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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vernacular
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The Common Language
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Plainchant
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Chant adapted from Jewish heritage; no notation; Neumes were used to help chanters remember which was the pitch went
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Ordinary
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One part of the litergy during which the same texts at each service
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Proper
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One part of the litergy during which texts are changed according to the calendar
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Gregorian Chant
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Pope Gregory the Great collected and organized plainchants; Doesn't use modern major and minor; Uses church modes on white key scale
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Secular
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nonreligious music
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Two important developments in music include:
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1. Monophonic to polyphonic texture
2. Unmeasured to measured Rhythm (Developments in music notation ade this possible) |
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The three estates of the Middle Ages
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1. The Church
2. The Nobility (Landowners) 3. The Serfs (Peasants-The Workers) |
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Melisma
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Several notes sung to a single syllable of text
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Mass
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(Sacred) The most solemn service of the Roman Catholic Church. The parts of the Mass most frequently set to music are the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei
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Liturgy
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The text of the Roman Catholic Mass (reenactment of the Last Supper) service, also used by some Protestant religions.
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Organum
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The earliest type of medieval polyphonic music
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Measured Rhythm
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Regulated rhythm in which precise time values are related to each other
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Trouveres
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Medieval poet-singers from southern France. Like troubadours, they were often people of noble rank who would not perform in public but would sing to family members and friends
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Troubadours
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Medieval poet-singers from northern France. They were often people of noble rank who would not perform in public but would sing to family members and friends.
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Strophic
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Designating a song in which all verses of text are sung to the same music
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Minnesingers
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Medieval German poet-singers
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Minstrels
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Medieval wandering street musicians and entertainers
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Motet
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(Sacred) A polyphonic choral work set to a sacred text
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Refrain
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Text and/or music that is returned to or repeated within a larger piece of music
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Jongleurs
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Medieval street musicians who sang, played instruments, and sometimes acted in plays
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Syllabic
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One note for each syllable
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Melismatic
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More than one note per syllable
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Hildegard of Bingen
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(1098-1179) One of the best known of the female composers of sacred music in the medieval period.
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Church modes
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Melodic material is based on this system of scales; Similar to the major and minor scales used today, but their half steps fall in different places so that they do not express as strong a tonic
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Guillaume de Machaut
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(ca. 1300-1377) One of the most important composers of the fourteenth century
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Leonin
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(ca. 1163-1190) lead the development of polyphonic music in northern France dominated by the Notre Dame school
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Perotin
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(ca. 1190-1225) the succesor of Leonin who helped the development of polyphonic music in northern France dominated by the Notre Dame school
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aerophones
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A general term for wind instruments in world music
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alto
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A low, female voice (also called contralto), or an instrument that is lower than a soprano instrument and higher than a tenor instrument
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Baritone
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A male voice or a musical instrument with a range below the tenor and above the bass
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Bass
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The lowest male voice, or musical instruments that are low in pitch
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Bass clarinet
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A large and low-sounding clarinet
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Bass drum
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A large, low drum that produces an indefinite pitch
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Bassoon
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A low-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed
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Bongos
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A pair of attached small drums that produce indefinite pitches
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Celesta
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A keyboard percussion instrument that strikes tuned steel bars and looks something like a small upright piano
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Cello
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A large and fairly low-sounding member of the family of bowed string instruments. Because of its size, it rests on an end pin that sits on the floor. The instrument is held upright between the player's knees. Also called violoncello
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Chamber music
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Music written for a small group of instruments, with one player to a part
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Chimes
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A set of tuned metal tubes suspended vertically in a frame, and played by being hit with mallets. Their sound resembles that of church bells. Also called tubular bells.
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Choir
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A vocal ensemble consisting of several voice parts with four or five or more singers in each section. Also, a section of the orchestra comprising certain types of instruments, such as a brass choir.
