Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
types of asexual spores
|
arthrospores, chlamydospores, Conidiospores, sporangia
|
|
|
4 phyla of medically-relevant fungi
|
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Deuteromycota
|
|
|
Flucytosine
|
inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis by interfering with pyrimidine metabolism
|
|
|
Griseofulvin
|
inhibits mitosis at metaphase, disrupting mitotic spindles
|
|
|
Pentamidine isethionate
|
inhibits synthesis of DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and proteins by interfereing with nuclear metabolism
|
|
|
Amphotericin B and nystatin
|
increases membrane permeability by binding ergosterol
|
|
|
Fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconzaole, miconazole, thiabendazole
|
inhibit ergosterol synthesis, resulting in loss of membrane integrity
|
|
|
Terbinafines
|
cause toxic accumulation of squalene, which depletes ergosterol
|
|
|
mycotoxicoses
|
aflatoxicosis, erythematous skin, ergotism (gangrenous and convulsive), Alimentary toxic aleukia, Red mold/black spot disease, and Cardiac beriberi
|
|
|
Cause of aflatoxicosis
|
aflatoxin B produced by Aspergillus flavus
|
|
|
Cause of Erythematous skin
|
toxin produced by Cladosporium cladosporoides
|
|
|
Cause of Ergotism
|
ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea
|
|
|
Cause of alimentary toxic aleukia
|
fumonisin produced by Fusarium nygamai
|
|
|
Cause of Red mold/black spot disease
|
Fusarium chlamydosporum
|
|
|
Cause of cardiac beriberi
|
citrinin produced by Penicillium citreoviridaeis
|
|
|
Where is Aspergillus flavus found?
|
peanuts, maize, wheat
|
|
|
Where is Cladosporium cladosporoides found?
|
fescue grass
|
|
|
Where is Claviceps purpurea found?
|
rye
|
|
|
Where is Fusarium nygamai found?
|
prosomillet and wheat
|
|
|
Where is Fusarium chlamydosporum found?
|
wheat, barley
|
|
|
Where is Penicillium citreoviridaeis found?
|
rice
|
|
|
symptoms of aflatoxicosis
|
pulmonary edema, fatty infiltration and necrosis of liver
|
|
|
symptoms of erythematous skin
|
erythema of the skin
|
|
|
symptoms of gangrenous ergotism
|
swollen, inflamed muscles; pain and prickling sensation in limbs
|
|
|
symptoms of convulsive ergotism
|
itching, numbness, abdominal pain, convulsions
|
|
|
symptoms of alimentary toxic aleukia
|
atrophy of bone marrow, sepsis, inflammation of mouth and throat, leukopenia, pneumonia with abscesses in lungs
|
|
|
symptoms of red mold/black spot disease
|
headache, anorexia
|
|
|
symptoms of cardiac beriberi
|
ascending paralysis, respiratory arrest, convuslsions
|
|
|
cause of Mycetismus cerebralis
|
Paneolus, Psilocybe, Stropharia
|
|
|
cause of Mycetismus choleriformis
|
Amanita and Galerina
|
|
|
cause of Mycetismus gastrointestinalis
|
Boletus, Entoloma, Lactarius, Lepiota, Russula
|
|
|
cause of Mycetismus nervosa
|
Amanita, Inocybe
|
|
|
cause of Mycetismus sanguinarius
|
Helvella
|
|
|
symptoms of Mycetismus cerebralis
|
begin 30-60 mins after ingestion: changes in sensory perception, visual acuity; depression, kaleidoscopic changes, hallucination
|
|
|
symptoms of Mycetismus choleriformis
|
begin 6-24 hrs after ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, dehydration, coma, death
|
|
|
symptoms of Mycetismus gastrointestinalis
|
begin 1-6 hrs after ingestion: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lasts up to 72 hrs, can result in death
|
|
|
symptoms of Mycetismus nervosa
|
begin 1-2 hrs after ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, convulsions, delirium, hallucination, cardiac and respiratory failure, death
|
|
|
symptoms of Mycetismus sanguinarius
|
begin 6-8 hrs after ingestion: hemoglobinuria, hemolysis, jaundice, can result in death
|
|
|
cause of air-conditioning lung
|
aerosols from A/C containing Aspergillus clavatus
|
|
|
cause of asthma
|
