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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Romantic Era
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-All about EMOTION
-Supernatural -Descriptive Titles -Prominent orchestra |
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Rubato
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Lengthening or shortening a phrase to EXPRESS EMOTION
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program symphony
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-Berlioz
-grandiose compositions -Romantic |
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Miniatures
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short pieces for piano or for piano and voice in romantic time period
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grandiose compositions
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-OPPOSITE of MINIATURES
-Hector Berlioz - Romeo and Juliet |
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thematic transformation
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-Idee Fixe - Same thing keeps coming up throughout.
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Through composed
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New music for each stanza
-used by Schubert |
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Lied
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-german for song
-Miniature genre of Romantic Era -Accompanied by PIANO alone -Text is Romantic Poem -Emotional |
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Strophic
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Same music with each stanza
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Modified Strophic
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Mixture of the two, like changing only the last stanza is changed
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Berlioz
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-recurring theme throughout his music
-like the leitmotiv of wagner -Fantastic Symphony -IDEE FIXE - |
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Gesamtkunstwerk
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-Innovation by Wagner
-music drama - total work of art - stage design and acting -Leitmotiv -Orchestra just as important as the singing -OPERAS |
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Wagner
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total music, music drama, believed that everything should be of equal importance- backdrop, music, etc
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Lietmotiv
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-Invented by WAGNER
-a recurring theme throughout a composition -used in operas - |
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Cross rhythms
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-BRAHMS
-Feels like the beat is on the off beat. |
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Impressionism
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French movement, thought to invoke the mood, focus on light
-DEBUSSY -vague harmonies and themes -"Nocturne" |
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Expressionism
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German version of impressionism, distort reality for an emotional effect
-Schoenberg-SERIALISM -Berg -extreme expression |
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Pentatonic scale
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5 note scale (if you press only the black keys on a piano that is the scale
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Twelve tone
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Six notes a whole step away from each other
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Octatonic
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half whole half, whole half whole etc.
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Atonality
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Absence of the feeling of any tonality (no tonic)
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Twelve tone system
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Schoenberg’s method of pushing music to the next level, twelve tones shuffled (row also called a series)
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Inversion
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flip it/ play it upside down (high to low becomes low to high)
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Retrograde
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play it backwards
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Retrograde inversion
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flip and play backwards
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Musique concrete
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a recorded sound or music that is played during a composition
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Call and Response
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in early African music in which a phrase is said by one or a few people and then the whole group repeats it
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Opereta
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like opera, precursor to musical theater, light and comic opera that uses spoken dialogue instead of recitative
-Gilbert and Sillivan (pirates of pen.) |
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Gilbert and Sullivan
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-Operettas, (Musical Theater)
-Pirates of Penzance |
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Source music
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when the actors hear/participate in the music
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Underscore
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music that only the viewers hear and the others don’t
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Berlioz: Fantastic Symphony
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Genre- program symphony
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Bernstein: West Side Story, “Cool”
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• Genre- musical theater
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Chopin: Nocturne in F-sharp
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Genre- character piece, nocturn- night music.
-RUBATO -something else happening in the night... |
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Copland: Appalachian Spring,
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• Modern Era
• Genre- Ballet |
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Gershwin: Prelude No. 1
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• Reminisciet of a character piece
-Modern, more jazzy than the other character pieces |
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Ives: The Unanswered Question-
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(named this because it is never resolved at the end)
• Modern Era • Genre- work for a symphony • 2 symphonies and a chorus |
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Musorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus
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Genre- orchestrated piano miniature
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Reich: Music for 18 Musicians
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Genre- minimalism (repetition of a simple theme)
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Schoenberg: Pierrot lunaire, No. 18: “The Moonfleck
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• Not really a genre- For voice and ensemble
Sprechstimme - extreme example of avant-garde |
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Schubert: Erlkonig
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• Genre- lied
Through composed |
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Schumann, Robert: Carnaval
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Character piece
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Schumann, Robert: Dichterliebe
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• Genre- lied
• From a song cycle- all tell one story |
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Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, Part I
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• Genre- Ballet (a controversial one at that)
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Verdi: Aida
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• Genre- Opera
Type of singing- bel canto |
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song cycle
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a group of songs connected by a general idea or story, or sometimes by musical unifying devices.
-goes beyond miniaturism -Schubert - in piece Diechterliebe (monat mai) |
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Program Symphony
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Berlioz (symphony with a program)
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idee fixe
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a fixed idea. term used by Berlioz for a recurring theme used in all the movements of all of his program symphonies
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Dies Irae
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Day of wrath - section of Requiem Mass pg. 273
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bel canto
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a style of singing that brings out the beauty of the voice. Rossini. Italian romantic opera
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Music Drama
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Wagner's name for his distinctive type of opera (285)
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Concert Overture
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an early 19th century genre resembling an opera overture - but without an opera
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Symphonic Poem
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a piece of orchestral program music in one long movement (295)
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Nationalism
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19th century movement promoting national folk songs and dances
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Avant-garde
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- in the most advanced style (320)
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whole-tone scale
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used by Debussy, comprising only six notes to the octave, each a whole tone apart (329)
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Serialism
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technique of composting with a series - generally a 12-tone series
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twelve-tone system
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method devised by Schoenberg in which the 12 pitches of the octave are ordered and strictly manipulated.