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A cappella
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Choral music without instrumental accompaniment
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Battle of Constantinople
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1453
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Council of Trent
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A series of meetings of leaders of the Roman Catholic Church (1545-1563) to discuss church reforms following the Reformation. The decisions generated the Counter Reformation (Catholic-Reformation)
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Madrigal
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(Secular) A polyphonic vocal piece set to a short poem; it originated during the Renaissance
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Word painting
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Representation of the literal meaning of a text through musical means
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Sight sing
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Sing by looking at musical notation instead of having memorized the music in advance
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Transcription
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An arrangement of a composition for a medium other than that for which it was originally written
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Chorale
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A German hymn, often used as a unifying theme for a cantata.
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embellishment
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The practice of decorating musical lines by adding notes or ornaments
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tutti
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"All" or the entire ensemble
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First book of polyphonic music printed
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c. 1501 (because of the printing press)
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Timbre
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Tone color/tone quality
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Clarinet
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A high-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a single reed
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Contrabasson
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A very low-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed
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Cymbals
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Circular metal plates that can be hit together or can be suspended and hit with a beater. They produce indefinite pitch.
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Congas
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Long, single-headed Afro-Cuban drums that produce indefinite pitches
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Conductor
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A person who directs a musical ensemble and who is responsible for all aspects of the performance of the ensemble
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Humanism
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Concern for the quality of life on earth
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Chordophones
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A general term for stringed instruments in world music
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Consort
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A small group of Renaissance instruments. For example, a recorder consort is made up of recorders of various sizes. A mixed consort includes instruments of more than one instrumental type or family
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Double bass
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The largest and lowest voiced member of the bowed string family of instruments. Also called string bass. Because of its size, the player sits on a stool or stands.
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Drone
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A long-held note or notes over or under which other music is played
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English horn
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A woodwind instrument with a pitch range between the oboe and the bassoon that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed
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Flute
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A high-sounding woodwind instrument that is played by blowing across a mouthpiece on the side of the instrument. Modern flutes are usually made of metal but early flutes were made of wood.
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French horn
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A medium-ranged, mellow-sounding brass instrument
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Glockenspiel
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A percussion instrument with two rows of steel bars, each of which produces a definite pitch when struck by a mallet
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Gong
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Large Asian metal percussion instrument that produces an indefinite pitch
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Guitar
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A plucked, stringed instrument with a fingerboard that exists in both acoustic and electric versions
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Harp
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A plucked stringed instrument with strings stretched vertically in a triangular frame
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Idiophones
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A general term for solid percussion instruments in world musics that are struck together, shaken, scraped or rubbed to create their sound
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Legato
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"Linked, tied" indicating a smooth, even style of performance, with each note connected to the next.
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Pizzicato
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A performance technique in which stringed instruments, such as the violin, are plucked with the fingers instead of bowed.
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Oboe
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A high-sounding woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a double reed
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Saxophone
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A woodwind instrument that uses a mouthpiece with a single reed and is made of brass. Saxophones come in many sizes and pitch ranges
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SATB chorus
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A four-part group of singers that include sopranos, altos, tenors, and basses. The chorus can include women on the higher two parts and men on the lower two, or it can be all men or men with boys singing the high parts
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Piano
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A stringed instrument played by a keyboard that causes hammers to hit the strings
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Organ
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Originally a wind instrument in which sets of pipes are controlled by a keyboard that sends air from a blower into the pipes. Electronic organs that can imitate the sound of pipe organs are also common in the twenty-first century
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Orchestra
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An ensemble of instruments consisting mainly of strings, but also usually including woodwinds, brass, and percussion. The size and particular instrumentation of an orchestra depends on the needs of the composition to be performed.
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Membranophones
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A general term for drums in world music
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Imitative counterpoint
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Each successive voice imitates the first
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Mezzo Soprano
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A female voice between the ranges of soprano and alto.
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Soprano
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A high, usually female voice. Also, the high instrument in an instrumental family
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Staccato
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"Detached." Indicating a style of performance in which each note is played in a short, crisp manner.
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Tenor
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A high, male voice, or an instrument that is lower than an alto and higher than a bass instrument.
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