after |
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Theseus sails home to celebrate victory
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-Aegeus watching for son
-wrong color sails -Aegeus leaps to death -Theseus becomes king of Athens |
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Hippolyte
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-Theseus & Pirithous quest to get girdle - carry off Antiope/Hippolyte (Amazon)
-Theseus gets Hippolyte |
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Amazon invasion of Attica
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-punish/rescue Hippolyte
-Amazons defeated -Hippolyte dies fighting beside Theseus, already had son |
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more of Theseus' bad behaviour
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-abducts Helen when she's 12 - rescued by brothers
-Theseus & Pirithous go to underworld to abduct Persephone -tricked into sitting in chair of oblivion -rescued by Herakles (Pirithous must remain) |
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Theseus, Phaedra, Hippolytus
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-stepmother Phaedra tries to seduce Hippolytus (son of Theseus, not interested)
-accuses him of rape -Phaedra commits suicide -Theseus curses Hippolytus - calls on father to send up another bull, Hippolytus' horses panic, Hippolytus gets dragged along rocks/sand on beach & dies, Theseus later discovers innocence |
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death of Theseus
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-Helen rescued by brothers (Dioscuri - Castor & Polydeuces)
-Theseus sent to exile -murdered/fell off a cliff |
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Tree(-tugging) cult
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-both men & women pulling trees down
-people hugging stones |
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accessing prehistoric religions
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who can help?
what evidence is there? what are the obstacles? |
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who can help in accessing prehistoric religions?
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-archaeologists (excavations)
-philologists (Linear B scholars) -anthropologists (compare to modern cultures - very unreliable) -Homer scholars |
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conflicting/confusing evidence for prehistoric religions
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-Linear B
-iconography |
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Linear B as evidence for prehistoric religions
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names, offerings (know existence of shrines, not practices or what they looked like), no myths/religious texts
|
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iconography as evidence for prehistoric religions
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-doesn't match Linear B evidence
-Linear B - male gods very important -frescoes/iconography - powerful women, few men |
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no evidence for middle Helladic religion
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-no texts of any kind
-no figurines -no iconography -no shrines |
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roots of Mycenaean religion?
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-Indo-European?
-near Eastern? -Cycladic? -Minoan? -via elite contacts (top of palatial structure)? -found in association w/ elite -power of religion associated w/ power at top -> elite construct? |
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peak sanctuaries in Mycenaean religion?
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no
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Mycenaean borrowings
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-Minoan iconography & cult implements (rhyta)
-horns of consecration, tripartite shrine w/ birds |
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god names we recognize in Linear B
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Zeus, Poseidon (palace of Pylos seemed to consider him special), Ares, Apollo? (Paiawon - later cult epithet)
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possibly recognizable Linear B epithets
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-Enyalios ("warlike"/"battle" - later epithet for Ares, but maybe 2 war gods?)
-Paiawon ("Paian" - epithet for Apollo) -Enosidas ("Earthshaker" - Poseidon) |
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unknown deities in Linear B
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-Potnia ("mistress" - supreme deity? title of respect?)
-Potnia from Atana (Athena?) -Diwia (female counterpart of Zeus) -Posidaieia (female counterpart of Poseidon) |
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Mycenaean figurines
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-Psi, Phi, Tau
-associated w/ religion but found in strange contexts -all female -sometimes near shrine, sometimes broken up to strengthen bricks |
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zoomorphic figurines
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bovid - cows/bulls
-abstract -earlier ones look more realistic |
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Mycenaean cult center
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inside city walls
"house of idols" "room with the fresco" |
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house of idols
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-LHIIIB architecture
-"temple" -storeroom upstairs -triangular alcove -entrance through anteroom -"living rock" - exposed, runs through corner naturally (religious significance?) -small room -central hearth -steps to storeroom -central platform -benches - for offerings? platforms for cult statues? |
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end of days in house of idols
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-storerooms sealed after quake
-broken figures kept -only 1 idol in use at time of final destruction of cult center (LHIIIB2) -cult center not reused after quake |
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room with the fresco
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-LHIIIB1 construction date
-fresco on east wall -altar/platform in front of fresco -central hearth -low bench on south wall - cult activity? -"shrine" added on west side - "room with the ivories" - precious items -rich finds of clay, ivory, lead, stone, faience |
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ivory finds in room with the ivories
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-ivory lion for ornate chair arm?