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Twelve-tone series or row
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an ordering of all 12 notes of the chromatic scale, used in composing SERIAL music
-put notes in a hat and draw at random -SCHOENBERG |
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Synthesizers
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electronic things that makes sound for electronic music
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chance music
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type of contemporary music in which certain elements are left to chance and not specified by the composer
-different every time - like 4:33 |
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Minimalism
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late 20th century style involving many repetitions of simple music fragments (381)
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Rock and Roll
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dominant pop-music style of late 20th century (415)
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leitmotiv
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Leading motive in Wagner's operas (285)
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Bebop
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Jazz style of the 1940's (406)
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Big bands
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big jazz bands (10-20 players) of the 1930's and 1940's
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Swing
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Type of big jazz band of 30's and 40's (401)
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Ragtime
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style of american popular music around 1900, usually for piano - LED TO JAZZ
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Jazz
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Major African American performance style that has influenced ALL 20th century pop music
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Blues
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type of African American VERNACULAR MUSIC, used in Jazz, rock and other styles of pop music
-repeated first line -3 basic chords = tonic, subdominant, dominant |
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Vernacular Music
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music we sing and hear as naturally as we speak our native tongue
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Spiritual
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religious folk song. usually African Americans (395)
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Character Piece
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-Is under Miniatures
-express emotion or tell a story -titles such as "nocturne" or "the poet speaks" |
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Writers of Character Pieces
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Franz Liszt
Frederic Chopin Robert Schumann |
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Franz Liszt
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Music is VIOLENT and INTENSE
Very good performer |
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Frederic Chopin
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FLOWERY and DELICATE music
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Robert Schumann
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Music is CLUTTERED
Character Pieces |
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PROGRAM SYMPHONY
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-Multi-movement work for orchestra that tells a story
-Hector Berlioz |
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COLORATURA
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Lots of fast scales, big interval leaps, melismas, etc
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Giuseppe Verdi
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-OPERA
○ Very politically active through his music ○ Well known music throughout Italy today. Very patriotic AIDA Rigoletto |
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Symphonic Poem
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Similar to concert overture
-program music for orchestra -single movement -also known as symphonic fanatasia |
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Tchaikovsky
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-BALLET
-Nutcracker, Swan Lake -very emotional -very avant-garde |
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NATIONALISM
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○ Copland - folk dances
○ Russian Nationalist - Modest Musorgsky |
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Johannes Brahms
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-CROSS RHYTHMS
-feels like beat is off beat -pass melody around different tone colors |
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Gustav Mahler
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-German Composer
-nonstandard symphonies. 5 movements, etc -brought choir into program symphonies |
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Romantic Time Period
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???
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Modern Era
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1900-Today
○ More variety, innovation, and creativity |
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• Tonality vs. Atonality
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○ Tonality is hummable
○ Atonality - in the modern era they don't want you to be able to hum it. |
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Avant-garde
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At the forefront, experimental, new, revolutionary
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eastern scales
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Pentatonic
Octatonic Whole tone |
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Claude Debussy
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**impressionist
○ Clusters of notes that may seem dissonant, but combine together to make a new tone color ○ Used other eastern scales -CLAIRE DE LUNE |
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Stravinsky
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○ POLY HARMONY - two melodies going at the same time in 2 completely different tonalities.
Liked to use irregular rhythms |
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expressionistic music
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dissonance, non traditional use of instruments, etc
-Schoenberg, Berg |
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Arnold Schoenberg
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-EXPRESSIONIST
No tonic note -created Sprechstimee (speech-song) Created music retrograde wanted music to be unpredictable Came up with the 12 tone method - put tones in hat and draw them out then modify order |
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Anton Webern
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short and compact even though he had a full orchestra on stage
one or a few instruments played at once |
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• Alban Berg
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opposite from Webern - huge orchestra all playing at the same time. Romantic orchestra
dark and depressing operas -embraced ATONALITY |
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*Second Vienna School
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Berg, Webern, and Schoenberg
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George Gershwin
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Broadway shows
rhapsody in blue Nationalist |
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Charles Ives
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-published music for free
First important Nationalist composer Dissonant music |
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• Aaron Copland
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-Nationalistic
-Sounds Western -BALLETS |
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Multiphonics
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take an instrument that is supposed to make one pitch at a time and you force it to make more than one pitch at a time - CLARINET, FRENCH HORN
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Theremin
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Pop music instrument
-two antennae - pitch and volume |
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Musique Concrete
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take a recorded sound and use it as part of your performance (traffic noise, etc)
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Synthesizer, Computer Music
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Plays faster than humans, high tech
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*John Cage
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Known for aleatoric - aka CHANCE MUSIC
-4:33 - piece of SILENCE -came up with PREPARED PIANO |
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minimalism
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1974
-small amount of material -simple melodies, motives, and harmonies. LOTS of repetition |
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Minimalist Composers
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Philip Glass
Steven Reich John Adams |
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Pop Music
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Started in Africa - slave songs
-CALL and RESPONSE -spiritual and religious topics |
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Ragtime
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PIANO genre
-boom-chuck, boom-chuck -around 1900 - LED to JAZZ |
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New Orleans Jazz
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AKA Dixie Land
-small group of performers -many instruments improvise at the same time |
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Swing
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Developed from Jazz
GLENN MILLER - In the mood |
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Part of Development of Jazz
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Bebop - small group - improvised solos
Cool Jazz - less improvisation Jazz Fusion/Jazz Rock - (miles Davis, Michael Buble) |
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Musical Theater (types)
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Operetta - Gilbert and Sullivan (pirates of Penzance)
Vandeville - Giant Variety Show Broadway |
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Broadway
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Roger's and Hammerstein - "feel good" evening
-Bernstein - West side story - used first 3 notes (gang whistle) as motive throughout |
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Film Music
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Soundtracks
Silent Films Prokofiev |
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Phil Spector
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Wall of sound technique - layered, echoey quality of music with very clear singing vocals
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Cover
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Reperforming something that was performed by someone else.
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