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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Age of Absolutism |
Between 1600-1750. When many of Europe's monarchs consolidated or laid claim to complete and sole authority over their dominions. |
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Galileo |
Turned the recently invented telescope on the heavens to make astonishing new discoveries, including the existence of mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, and sunspots. |
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Descartes |
advocated the rational investigation of the natural world and developed several powerful mathematical tools for doing so |
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Newton |
Discovered calculus. Newton's laws of motion and law of gravity. Developed the first reflecting telescope. |
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Age of Rationalism |
Its purpose was to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method. |
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Doctrine of Affections |
In the case of music, the goal is to invoke an emotional response in the listener |
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Louis XIV |
King of France. Vigorously advocated the diving right of kings |
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Oliver Cromwell |
English general and protector of the Commonwealth. Took power after the death of King Charles I. Puritan |
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Baroque |
misshapen pearl |
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Connection to Greek culture |
people sought to revive a form of drama from Greek culture Words serve music |
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Prima Pratica vs. Seconda Pratica |
Renaissance polyphony
Emphasis on the projection of the text lies at the heart of a new musical style. Basso continuo added. Opera developed |
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monody |
solo voice and basso continuo |
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figured bass |
a series of numbers composers could indicate deviations from root position harmonies |
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basso continuo |
a continuous bass line that provided the harmonic framework for the line above it
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opera |
sung drama |
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Baroque musical characteristics |
Basso continuo. Shift from modal to tonal harmony. Change from intervallic to chordal harmony. Greater rhythmic freedom. Increased virtuosity. Growing differentiation between vocal and instrumental styles. |
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Renaissance vs. Baroque (TMHRFI) |
Renaissance vs. Baroque
Texture: Polyphonic, all voices equal. Homophonic or polyphonic
Melody: Lyrical. Beautiful, can be virtuosic.
Harmony: Mostly modal. Tonal; focus on progressions
Rhythm: Flowing, often long steady pulse. Some rhythmically free and spontaneous. Some with steady pulse. Emphasis on strong, weak beats. Instrumental music: use of motor rhythm. Form: Independent subunits within a piece. Subunits dependent on one another. Many new forms, esp instrumental
Instrumentation: Much more vocal; a cappella factor important. Instrumental parts not assigned. Instrumental equals vocal. Orchestra central instrumental medium. Specific parts assigned. Basso continuo instruments common(cello, harpsichord). Castrati in vogue.
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Florentine Camerata(club) |
Debated ways to recreate the style of singing used by the ancient Greeks in their dramas (opera) |
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Intermedio |
sung dramas in between parts of plays |
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Jacopo Peri |
an Italian composer and singer of the transitional period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and is often called the inventor of opera. First opera Dafne First to survive Euridice |
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Giulio Caccini "Le nuove musiche" |
Demonstrated the idea of sprezzatura. |
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sprezzatura |
a freedom in the pace and manner of delivery a kind of noble disregard for the meter and rhythm. |
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Italian madrigals (3 types) |
"any through composed setting of verse" a cappella madrigal- un-accompanied solo madrigal- Solo voice + basso continuo concertato madrigal- combined any number of voices and instruments. |
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French air de cour |
Most for solo voice, lute Focus on long, short syllables Tablature used Simple style Ex. "Enfin la beaute que j'adore" |
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ground bass |
a short phrase repeated over and over again in the lowest voice |
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Giovanni Gabrieli |
composed madrigals? |
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Claudio Monteverdi |
Italian Career straddles both periods Sang, played, conducted Works at Mantua, St. Mark's Cathedral Writes madrigals, operas, sacred music Wrote for both the elite audience as well as the common peoples |
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Barbara Strozzi |
wrote baroque Madrigals Used the ritornello principle(brief return)- an opening musical idea that returns at several points over the course of a work, usually after contrasting material of some kind |
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Orfeo (Monteverdi) |
Great story: serious tone, sad end Effective mood shifts Large orchestra Huge financial support Greatly influences other Operas |
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Heinrich Schütz |
Leading German composer of the 17th century and a key figure in transmitting the seconda prattica north of the alps. Mastered the polychordal style of the late Renaissance under the tutelage of Giovanni Gabrieli. |
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madrigal comedies |
cycle of songs that had a dramatic storyline but no staging |
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French opera |
comedie-ballet- comic opera tragedie en musique- serious opera |
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Italian opera(leading type/country) |
opera seria- serious opera with tragic plots |
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English Opera |
opera- ballad opera- Comic opera. It is for the common people. Has relatable themes. Makes fun of current subjects (the rich, aristocracy, etc.) masque- A variation of an English opera. Improvised English plays performed by people in mask Semi-Opera- includes sung drama and instrumental music
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components of Italian Opera |
1. Overture- at the beginning of opera
2. Aria- focal point of aria where action stops. Focuses on specific character(s) 3. Recitative- spoken speech (some sung some spoken) 4. Libretto- text/lyrics of opera 5. Staging- acting/movement |