IgE produced in reaction to spores of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Penicillium
|
|
|
cause of Basidiomycosis
|
spores of the mushrooms Coprinus and Schizophyllum are inhaled
|
|
|
cause of Cheese-washer's disease
|
cheese casings containing Penicillium casei cause allergic rxn
|
|
|
causes of Farmers lung
|
inhalation of hay containing spores of Aspergillus and Penicillium
|
|
|
cause of Lycoperdonosis
|
inhalation of spores from Lycoperdon or Calvatia
|
|
|
cause of Malt-workers disease
|
rxn to moldy barley containing Aspergillus
|
|
|
cause of Maple bark stripper's disease
|
Cyrptostroma corticale on bark of maple trees
|
|
|
cause of Mushroom-grower's lung
|
spores of Pleurotus ostreatus
|
|
|
cause of Stachybotryotoxicosis
|
inhalation of hay containing Stachybotrys atra which produces trichothecene
|
|
|
sx of air-conditioning lung
|
chronic cough, pneumonia
|
|
|
sx of asthma
|
activation of mast cells, bronchospasm, mucous plugs, cough, chest pain
|
|
|
sx of basidiomycosis
|
chronic lung lesions, meningitis, endocarditis
|
|
|
sx of cheese-washer's disease
|
skin rashes, respiratory problems
|
|
|
sx of farmer's lung
|
airway obstruction, shallow breathing, cough, fibrotic deposits, infiltrates and granulomas in lungs
|
|
|
sx of lycoperdonosis
|
cough, pneumonia; Lycoperdon and Calvatia are puffball molds
|
|
|
sx of malt-workers disease
|
cough, pneumonia
|
|
|
sx of maple bark stripper's disease
|
chronic cough, congestion
|
|
|
sx of mushroom-grower's lung
|
chronic cough, labored breathing
|
|
|
sx of stachybotryotoxicosis
|
necrotic ulceration of mucosa leading to conjunctivitis, rhinitis, fever, chest pain, leukopenia
|
|
|
Classification and cause of Black piedra
|
Ascomycota; Superficial mycosis caused by Piedra hortae
|
|
|
Piedra hortae epidemiology
|
South America; normal human flora, soil, non-human mammals
|
|
|
Piedra hortae - pathogenesis and sx
|
causes infection of hair of scalp; keratinolytic activity causes shafts to weaken and break; leaves hard black encrustations on head (black dandruff)
|
|
|
Piedra hortae - dx and treatment
|
black, hard, gritty nodules containing asci with ascospores;
treated with Selenium sulfide |
|
|
Classification and cause of Pityriasis versicolor
|
superficial mycosis caused by Malassezia furfur
|
|
|
Malassezia furfur epidemiology
|
lipophilic, dimorphic fungus; normal flora of humans and non-human mammals; predisposing factors for infection are illness, malnutrition, high cortisol levels, humidity and use of lipid emulsions
|
|
|
Malassezia furfur - pathogenesis and sx
|
the fungus feeds on skin, removing stratum corneum and causing squamous cell turnover; in non-tanned individulas, lesions are red-brownish, blotch, scaly patches that are painless and can be hypo or hyperpigmented; in tanned and dark individuals, patches are pinkish-white; patches on UPPER BODY; may become itchy papules or pustules; may beocme atopic dermatitis
|
|
|
Malassezia furfur - dx and trt
|
dx: short, stubby hyphae, globose budding yeast cells; spaghetti and meatballs
tx: Ketoconazole; relapse can occur |
|
|
classification and cause of Tinea nigra
|
Hortae werneckii; superficial mycosis
|
|
|
Hortae werneckii - epidemiology
|
normal flora of humans and non-human mammals; black fungus
|
|
|
Hortae werneckii - pathogenesis and sx
|
feeds on stratum corneum of HANDS AND FEET; causes epithelial turnover; lesions are solitary black-brown non-scaly macules with deeper pigmentation at the edges
|
|
|
Hortae werneckii - dx and trt
|
Dx: skin scraping shows multiple branched septate hyphae with dark pigment; budding cells; must differentiate from malignant melanoma and contact dermatitis;
trt: miconazole |
|
|
Cause of white piedra
|
superficial mycosis caused by Trichosporon ovoides
|
|
|
Trichosporon ovoides - epidemiology
|
normal flora; found in stagnant water and soil
|