-ivory head to fit on wooden body/frame? -scarab of Queen Tiye, wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (100 yrs older than shrine) -only elite have access to ivory, scarabs from Egypt |
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woman on lower register of fresco w/ ears of grain
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-probably accompanied by griffon
-Demeter? -horns of consecration, tiny male figures |
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women on upper register of fresco w/ sword & staff
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-only see feet, legs, sword, staff/spear
-Athena & Hera? |
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hierarchy of position in fresco?
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upper women more powerful than lower? or celestial vs chthonic
|
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wheat woman - goddess/priestess?
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-Linear B evidence
-Potnia -i-je re-ja - priestess -wheat lady - Demeter |
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woman w/ boar's tusk helmet & griffon fresco - who is it?
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Athena?
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what/who do "idols" represent?
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-snakes in Minoan religion but not coiled clay ones as in Mycenaean
-smaller, decorated figures as deities? - prettier than bigger ones |
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matriarchal or patriarchal Mycenaean religion
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-anthropomorphic (gunaikamorphic - woman) piriform jar
-alcove in house of idols -iconography vs. Linear B evidence |
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goddess of room of ivories?
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Psi figurine shape, elaborate, jewelry
|
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goddess of room with idols?
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holding breasts, tau figurine
|
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Kourotrophos
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woman figurines with baby(-ies) in arms
sometimes 2 women w/ baby |
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gods & worshippers?
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-hands positioned to hold something - what?
-Labrys (double-headed axe)? - priest? |
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evidence of Mycenaean worship only in
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settlements
|
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Tiryns shrine
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-built against inside of fortification wall of lower citadel
-megaron plan -central hearth, vestibule, & main room -tiny but packed w/ figurines -bench against fortification wall in main room -several LHIIIC phases |
|
shrine sites?
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Mycenae, Tiryns, Tsoungiza, Midea, Methana, Ayia Irini, Phylakopi
|
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Methana shrine
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lots of chariot figurines, men in helmets riding horses
-special god associated w/ horses? |
|
shrines at Midea & Tsoungiza?
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woman figurine/vase (open top)?
|
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the islands
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-Phylakopi on Melos - rich in minerals, place of worship for a long time, rich finds (why didn't people retrieve valuables?)
-Ayia Irini on Kea -very different from other sites |
|
lady of Phylakopi
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-Phylakopi shrines from LHIIIA-C
-found w/ lots of offerings -NW altar of west shrine - male figures -large bull figures -LHIIIA2-LHIIIC |
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Phylakopi bull figures
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Cp. Dimini (N. Greece) & Mitrou (C. Greece)
|
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Ayia Irini
|
-initially Minoan, then Mycenaean
-cult center from MC (18th century) to Hellenistic period (3rd c.) - 1500 yrs! -50 female statues (chest height), LHIIIA-B, terra-cotta |
|
dark age chronology
|
1100-700 BCE
aka early iron age -protogeometric (1100-900 BCE), starting to use geometric shapes on pottery -geometric (900-700), complex geometric shapes |
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protogeometric vases
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often found in tombs (most intact), no pictures of people
|
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geometric vases
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-whole pot covered in designs, some topped w/ sculptures
-sometimes put bones of sacrificed animals in vases that mark graves |
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burial location
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originally in floors and walls, then moved to outside city
|
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collapse of Mycenaean civilization
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-no more palaces (many burned)
-no more wanax (supreme lord) -no more writing -depopulation (some refugee sites) -true dark age |
|
dark age religion
|
-ta legomena kai dromena
-legomena - the things said (Homer, Linear B) -dromena - things done (burial, sacrifice, deposition/votive behavior, formalized feasting) |
|
11th-9th centuries
|
-sanctuaries, not inside buildings but in open spaces
-no temples |
|
some important sanctuaries
|
identified by evidence of offerings, later sites of temples
mainland: -Asine (unclear) -Amyklai (Apollo) -Isthmia (Poseidon) -Kalapodi (Apollo, & Artemis?) -Olympia (Zeus) islands: -Dreros, Crete -Heraion, Samos (near Turkey) |
|
how do we know who the sanctuaries were dedicated to?
