Music History Test 1

Front 1

Importance of Music in Greek Cultures

Back 1

Used a lot in Greek theaters, dramas, religion, civic rituals, music therapy

There were musical olympics!

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Importance of Music in Roman Cultures

Back 2

No roman music has survived in notated form but we know that it played an important role in many aspects of Roman life, including the theater and civic ritual.

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Dates of Antiquity and the Medieval Period

Back 3

50,000 BCE-450CE

450-1450

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aulos

Back 4

Antique instrument. Closely sounds like oboe

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lyre

Back 5

Antique string instrument

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Doctrine of Ethos

Back 6

Founded on the idea that music affects character and that different kinds of music cause certain responses

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Tetrachords and types of

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4 note pattern; descending pattern of four notes spanning the interval of a fourth. Pitch could change but the pattern of whole and half steps were maintained

Types: Diatonic-W, W, 1/2

Chromatic - m3, 1/2, 1/2

Enharmonic M3, 1/4, 1/4

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Toni(modes)

Back 8

2-4 tetrachords together

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Greater Perfect System

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4 toni together plus another note (These eventually evolved into modes in the Medieval Period

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Trivium

Back 10

grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic

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Quadrivium

Back 11

arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music

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Musica mundana

Back 12

Highest form, Harmony of the Spheres, created by mathematical ratios created between the heavenly bodies

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Musica humana

Back 13

Middle form, inaudible, focuses on body. Unites reason with body and spirit with matter

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Musica instrumentalis

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Lowest form, only one of the three that can be heard by mortals.

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Pythagoras

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Credited with having discovered the relationship between musical sound and number. Created the relationship with the Perfect intervals

Front 16

Plato

Back 16

Urged people to gear the subversive power of unfamiliar music

Front 17

Aristotle

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"Music has the power of producing a certain effect on the moral character of the soul, and if it has the power to do this, it is clear that the young must be directed to music and must be educated in it." Doctrine of Ethos

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Boethius

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Helped transmit the basic elements and terminology of Greek and Roman music theory to the medieval era. Wrote De institutione musica

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De institutione musica

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Written by Boethius and introduced musica mundana, humana, and instrumentalis. Helped medieval authors during the 9th century understand Greek music. Introduced musica mundana, humana, and instrumentalis

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Gregorian Chant

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Created by Pope Gregory I. Notation development force because of increasingly complicated melodic lines and sheer amount of music.

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Ambrosian Chant

Back 21

Based in Northern Italy

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Gallican Chant

Back 22

Based in Frankish lands of what is now France and Germany

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Mozarabic(Visigothic) Chant

Back 23

Based on the Iberian Peninsula

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Divine Office

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Made up of several services throughout the day. Not made for congregation but for Monks and Nuns who lived outside of traditional communities

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Mass

Back 25

Reenactment of last supper. For everyone. Made up of a mix of spoken and sung text.

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Liturgical Year

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Advent-Fourth Sunday before Christmas until Christmas day

Christmas - December 25 and the 12 days following

Epiphany - January 6 until Lent

Lent - From Ash Wednesdays(40 days before easter) to Maundy Thursday

Easter

Pentecost

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Psalms

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Lengthy texts, recited syllabically to one of the eight melodic formulas known as psalm tones.

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Antiphons

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Came in between psalms. Very syllabic.

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Mass Ordinary

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Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei

Always sung; do not change

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Mass Proper

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For prayers that changed for the Feast days. (Special occasion prayers)

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neume

Back 31

note in chant

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jubilus

Back 32

melismatic final syllable of a word

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Direct and Responsorial

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Direct: Everybody sings together

Responsorial: Alternates between choir and soloist

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Syllabic, neumatic, melismatic

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One note per syllable

Mix of syllabic and melismatic

Many notes over a single syllable

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Psalm Tone

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Musical mode for psalms (8)

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Trope

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Add something new to existing chant. Allowed for ways to change music but left it intact. (adding words, etc.)

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Prosula

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Kind of trope in which you add words to a melismatic line of chant.

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Liturgical drama

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Parts were represented by individuals, liturgical because the presentation was part of the service of worship.

Most important: LS: Ordo Virtutum

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8 Modes

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"Don't Play Lousy Music"

Normal - DEFG

Mix - ABCD

Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian

Hypodorian, Hypophrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian

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Guidonian hand

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Believed to be developed by Guido of Arezzo. Developed to help students remember system of hexachords

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Hexachord

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group of six notes all seperated by whole steps except the third and fourth notes

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gamut

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series of seven interlocking hexachords beginning on C, F, or G

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Goliard song

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Crude French songs created about the clergy etc.

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Jongleur or minstrel

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Traveling musicians not employed by nobility

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Troubadour | Trouvere

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Southern France- not many of their songs survived

Northern France - lots of songs survived

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Minnesinger

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German singers of courtly love

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Hildegard of Bingen

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Ppl believed that she was a medium through whom God communicated. Many would consult her on religious matters

Very prolific

First woman to get permission from the Pope to write about theology

Suffered from Migraines. She would fall into a deep sleep and had visions that she would describe to a painter when she awoke (Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen)

Ordo Virtutum

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Guido of Arezzo

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Believed to have created the Guidonian Hand

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Bernart de Ventadorn

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most famous Troubador

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Countess Beatriz de Dia

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Most famous female Troubador. Wrote lots of courtly love songs, only one has survived

Front 51

Musica mundana

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Music of the heavenly spheres. Inaudible by humans. Regards proportions created by the movement of the heavenly spheres