|
|
Trichosporon ovoides - pathogenesis and sx
|
like black piedra, infects hair shafts, weakening and breaking them; forms soft, white, painless nodules on scalp or genitals
|
|
|
Trichosporon ovoides - dx and trt
|
Dx: conidia with white nodules; hyaline, septate hyphae broken up into arthrospores
Trt: selenium sulfide |
|
|
Cause of otomycosis
|
superficial infections of the outer ear caused by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, and Rhizopus; opportunistic infections
|
|
|
Epidemiology of Otomycosis agents
|
found in soil; humans and animals are NOT reservoirs
|
|
|
pathogenesis and sx of otomycosis
|
accumulation of large mass of epithelial debris containing fungi and bacteria in the EAM cause chronic infection of the outer ear; itching, pain, inflammation, serous secretion, hearing loss
|
|
|
Otomycosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: fragments of mycelium, conidiosphores or sporangiosphores may be present
Trt: ketoconaozole |
|
|
Tinea faciei - cause and epidemiology
|
Trichophyton spp.; infects glabrous skin of face; humans and non-human mammals are reservoirs
|
|
|
Tinea faciei - pathogenesis, sx
|
mycelia invade the skin, affects chin and upper lip of femals and kids, but not beard or mustache of males; causes scaling, annular or circular lesions with raised margins; can be papules; pruritis, burning, erythema
|
|
|
Tinea faciei - dx and trt
|
Dx: hyphae with microconidia;
Trt: miconazole; partial immunity |
|
|
Tinea barbae - pathogenesis and sx
|
mycelia grown into pores around hair shafts, beneath the cuticle of the hair, or into the stratum corneum; in stratum corneum, produce collagenase, elastase and keratinase causing edema and leukocytic infiltration
mild superficila infection causes scaling lesion with vesiculopustular border deep pustular infection causes follicular pustues that form nodular keloids and kerions, alopecia, scarring |
|
|
Tinea barbae - Dx and trt
|
Dx: microconidia;
Trt: Griseofulvin; partial immunity |
|
|
Tinea capitis-ectothrix - cause and epidemiology
|
Microsporum spp.; affects males before puberty but females after puberty; aka gray-patch ringworm
|
|
|
Tinea capitis-ectothrix - Pathogenesis and sx
|
hyphae proliferate in the stratum corneum, in the hair follicle or on the outside of hte hair shaft; infects the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes; lesions start as coalesced papules and become kerions or keloids; can cause production of dermatophytids; itching, alopecia due to tissue damage, keratomycosis (diseased cornea)
|
|
|
Tinea capitis-ectothrix - Dx and trt
|
Dx: chains of microconidia and hyphae
Trt: Griseofulvin |
|
|
Tinea favosa
|
form of Tinea Capitis; found in Africa and Europe; the mycelia interact with scalp proteins and cause dead cell masses to accumulate in hair causing yellow-brown crusts called scutula to form; hair loss, scarring
|
|
|
cause and epidemiology of Tinea capitis-endothrix
|
Trichophyton spp.; affects males more often than females
|
|
|
Tinea capitis-endothrix - Pathogenesis and sx
|
Conidia inside hair shafts infect the cuticle and cause small, angular lesions; the fungus may just cause an allergic eruption; lesions are circular erythematous with scaling and a black dot in the center - "black dot ringworm"; chronic, can lead to hair loss
|
|
|
Tinea capitis-endothrix - dx and trt
|
Dx: conidia and hyphae in hair shafts
Trt: griseofulvin |
|
|
Tinea corporis - causes
|
Microsporum canis, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton floccosum
|
|
|
Tinea corporis - pathogenesis
|
hyphae or conidia infect horny layer of skin, spread circularly
|
|
|
Tinea corporis - symptoms
|
rings of inflammation on glabrous skin begin as dry, scaly patches and turn into pustular, crusty lesions with hyperkeratosis;