|
continuity (temples built later, then statues, then offering w/ name of god)
|
|
dark age sanctuary locations
|
-center of settlements
-edge of settlements -isolated -peaks (keep shrines safe, people living higher up, farther from sea - piracy is dangerous) |
|
8th century temples
|
-first temples in dark ages
-Dreros, Crete (Apollo) -Heraion, Samos (Hera) -Kalapodi, central Greece -clay miniatures of temple dedicated to Hera at one temple -peaked roof, porch on front, sometimes rounded back |
|
Dreros, Crete
|
~750 BCE
-eastern Crete -ridge between 2 hills -hearth temple (hearth as central feature) - sacrifices sometimes occurred inside temple -bigger than older temples -altar at back -Apollo, Leto, & Artemis |
|
Apollo, Leto, & Artemis
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-Apollo bigger male figure
-statues from later than temple (650-640 BCE) -bronze plate hammered onto wooden core |
|
marble statues
|
lots burned to make lime for fields (not valued as art)
|
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Samos (Heraion)
|
-Heraion hekatompedon ("hundred footer")
-open area w/ altar from before temple -long & narrow w/ central pillars -porch added later & extended roof to make portico on each side -Lygos tree (Hera born under Lygos tree) -cult statue (we have base) - about 2/3 life size -dedications - number greatly increased (15-20x) after temple is built |
|
Hector, Hecuba, & cult practice
|
-Helenus (Hector's brother) tells Hecuba to go to temple to make offering w/ older women, take large, lovely robe to spread on Hera's knees, promise to sacrifice heifers
-meant to stop Diomedes' attack (equal trade) -poet of Iliad knew of cult statues |
|
Cassandra & cult statue of Athena
|
-goes to temple for protection, clings to statue's knees
-dragged away & raped by lesser Ajax |
|
Kalapodi
|
-can't get to most of temple
-continuity of cult of Apollo (& Artemis?) -Germans uncover new temple almost every year -geometric temple under many other layers -fresco from geometric temple showing phalanx |
|
control of religion?
|
-legomena - Linear B
-thrice hero -basileus -ancestor cult -hero cults |
|
thrice hero
|
-ancestor of wanax? (palace connection Pylos tablets)
-tritopatores/tritopatreis=triple father -3 generations? - could remember 3 generations back -dead as collective entity, collective ancestry |
|
basileus
|
-qa-si-re-we
-ascribed status - inherent in identity -achieved status by doing good things -no more wanax -lower level than wanax (most Greek heroes) |
|
ancestor cult
|
ritual practice at family graves or BA graves
-establish (pretend) relationship w/ greater past |
|
hero cults
|
-epic
-local -anonymous (embodiment of heroism) -grave/human remains? (random place) |
|
hero cult in Homer
|
-hero=basileus?
-"Homer" aware of hero cult? -Homer as originator of cult -writes about cults, then people base hero cults on Homer |
|
basileus as big man
|
-reciprocity
-built network of power by giving gifts to people to put them in your debt -Agamemnon gives gifts like this |
|
Lefkandi, Euboea
|
Toumba, Lefkandi (grave mound/barrow)
-length of Olympic pool -curved end, long straight walls, central pillars -parts destroyed by bulldozer of angry farmer -turned into a mound before construction had been finished -hero burial & horse burial in center, from right after turned into mound |
|
Lefkandi hero burial
|
cremated burial (bones wrapped in cloth) in bronze bowl, next to female inhumation, wearing gold bra, necklace, knife next to shoulder
|
|
Lefkandi horse burial
|
4 horses, 2 w/ bits in mouths, throats cut
|
|
Lefkandi burials parallels
|
burials of Patroclus & Hector
|
|
burial of Patroclus
|
-4 stallions, 2 dogs, droves of sheep w/ fat cut out, 12 Trojan prisoners sacrificed
-David painting: 2-handled jars of oil & honey, bones in gold urn after burning of pyre, small temporary barrow (Achilles wanted to be buried w/ Patroclus in bigger barrow) |
|
funeral of Hector
|
-bones wrapped in purple cloth, then put in gold chest from Cyprus (much older)
-stones on top |
|
alternative Minoan chronology
|
palaces of Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, & Zakro
|
|
pre-palatial
|
3100/3000-1925/1900 BCE
EMI-MMIA |
|
protopalatial
|
(old palace)
1925/1900-1750/1720 BCE MMIB-MMIIB |
|
neopalatial
|
(new palace)
1750/1720-1490/1470 BCE MMIIIA-LMIB |
|
post-palatial
|
1490/1470-1075/1050 BCE
LMIIIA-C |
|
lady of Lefkandi
|
-1000 year old Babylonian necklace
-gold bra -wife-princess? -no cut marks on vertebrae -just a grave good? -sacrificed? (like people at Patroclus' funeral) |
|
Lefkandi big man to hero?
