Music History Final

Front 1

Bebop

Back 1

a reactionagainst the popularity of swing music, this jazz style was intended for intenselistening and often contained extremely fast tempos and virtuosic playing.

Front 2

Musicians’ Strike 1942-44

Back 2

a strike during which musicians refused to participate in commercial recording sessions since they were not being adequately paid royalties. This led to many musicians collaborating to develop the bebop style.

Front 3

Beatniks

Back 3

a stereotype used to describe 50shipsters

Front 4

La Jeune France

Back 4

agroup of French composers (Messiaen, Jolivet, Dutieulluex) focused onmodernizing conservative French institutions, including the Paris Conservatoryand the Catholic Church

Front 5

Technique de mon langage musicale

Back 5

atext by Olivier Messiaen, Technique of myMusical Language, describes his use of modal constructions, modes oflimited transposition, and rhythmic modes

Front 6

Modes of Limited Transposition

Back 6

scales that when transposedproduce replications of the original scale. The whole tone scale and the octatonic scale are the most frequentlyused examples. Olivier Messiaen madeextensive use of these in his music.

Front 7

Zero Hour

Back 7

refersto the postwar cultural reset of Germany in art.

Front 8

The Marshall Plan

Back 8

an UScongressional action to help repair the economies of Western Europe after WorldWar II. This included the Denazificationof German culture with Henry Cowell

Front 9

Darmstadt

Back 9

The Darmstadt InternationalSummer Courses for New Music was an annual conference that was taught by PaulHindemuth, Olivier Messaien, and Pierre Boulez

Front 10

“SchoenbergIs Dead”

Back 10

anessay by Pierre Boulez that rejects the serialist techniques of ArnoldSchoenberg, Anton Webern, and others

Front 11

RenéChar

Back 11

a Frenchpoet who wrote the text for Boulez’s “Hammer Without a Master”

Front 12

TheCold War

Back 12

Thewar between the United States and Soviet Union that lasted most of the secondhalf of the twentieth century. No actualfighting took place, but tensions were very high.

Front 13

Sputnik

Back 13

Thefirst man-made satellite to orbit Earth, Sputnik, was created by the Soviets inthe 1960s

Front 14

“WhoCares If You Listen”

Back 14

alsotitled “The Composer as a Specialist”, this article by Milton Babbitt urgescomposers to

Front 15

“TheFuturist Manifesto on Music”

Back 15

anessay by Italian Luigi Russolo that argued that traditional instruments carriedto much historical tradition to be used for modern music

Front 16

LuigiRussolo

Back 16

Italianauthor/musician/inventor

Front 17

IntonoRemore

Back 17

Aset of new electronic instruments invented by Russolo that were used for theperformance of electronic music

Front 18

Musiqueconcrete

Back 18

musiccreated with recorded acoustic sounds edited into a composition

Front 19

PierreSchaeffer

Back 19

principalcomposer of early musique concrete

Front 20

Etudede chemins de fer

Back 20

a piece of music conqruete byPierre Schaeffer based on the sound of a train station

Front 21

KarlheinzStockhausen

Back 21

acompsoser of electronic music for synthesizer

Front 22

Gesangder Jünglinge

Back 22

a pieceof electronic music composed by Karlheinz Stockhausen

Front 23

MerceCunningham

Back 23

a choreographerand frequent collaborator with John Cage

Front 24

FourConstructions

Back 24

apercussion quartet by John Cage that uses non-traditional percussioninstrumentation

Front 25

PreparedPiano

Back 25

acompositional technique developed by John Cage in which foreign objects areintroduced into the piano in order to create alternate sounds that resemblepercussion effects

Front 26

ChristianWolff

Back 26

astudent of John Cage who principally composed chance music using game theory

Front 27

IChing

Back 27

The“Book of Changes”, an ancient Chinese text, whose chance principles influencedthe music of John Cage and other composers

Front 28

ImaginaryLandscape

Back 28

a collectionof 5 avant-garde works by John Cage

Front 29

4’33”

Back 29

JohnCage’s famous silent work in three movements

Front 30

For1, 2, or 3 People

Back 30

Apiece of chance music written by Christian Wolff

Front 31

EarleBrown

Back 31

Acomposer and student of John Cage who produced graphic scores to be interpretedwithout notation

Front 32

Folio

Back 32

a graphicscore piece by Earle Brown

Front 33

MarkRothko

Back 33

apainter of abstract expressionism hired to paint a chapel in Houston. His eventual suicide led to the compositionof “Rothko Chapel” by Morton Feldman.