annular type - circular areas of erythema become scaly in the center with raised red margins; can become chronic vesicular type - vesicles and pustules form behind the erythematous border; usually not chronic |
|
|
Tinea corporis - Dx and trt
|
Dx: mycelia and conidiospores; Microsporum canis has club-shaped microconidia with rough walls
trt: terbinafine |
|
|
Tinea imbricata - cause and epidemiology
|
Trichophyton concentricum; found in Pacific Islands, SE Asia, Central American; humans are reservoirs and it is only found in Polynesian races; no gender preponderance
|
|
|
Tinea imbricata - pathogenesis and sx
|
masses of hyphae accumulate in cutaneous tissue; lesions are brownish maculopapules in concentric imbricated, fissured rings; found on arms and torso; scaling, itching; chronic
|
|
|
Tinea imbricata - Dx and trt
|
Dx: swollen hyphae with forked tips
Trt: miconazole; unsuccessful trt can cause relapse with painful lesions |
|
|
causes and epidemiology of Tinea unguium
|
Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton spp; affects males (after puberty) more than females; usually associated with Tinea pedis or Tinea manuum
|
|
|
Tinea unguium - pathogenesis
|
infection starts in or under the nail plate, hyphae grow out into the stratum corneum and release enzymes that cause inflammation
|
|
|
Tinea unguium - symptoms
|
causes production of soft keratin that loosens the nail and thickens the nail plate; Leuckonychia mycotica is infection of the surface of the nail that shows up in white patches or pits; Invasive subungual dermatophytosis causes the nail plate to be brittle and thickened, cracked and brown or black
|
|
|
Tinea unguium - Dx and trt
|
Dx: hyphae and macroconidia
Trt: Terbinafine; very resistant to trt and may become chronic; partial immunity |
|
|
Tinea manuum - causes and epidemiology
|
Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum, and Trichophyton; more prevalent in males; associated with Tinea pedis
|
|
|
Tinea manuum - pathogenesis
|
occupational activities cause maceration of the skin which leads to infection; lesions start as exfoliative, erythematous scaly sheets of skin that become vesicular red circumscribed patches
|
|
|
Tinea manuum - symptoms
|
on palms and fingers: diffuse hyperkeratosis with concentric exfoliation
on dorsum of hand: vesicular circumscribed patches, discrete red papules, follicular patches, erythematous scaly sheets |
|
|
Tinea manuum - Dx and trt
|
Dx: hyphae and macroconidia
Trt: miconazole |
|
|
Tinea cruris - cause and epidemiology
|
Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton spp; affects groin and perianal areas; 20-30 yr old males most common; assoc with Tinea pedis
|
|
|
Tinea cruris - pathogenesis and sx
|
Hyphae invade moist areas of groin, initially cause circular lesions, but develops into serpinginous, well-marginated erythematous lesions with raised borders containing tiny vesicles; older lesions become leather-like
|
|
|
Tinea cruris - dx and trt
|
Dx: hyphae and conidia; Epidermophyton and Trichophyton have club-shaped macronidia with smooth walls; Epidermophyton floccosum does not produce microconidia;
Trt: terbinafine, lose weight, loose clothing (to prevent reinfection) |
|
|
Tinea pedis - cause and epidemiology
|
Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton; more common in adult males, rare in indivduals that habitually go barefoot; found in moist environments (pool decks, shower rooms)
|
|
|
TInea pedis - pathogenesis
|
breaks down skin defenses to invade epidermis, infects keratinized skin, causes chronic, papulosquamous and hyperkeartotic skin
|
|
|
Tinea pedis - symptoms
|
itching, intertriginous dermatitis with peeling, maceration, fissuring of skin between 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes
|
|
|
Tinea pedis - dx and trt
|
Hyphae and macro or microconidia; Terbinafine; NO PARTIAL OR PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY!