|
-imitating things described in epics
-archegetes=leader |
|
wine-dark sea
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-easiest to get around by boat (less chance of ambush)
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ships in Greek myth
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-Danaos' ship
-Argo -Helen -catalog of ships in Iliad -Ajax defending Greek ships w/ huge pike -Odysseus' ship(s) |
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first ship
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took Danaos & daughters to Argos, trying to escape Aegyptus & 50 sons
-daughters kill husbands, punished by filling cauldron w/ hole in underworld |
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Argo
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-built by Argus
-Jason & Argonauts - quest for golden fleece |
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Helen
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face that launched a thousand ships
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Iliad catalog of ships
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-28 contingents
-1186 ships -100000-140000 men |
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Odysseus the ship builder
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-Calypso, Odyssey V
-decides to go home, Calypso ordered to help him build ship |
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tools & materials for building Homeric ships
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-20 trees
-bronze axe -augers -trenails (wood swells & joints get better over time) -dowels -cloth to make sails -halyards -sheets |
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Odysseus' craft
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-decking - close-set uprights, long gunwales
-mast, yard-arm, rudder -black (pitch) -wattled osier withies (basket-like structure, help against waves) from stem to stern |
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what evidence for pre-historical shipping?
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-physical remains of boats
-artifacts that don't belong -depictions |
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Franchthi cave obsidian
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-volcanic glass, can make sharper than steel
-c. 10900 BCE -upper palaeolithic - first found -more found in mesolithic -comes from Melos (brought by boat) -sea level has risen over time (some islands were connected, but not Melos) |
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upper palaeolithic
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20000-8300 BCE
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mesolithic
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8300-6000 BCE
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neolithic
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6000-3000 BCE
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early boats
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-papyrela (papyrus)
-dugout canoes (found in Italy in Greek settlements) |
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Melian obsidian on Crete & Cyprus
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-Neolithic
-shipping ability expanding |
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Kefalonia
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island, people had to arrive w/ boats around 38000 BCE
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people on Crete
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-130000-700000 years old
-hand axes & stone tools (acheulean, could give evidence for time & origin) -came from south? (Danaos) |
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earliest boat depiction
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Neolithic Strophilas, Andros
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EBA boat models
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Palaiokastro, Crete
Mochlos, Crete - horns of consecration? |
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Cycladic boats
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-are there 1000 year old archaisms in Thera cult scene?
-"frying pans" -sort of have legs -ritual significance? -fish symbol -> weathervane? |
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preservation of Thera & Theran frescoes in volcanic eruption
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~1550 BCE
-buried Akrotiri (Minoan first, then some Mycenaeans) up to 2 stories -tsunami wiped out Minoan civilization -well-built walls -1620/1520 frieze |
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1620/1520 frieze on Thera
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-large variety of boat types
-some only rowing, w/ sunshade -some w/ important guy at front & sail -party boat? -boats for all occasions -> armada? -first sea battle? -> people w/ horses & spears, but what about party boats? -could be some of each (marine themed room) |
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Minoan ship?
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-1 sail
-attachments on one end -box at other |
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Mycenaean shipping
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-Enkomi, Cyprus - LHIIIB
-big people w/ helmets & long tool (sword?) -> marine force -smaller guys - crew |
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Mycenaean trade routes
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-complicated
-go between islands -to Italy -west out of Mediterranean -to black sea -to Egypt |
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Trojan war as trade dispute?
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-Troy trying to control access to black sea?
-more probable than fighting over someone's wife |
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trajectory of Uluburun shipwreck
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~1300 BCE
-some wood survived -354 copper ingots -tin ingots -blue glass ingots -Cypriot pithoi (jars for burying people) -Canaanite Amphorae -balanced to prevent sinking |
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cape Gelidonya shipwreck
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~1200 BCE
-only have layout of cargo, very little wood |
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Amarna letters
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"I herewith send you 500 talents of copper"
-copper oxhide ingot recovered from Uluburun shipwreck -roughly 325 talents of copper recovered, likely part of directional cargo -10 tons copper & 1 ton tin recovered from shipwreck (10:1 copper:tin ratio was norm for bronze in bronze age) |
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evidence from mainland
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-Kynos naval warfare
-12th c. ship |
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Kynos naval warfare
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-LHIIIC
-Ajax the Lesser's home? -pictorial pottery of shipping -pictures showing naval battles -also lots of agricultural scenes -helmsman & warrior -helmsman less important but controlled boat, knew how to navigate |
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12th c. ship
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-Pyxis (little box) in tomb near Pylos
-warship? -piracy? -sail -ram on front? (or maybe latrine) -more long than wide, built for speed -similar to boats in Iliad? |
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dipylon cemetery vase (shipping)
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-dark age shipping
-funeral marker -boat & soldiers on each side of pot -fight happening on boat -beached boats? -bird on one end -small sail (no space on pot?) -basket sides -no oars -Greeks & Trojans fighting on ships? or at least similar -8th c. - Homer - dark age ships but part of tradition |