Front 34

AbstractExpressionism

Back 34

anart movement

Front 35

Fluxus

Back 35

aneodadaist movement founded in 1961 by George Maciunas with the intention ofdestroying “normal” conventions in music

Front 36

DickHiggins

Back 36

aFluxus artist who made contributions to the field of Danger Music

Front 37

DangerMusic

Back 37

compositionsin which the performer or audience may be physically harmed during the performance

Front 38

SOURCE

Back 38

amagazine that published avant-garde scores

Front 39

MarkRiener

Back 39

avant-gardecomposer, “Phlegethon”

Front 40

NelsonHowe

Back 40

avant-gardecomposer, “Fur Music”

Front 41

PaulineOliveros

Back 41

anavant-garde composer and accordionist at the University of Houston

Front 42

SoundPatterns

Back 42

apiece of unaccompanied choral music by Pauline Oliveros that imitated thesounds of synthesizers

Front 43

SonicMeditations

Back 43

a pieceof avant-garde music by Pauline Oliveros that dictates several mental exercisesto be performed

Front 44

ChrisBurden

Back 44

avant-gardecomposer, “Aria”

Front 45

TextureMusic

Back 45

musicminimizes the importance of compositional details and focuses on the textureand sound of music

Front 46

GiacintoScelsi

Back 46

anItalian count and composer of texture music who explored timbres and extendedtechniques in his music

Front 47

Okanagon

Back 47

apiece of texture music by Giacinto Scelsi for tam-tam, double bass, and harp

Front 48

Minimalism

Back 48

musiccomposed with very minimal materials using repetitions and otherslowly-unfolding techniques

Front 49

Drones

Back 49

notessustained over long periods of time in minimalist compositions

Front 50

AdditiveProcess

Back 50

aminimalist compositional technique in which the music grows over time asmotives are added across repetitions

Front 51

PhaseProcess

Back 51

aminimalist composition technique in which repetitions of a motive are shiftedin and out of alignment with each other

Front 52

La MonteYoung

Back 52

aminimalist composer from Idaho whose background as a farm laborer led him towrite extremely slowly-moving music

Front 53

SecondDream of China

Back 53

apiece of minimalism by La Monte Young in which 8 trumpets play an open Bb inturn for eighteen hours

Front 54

ComeOut

Back 54

Apiece of musique concrete by Steve Reich in which tape recorders playing “comeout to show them” slowly move out of phase

Front 55

Tapeloops

Back 55

Magnetictape looped through a tape recorder to create an endlessly repeating piece ofrecorded sound

Front 56

RobertWilson

Back 56

librettistfor Phillip Glass’s “Einstein on the Beach”

Front 57

Sequenzas

Back 57

aset of solo compositions by Luciano Berio that explore the full range ofpossibilities for each instrument and often employ extended techniques

Front 58

PeterMaxwell Davies

Back 58

a composerof music with quotation

Front 59

GeorgeRochberg

Back 59

a composerof multi-gestural music

Front 60

Multi-gesturalmusic

Back 60

Post-Modernism

Front 61

Bauhaus

Back 61

PostmodernGerman design school, form follows function. Influenced postmodern composers

Front 62

CharlesMoore

Back 62

a postmodernarchitect who designed a famous insurance company office with a neon bowlingalley sign

Front 63

AliceGoodman

Back 63

librettistfor John Adam’s Nixon in China

Front 64

JohnZorn

Back 64

a composerof postmodern music

Front 65

Cobra

Back 65

a postmodernpiece by John Zorn that is highly improvised and relies on cues from the “CobraKing”

Front 66

ForbiddenFruit

Back 66

composition by John Zorn for theKronos string quartet with a set of turntables and a Japanese soprano