|
|
|
Chromoblastomycosis - cause and epidemiology
|
subcutaneous mycoses caused by Cladophialophora, Fonsecaea, and Phialophora; found in AMericas, Africa and Japan; found in plant debris and soil; transmission by traumatic implantation
|
|
|
Chromoblastomycosis - pathogenesis
|
Mycelia cause suppurative exudate and foci of necrosis caused by fibrous tissue; lesions consist of sclerotic cells surrounded by neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils; collagenous encapsulation forms around fungi producing pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
|
|
|
Chromoblastomycosis - symptoms
|
Verrucous dermatitis - warty proliferation of skin - cauliflower-shaped lesions
Cladosporiosis - lesions in the brain cause headache, paralysis, coma, seizures |
|
|
Chromoblastomycosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: sclerotic bodies with branching, septate, brown hyphae; thick-walled, round-to-oval brown cells with septa
Trt: Itraconazole |
|
|
Subcutaneous zygomycosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Basidiobolus ranarum - causes basidiobolomycosis; found in Africa and Asia in soil, decaying vegetation and reptile dung (these are reservoirs); it is a pathogen of amphibians and reptiles
Delacroixia coronatus - causes conidiobolomycosis; found in Central America, Africa, India; found in soil and decaying plants (reservoirs); insect pathogen |
|
|
B. ranarum and D. coronatus (subcutaneous zygomycosis) - pathogenesis
|
hyphae invade subQ tissue of limbs, buttocks, and perineum
|
|
|
B. ranarum (basidiobolomycosis) - symptoms
|
freely moveable subQ nodules associated with lymphatics - elephantiasis with woody consistency
|
|
|
D. coronatus (conidiobolomycosis) - symptoms
|
nasal swellings become hard, painless polyps; subQ nodules cause edema of cheeks, forehead, lips and eyes
|
|
|
B. ranarum and D. coronatus - dx and trt
|
B. ranarum - hyphae with swollen ends containing papilla
D. coronatus - hyphae with terminal conidia trt: ketoconazole |
|
|
Phaeohyphomycosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Alternaria, Cladophialophora, Exophiala; found in plant debris and soil; transmitted by traumtic implantation and inhalation of conidia
|
|
|
Phaeohyphomycosis - pathogenesis and symptoms
|
forms granulomatous abscesses around swollen hyphae and conidia with necrotic centers; can be cutaneous infection of lower or upper limbs; can form cysts (asymptomatic) or can form infection of brain
|
|
|
Phaeohyphomycosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: branhcing, septate, brown hyphae
Trt: miconazole |
|
|
Pseudallescheriasis - causes and epidemiology
|
Pseudallescheria and Madurella; reservoirs = soil, decaying vegetation, manure, polluted water; transmission by inhalation or traumatic implantation
|
|
|
Pseudallescheriasis - pathogenesis
|
Hyphae invade subQ tissues, produce granulomas with allergic reactions; evade host defenses by depositing extracellular melanin forming thick cell walls and by immunodilation
|
|
|
Pseudallescheriasis - symptoms
|
eumycetomas - painless, tumor-like swellings eventually form sinus tracts and undergo fibrosis and scarring with a woody disfigurement
Pulmonary pseudallescheriasis - bronchial pneumonia with bronchial colonization and fungus ball formation can also cause sinusitis, otomycosis, etc. |
|
|
Pseudallescheriasis - dx and trt
|
Dx: stains of exudate reveal broad, branching septate hyphae with neutrophilic exudates occuring as black grains
Trt: ketoconazole |
|
|
Lobomycosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Lacazia loboi; found in South and Central America and Florida; reservoirs = humans and dolphins; transmission by traumatic contact with skin
|
|
|
Lobomycosis - pathogenesis and symptoms
|
spores release toxic compounds that cause inflammatory rxn; painless plaques and keloids form, ulcerate and spread to form tumor-like areas of infection; can develop into squamous cell carcinomas
|
|
|
Lobomycosis - dx and trt
|
thick-walled, globose or lemon-shaped budding yeasts joined by short tubes; cannot be cultured
trt: surgical excision |
|
|
Rhinosporidiosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Rhinosporidium seeberi; reservoirs = soil and stagnant water; transmitted by inhalation or contact with water