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aria, da capo aria |
focal point of aria where action stops. Focuses on specific character(s)
rounded binary aria |
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recitative |
spoken speech (some sung some spoken) |
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exit convention |
after finishing an aria the singer leaves the stage. Allows for curtain calls, gives singer who has just finished an aria the chance to recover offstage and prevents him or her from upstaging the singer whose turn it is to sing the next aria. |
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castrato |
castrated boy. high voice |
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oratorio |
Sacred counter part to opera. Used to attract people to the Catholic church |
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motet, mass |
leading composer of: Handel |
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cantata |
leading composer of: Bach sacred and secular Used to denote both small and large scale works, ranging from a solo singer with basso continuo to a large ensemble of soloists, chorus, and instruments. |
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chorale |
harmonized hymn tune |
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ritornello |
a short refrain in an instrumental or vocal work |
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Tradition of borrowing musical ideas |
no copyright laws. It was accepted at the time |
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John Baptiste Lully |
Talented singer, dancer, violinist, conductor Very "tight" with Louie XIV French
Comedie-ballet- comic opera Tragedie en musique- serious opera |
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George Frideric Handel |
One of the first composers whose music has remained steadily popular with the public Wrote The Messiah |
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Henry Purcell |
1. Very prolific, wrote in almost every form
2. Wrote one opera: Dido and Aeneas English |
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Johann Sebastian Bach |
1. 1685-1750 2. Developed well tempered tuning (equal temperament) 3. Important to divide his compositional life because the patrons that he worked for really influenced what he composed. 4. Weimar, Köthen, Leipzig 5. Most prestigious 6. Served as music director, composer, choir director, organist.
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Dido and Aeneas (Purcell) |
Famous English Opera Aeneas on a journey found Rome in fulfillment of a promise from the gods. Land in Carthage ruled by Queen Dido. They fall in love. Aeneas pledges to abandon his destiny. A with disguised as Mercury orders him to leave and he obeys. Dido dies... |
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The Beggar's Opera |
The most famous Ballad opera (English) written by Gay and Pepusch |
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Isabella Leonarda |
Most prominent and prolific nun who composed on the Italian peninsula. Mostly sacred vocal but some instrumental as well. |
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Messiah (Handel) |
1. Included in the Messiah: in order to make more likable. He made it seem as though the bible portrayed the prominence of the English people Large Oratorio |
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Baroque Strings |
Violin, viola, cello, bass Sound more mellow, softer lighter sound, more limited range, played differently |
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Baroque Woodwinds |
transverse flute, recorder, oboe, clarinet, bassoon |
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Baroque Brass |
Trumpet, horn, trombone, timpani |
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Baroque Keyboard |
clavichord, harpsichord, forte-piano; organ |
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Baroque Orchestra |
Size: 70 by early 18th century Instrumentation: |
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collegium musicum |
gathering of instrumentalists in a relatively informal setting |
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sonata |
"to sound" Had no set number of movements or set order. |
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trio sonata (2 forms) |
2 treble instruments + basso continuo (keyboard and cello) 4 total instruments Sonata da camera-sonata performed in a secular setting Sonata da chiesa- sacred setting |
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solo sonata |
A work for a solo instrument without basso continuo. Could be multi or single movement. |
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Concerto grosso |
Small group of soloists playing in alternation or at the same time as a larger orchestra Concertino - small group of soloists Tutti(ripieno)- larger orchestra |
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solo concerto |
A single soloist against a larger ensemple |
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Ripieno concerto |
Piece for one ensemble |
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ornamentation |
Embellishment was expected Melodies most commonly altered; also rhythms Known performance practices focused on embellishment, articulations, dynamics, and tempos |
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dance suite |
No set number of movements but commonly 6 movements with differing meter, tempo, and character depending on the dance on which it was based |
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suite: allemande |
moderate flowing duple meter |
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suite: courante |
fast, triple meter |
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suite: sarabande |
slow triple meter |
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suite: gigue |
fast often with dotted rhythms and compound meter |
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Keyboard genres |
Free- adhere to no set structure vocal based- based on chorale melodies dance based- variations- |
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equal temperment |
Bach; system of tuning that allowed players to play in any key |
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Arcangello Corelli |
wrote 12 concerti grossi. Violin virtuoso; helped develop modern bowing techniques double-stopping, etc. |
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Antonio Vivaldi |
most prolific of all concerto composers in his time Four Seasons |
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Elizabeth Claude Jacquet de la Guerre |
A favorite of the French royal courts. Composed an opera ballet |
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Girolamo Frescobaldi |
wrote in the free keyboard genre of the toccata raised the art of idiomatic composition for the organ to new heights. |
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Dietrich Buxtehude |
Studied with Frescobaldi. Among the first composers to write extended keyboard suites. |
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Well Tempered Clavier |
Bach; presents a rich variety of imitative and nonimitative keyboard pieces in all 24 keys |
