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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consciousness
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our awareness ofourselves and our environment.
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cognitive neuroscience
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the interdisciplinarystudy of the brain activity linkedwith cognition (including perception,thinking, memory, and language).
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dual processing
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the principle thatinformation is often simultaneouslyprocessed on separate conscious andunconscious tracks.
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blindsight
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A condition in which aperson can respond to a visual stimuluswithout consciously experiencing it.
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parallel processing
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the processingof many aspects of a problem simultaneously;the brain’s natural modeof information processing for manyfunctions.
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selective attention
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the focusing ofconscious awareness on a particularstimulus.
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inattentional blindness
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failing tosee visible objects when our attention isdirected elsewhere.
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sleep
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periodic, natural loss ofconsciousness—as distinct from unconsciousnessresulting from a coma,general anesthesia, or hibernation.(Adapted from Dement, 1999.)
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circadian rhythm
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the biological clock; regularbodily rhythms (for example, of temperatureand wakefulness) that occur on a24-hour cycle.
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REM sleep
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rapid eye movement sleep; arecurring sleep stage during which vividdreams commonly occur. Also known asparadoxical sleep, because the musclesare relaxed (except for minor twitches)but other body systems are active.
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alpha waves
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the relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed, awake state.
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hallucinations |
false sensory experiences,such as seeing something in theabsence of an external visual stimulus.
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delta waves |
the large, slow brainwaves associated with deep sleep.
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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apair of cell clusters in the hypothalamusthat controls circadian rhythm. In responseto light, the SCN causes the pinealgland to adjust melatonin production, thusmodifying our feelings of sleepiness.
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insomnia
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recurring problems in fallingor staying asleep.
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narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder characterizedby uncontrollable sleep attacks. Thesufferer may lapse directly into REMsleep, often at inopportune times.
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sleep apnea
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a sleep disorder characterizedby temporary cessations ofbreathing during sleep and repeatedmomentary awakenings.
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night terrors |
a sleep disorder characterizedby high arousal and an appearanceof being terrified; unlike nightmares, nightterrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, withintwo or three hours of falling asleep, andare seldom remembered.
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dream |
a sequence of images, emotions,and thoughts passing through a sleepingperson’s mind. Dreams are notablefor their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuitiesand incongruities, and for thedreamer’s delusional acceptance ofthe content and later difficulties rememberingit.
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manifest content |
according to Freud,the remembered story line of a dream(as distinct from its latent, or hidden,content).
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latent content |
according to Freud,the underlying meaning of a dream (asdistinct from its manifest content).
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REM rebound
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the tendency for REMsleep to increase following REM sleepdeprivation (created by repeated awakeningsduring REM sleep).
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substance use disorder
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continuedsubstance craving and use despitesignificant life disruption and/or physicalrisk.
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psychoactive drug
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a chemical substancethat alters perceptions and moods.
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tolerance
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the diminishing effect withregular use of the same dose of a drug,requiring the user to take larger andlarger doses before experiencing thedrug’s effect.
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addiction |
compulsive craving of drugsor certain behaviors (such as gambling)despite known adverse consequences.
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withdrawal
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the discomfort and distressthat follow discontinuing an addictivedrug or behavior.
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depressants
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drugs (such as alcohol,barbiturates, and opiates) that reduceneural activity and slow body functions.
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alcohol use disorder
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(popularlyknown as alcoholism) alcohol use markedby tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive tocontinue problematic use.
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barbiturates
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drugs that depress centralnervous system activity, reducing anxietybut impairing memory and judgment.
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opiates
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opium and its derivatives, suchas morphine and heroin; depress neuralactivity, temporarily lessening pain andanxiety.
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stimulants
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drugs (such as caffeine,nicotine, and the more powerfulamphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, andmethamphetamine) that excite neuralactivity and speed up body functions.
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amphetamines
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drugs that stimulateneural activity, causing speeded-upbodyfunctions and associated energy andmood changes.
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nicotine
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a stimulating and highly addictivepsychoactive drug in tobacco.
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cocaine |
a powerful and addictivestimulant derived from the coca plant;produces temporarily increased alertnessand euphoria.
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methamphetamine
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a powerfullyaddictive drug that stimulates the centralnervous system, with speeded-up bodyfunctions and associated energy andmood changes; over time, appears toreduce baseline dopamine levels.
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
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a synthetic stimulantand mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoriaand social intimacy, but with short-termhealth risks and longer-termharm toserotonin-producingneurons and tomood and cognition.
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hallucinogens
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psychedelic (“mindmanifesting”)drugs, such as LSD, thatdistort perceptions and evoke sensoryimages in the absence of sensory input.
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near-death experience
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an alteredstate of consciousness reported after aclose brush with death (such as throughcardiac arrest); often similar to drug inducedhallucinations.
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LSD
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a powerful hallucinogenic drug;also known as acid (lysergic aciddiethylamide).
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THC
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the major active ingredient inmarijuana; triggers a variety of effects,including mild hallucinations.
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