|
|
|
Rhinosporidiosis - pathogenesis
|
micro-abscess or polyp forms when mold is established in the mucosa; lesions contain globular sporangia filled with endospores -- gets surrounded by neutro's, lymphos and plasma cells producing granulomas
|
|
|
Rhinosporidiosis - symptoms
|
nasal, ocular, cutaneous, and systemic infections; cutaneous lesions are wart-like and ulcerated; systemic lesions can occur in bone, liver, lung, spleen, brain
|
|
|
Rhinosporidiosis - dx and trt
|
dx: thick-walled spherules or sporangia with endospores inside
trt: amphotericin B |
|
|
Sporotrichosis - different forms of the infection
|
lymphocutaneous, fixed cutaneous, mucocutaneous, pulmonary, extracutaneous disseminated
|
|
|
lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis
|
painless, nodular erythematous necrotic lesions along lymphatic channels leading away from primary lesion
|
|
|
fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis
|
single ulcer at site of inoculation; face, neck, trunk
|
|
|
mucocutaneous sporotrichosis
|
ulcerative, suppurative lesions of mucous membranes
|
|
|
pulmonary sporotrichosis
|
can be chronic cavitary lesions of lung or can develop to lymph node involvement causing bronchial obstruction
|
|
|
extracutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis
|
cutaneous lesions spread into eyes, bones, periosteum, synovium, or other organs; meningitis in immunocompromised
|
|
|
Sporotrichosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Sporothrix schenckii; saprophyte; reservoir = decaying vegetation or soil; transmission by traumatic implantation and inhalation of conidia
|
|
|
sporotrichosis - pathogenesis, dx, and trt
|
mycelia cause lesions in the lymphatics; circumscribed microabscesses
Dx: chlamydospores in asteroid bodies, cigar-shaped budding yeast in pus-filled granulomas Trt: Itraconazole |
|
|
Candidiasis - pathogenesis
|
forms gelatinous lesions due to masses of yeasts causing mucoid degeneration of tissues; also form granulomas and allergic reactions
|
|
|
Candidiasis - symptoms
|
mucocutaneous candidiasis can present with glossitis, stomatitis, cheilitis, perlehce, vaginitis, balanitis, gastroenteritis, or bronchitis in immunocompromised patients;
cutaneous infection = paronychia, diaper rash, onychomycosis systemic infection can be induced iatrogenically by prolonged use of antibiotics or associated with narcotic addiction |
|
|
Candidiasis - dx and trt
|
Dx: oval to globose budding yeast cells or pseudohyphae
Trt: fluconazole or amphotericin B |
|
|
Rhodotorulosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces;
airborne contamination, also transmitted by contaminated needles, catheters, or dialysis equipment |
|
|
Rhodotorulosis - pathogenesis
|
fungemia; products of fermentation cause toxic reactions; fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
|
|
|
Rhodotorulosis - symptoms
|
fever, hypotension, tachycardia, endocarditis, meningitis, chills, shock
|
|
|
Rhodotorulosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: spherical to elongate budding, non-encapsulated yeast-like cells
Trt: removal of source of contamination |
|
|
Pneumocystosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci; normal human flora; found in rodents; transmitted person-to-person contact and inhalation of aerosols; associated with immunosuppressed pts
|
|
|
Pneumocystosis - pathogenesis
|
yeasts multiply in lungs, evoke mononuclear cell infiltration into alveolar septa spaces and form hyaline membranes around cyst-like granulomas; reduce oxygen exchange and leads to lung consolidation
|
|
|
Pneumocystosis - symptoms
|
nonproductive cough, chest pain, congestion, SOB, development of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia, cotton wool spots on retina
|
|
|
Pneumocystosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: methenamine silver nitrate stain of sputum shows thick-walled crescent-shaped cysts with internal bodies;
Trt: cotrimoxazole; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY occurs in immunocompetent patients |
|
|
Cryptococcosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii; found in pigeon dung; C. gattii is associated with the flowering eucalyptus tree; neoformans is opportunistic; transmitted by inhalation of blastospores from soil or pigeon droppings
|
|
|
Cryptococcosis - pathogenesis
|
capsular polysaccharides inhibit CMI and activate complement, depleting it and resulting in inefficient opsonization and phagocytosis; granulomas form; slow resolution - walled-off granuloma remains in tissue
|
|
|
Cryptococcosis - symptoms
|
meningoencephalitis; pulmonary symptoms include pleuritic pain, bilateral pneumonia, weight loss; cutaneous infection results in papules, ulcers, abscesses; mucocutaneous infection = swollen nodes, granulomas, ulcers; disseminated infection = meningitis, lesions in heart; osseous infection = swelling and pain in bones
|
|
|
Crypotococcosis - dx and trt:
|
Dx: globose yeast cells wit thick polysaccharide capsules forming halos
Trt: fluconazole; partial immunity |
|
|
Adiaspiromycosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Emmonsiella parva; found in soil and on mammals; transmitted by inhalation of spores
|
|
|
Adiaspiromycosis - pathogenesis and sx
|
granulomas form in lungs around adiaspores, which swell and increase in size, eventually become calcified, interfere with pulmonary function
sx: pneumonia w/fever and weight loss trt: flucytosine |
|
|
Aspergillosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Aspergillus spp; found in soil, hay, grains, decaying vegetation, plants; transmitted by implantation with fomites, inhalation of spores, GI infection, person-person; low virulence; common in immunocompromised; iatrogenic transmission via contaminated infusions or needles
|
|
|
Aspergillosis - pathogenesis
|
invades endothelial cells causing pyogenic suppuration, hyphae release endotoxins; dsRNA mycoviruses
|
|
|
Aspergillosis - symptoms
|
Pulmonary infection = bronchitis, asthma, fungus balls, necrotizing pneumonia, bronchial plugging, fever, dyspnea, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain
Disseminated infection = acute rhinocerebral proptosis, nasal swellings, growth on heart valves, nodular skin lesions, lesions of brain, liver, kidney; otitis externa |
|
|
Aspergillosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: acute-angle branching, septate hyphae
Trt: amphotericin B |
|
|
Hyalohyphomycosis
|
Acremonium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis;
mycelia invade tissues, causing thrombosis and infarction; or colonize external body; grow as conidia inside macrophages; produce abscesses in lungs, brain, skin, GIT, and eyes dx: large, branching septate hyaline hyphae trt: amphotericin B |
|
|
Geotrichosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Geotrichum candidum; found in soil; transmission by inhalation of arthrospores or person-person contact
|
|
|
Geotrichosis - Pathogenesis and symptoms
|
development of masses of necrotic foci containing hyphae and arthrospores
sx: pulmonary (diffuse lesions), bronchial (bronchitis), oral (thrush), GI (colitis), cutaneous (cystic masses) |
|
|
Geotrichosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: septate hyphae with oval or spherical arthrospores;
trt: ketoconazole |
|
|
Onychomycosis - causes and epidemiology
|
Arthroderma, Aspergillus, Candida, Geotrichum, Scopulariopsis; found in soil and as normal human flora; transmitted by implantation with fomites containing spores
|
|
|
Onychomycosis - pathogenesis and symptoms
|
damages nail architecture, inflammation of web spaces; nail plates develop grooves and cavities that accumulate debris; nail plate does NOT thicken; painful lesions; brittle nails
trt: Itraconazole |
|
|
Mucormycosis - causes, epidemiology
|
Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus; opportunistic; affect patients with diabetes, leukemia, transplant recipients, dialysis pts; transmitted by implantation, ingestion, or inhalation; found on soil, fruit, grain
|
|
|
Mucormycosis - pathogenesis
|
hyphae directly invade blood vessels; cause necrosis, thrombosis, infarction; microabcesses form and eosinophils form a sheath aroudn the hyphae; lesions become necrotic and fibrotic, become like rubber
|
|
|
Mucormycosis - symptoms
|
medical emergency; can be thoracic, rhinocerebral, abdominal, cutaneous, or CNS infection; cutaneous - from infected bandages for burn patients; CNS infection due to invasion of nose or paranasal sinuses
|
|
|
Mucormycosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: broad, branching, non-septate or sparsely septate hyphae with right angle branching
Trt: amphotericin B |
|
|
Blastomycosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Blastomyces dermatiditis; found in Central and SE US, Africa and Asia; found in soil and decomposing plants; found in dogs and cats and horses, but not transmitted to humans by animals; transmission by inhalation or implantation of spores
|
|
|
Blastomycosis - pathogenesis and symptoms
|
pyogenic abcesses, accumulation of neutrophils, "Crab claw" lesion of lower lobe of lung; can be pulmonary, cutaneous, osseous, or systemic infection
|
|
|
Blastomycosis - dx and trt
|
large broad-based budding yeast cells;
trt - ketoconazole |
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Coccidioides immitis; dimorphic; foundin arid and semiarid regions of SW US, C and S America in the soil; transmitted by inhalation of arthrospores; found in domestic animals and rodents
pregnant women and non-whites at higher risk; more common in summer |
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis - pathogenesis
|
coccidioidomas form - neutrophils ocntaining endospores with double refractive walls form granulomas producing cavities and nodules
|
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis - symptoms
|
pulmonary infection = valley fever; allergic reaction = skin rashes, nodules, vesicles called desert bumps; arthritis = desert rheumatism; disseminated infection = meningitis, verrucous granulomas of skin, miliary lesions on organs
|
|
|
Coccidioidomycosis - dx and trt
|
dx: thin-walled spherules with endospores
trt: amphotericin B; increased complement fixing and precipitating Ab titers = bad prognosis; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY |
|
|
Histoplasmosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Histoplasma capsulatum - found in Ohio-Mississippi Valley
Histoplasma duboisii - found in Africa and Asia both found in bird and bat guano(?), transmitted by inhalation of spores |
|
|
Histoplasmosis - pathogenesis
|
necrotic granulomas and lesions; allergic responses; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
|
|
|
Histoplasmosis - symptoms
|
Mild pulmonary infection = summer fever in children
Severe pulmonary infection = loss of breath, bloody sputum, cyanosis, cavitation, pneumonia Mucocutaneous infection = oropharyngeal ulcer Systemic infection = anemia, meningitis, hepatosplenomegaly |
|
|
Histoplasmosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: extra and intracellular oval yeasts
Trt: Amphotericin B; increased complement fixing and percipitating Ab titers = bad prognosis |
|
|
Paracoccidioidomycosis - cause and epidemiology
|
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; found in south and central america in soil; transmission by inhalation of spores; affects ONLY adult males
|
|
|
Paracoccidioidomycosis - pathogenesis
|
granulomatous lesions, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrate may develop; lesions calcify; hyphae transform to yeast and this is controlled by an intracytoplasmic estrogen receptor
|
|
|
Paracoccidioidomycosis - symptoms
|
Pulmonary infection = alveolitis, lung caseation, chest pain
Mucocutaneous infection = warty papules or vesicles in and around mouth that ulcerate; lymphadenopathy Systemic infection = lesions on skin or in intestine, lymphatics, spleen or liver |
|
|
Paracoccidioidomycosis - dx and trt
|
Dx: thick-walled, multiple budding yeast cells
trt: Ketoconazole Increased complement fixing or preciptitating Ab titer = bad prognosis |
|
|
diseases caused by opportunistic molds
|
Adiaspiromycosis, Aspergillosis, Hyalohyphomycosis, Geotrichosis, Onychomycosis, Mucormycosis
|
|
|
diseases caused by opportunistic yeasts
|
Candidiasis, Rhodotorulosis, Pneumocystosis, Cryptococcosis
|
|
|
Systemic fungal infections
|
Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis
|
|
|
Subcutaneous mycoses
|
Chromoblastomycosis, Subcutaneous zygomycosis, Phaeohyphomycosis, Pseudallescheriasis, Lobomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Sporotrichosis
|
|
|
Superficial mycoses
|
Blacke piedra, White piedra, Tinea nigra, Pityriasis versicolor, Otomycosis
|
