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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alkaline phosphatase |
enzyme used for calcification of bone; serum levels useful in diagnosis |
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allograft |
tissue graft between individuals of the same species but different genetic makeup; homograft and allogenic graft |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
-progressive degeneration of motor neurons which leads to muscle atrophy (amyotrophy) -facial or respiratory muscles may be affected -death usually due to respiratory muscle paralysis in 3-5 years -also known as Lou Gehrig's disease |
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ankylosing spondylitis |
-chronic, progressive inflammatory disease -most common in young males -spine joint cartilage destoryed and disks calcify & bones become fused -usually begins in lumbar spine and progresses cephalad -limits mobility -aka rheumatoid spondylitisspine |
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ankylosis |
immobility and fixation of a joint |
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arthritis |
inflammation of a joint |
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arthrocentesis |
aspiration of fluid from a joint by needle puncture or draining excess fluid from a joint (tx for severe arthritic inflammation) |
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arthroclasia |
surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement |
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arthrodesis |
joint fusion to relieve pain or provide stability (pins or bone grafts) or surgical immobilisation (fusion) of a joint; artifical ankylosis |
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arthroplasty |
reconstruction (usually total or partial replacement with a prosthesis) of a joint |
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Arthroscopy |
an endoscope used by orthopaedic surgeons to examine and repair joints |
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Aspiration |
-removal by suction - as removal of fluid from a body cavity -also inhalation - such as accidental inhalation of material into the respiratory tract |
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asthenia |
weaness (a- without; sthen/o- strength) |
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ataxia |
lack of muscle coordination |
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atrophy |
wasting - decrease in size of tissue organ |
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autograft |
graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person receiving the graft; autologous graft |
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Avascular (septic or aseptic) necrosis |
-avascularity of femoral head will exhibit decreased uptake possibly surrounded by increased activity in the surrounding area -diagnosis is important before collapse of the femoral head |
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Avulsion |
forcible tearing away of a part |
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baker cyst |
mass at the knee joint by distention of a bursa with excess synovial fluid resulting from chronic irritation |
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bisphosphonate |
-agent used to prevent & treat osteoporosis -increases one mass by decreasing bone turnover -aledronate (fosamax) -risedronate (Actonel) -reduces bone resorption |
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bone marrow hyperplasia |
hot due to compression of cortical bone |
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bunion |
-inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great toe -usually with displaement of the great toe toward the other toe |
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bursitis |
-inflammation of a bursa (a small fluid filled sace near a joint) -causes include injury or irritation or joint disease -shoulder/hip/elbow and knee are common sites |
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calcitonin |
-hormone from the thyroid gland that decreases resorption of bone tissue -used in treatment of Paget disease & osteoporosis -also called thyrocalcitonin |
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calvaria |
domelike upper portion of the skull |
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carpal tunnel syndrome |
numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerv as it passes through a tunnel formed by carpal bones |
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chondroitin |
-complex polysaccharide (usually sulphate) found in CT -used as a dietary supplement - usually with glucosamine for joint pain treatment |
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chondroma |
benign cartilage tumor |
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chondrosarcoma |
-malignant artilage tumor -usually appears midlife -best prognosis - early surgical removal -commonly metastasizes to lung -easily fracture -increase serum calicum & alkaline phosphatise levels -hot ends of long and flat bones -resemble hyaline cartilage -difficult to distingish from stress fractures |
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creatine kinase (CK) |
-enzyme released by damaged muscle (creatine phosphokinase - CPK) -creatine is a normal protein in muscle that stores energy for contraction |
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degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
-osteoarthritis (OA) pregresstion deterioraration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone and soft tissue in and around the joint -most common form results from wear and tear/injury or disease |
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Discectomy |
surgical removal of herniated inferior vena cava (IVC) |
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edema |
accumulation of fluid, swelling (cephaledema) |
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enhondroma (Maffuchias Syndrome) |
-bengin bone neoplasm -failure to absorb cartilage at grath plates so the ends of the long bones and the pelvis are hot |
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Ewing tumor (ewing's sarcoma) |
-malignant round-cell tumour usually in children (5-15) -can begin in bone shaft & spreads to other bones -may respond to RTx temporarily -primary bone neoplasm - shaft of long and flat bones -hot on bone scan -onion skin appearance on radiographs |
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exostosis |
bone outgrowth from the surface of a bone |
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Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) |
-widespread muscle aches - tenderness - stiffness along with fatigue & sleep disorders -commonly coexists with other chroni disease |
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Fibromysoitis |
-nonspecific term for pain -tenderness and stiffness in muscles and joints |
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fibrous dysplasia |
-metabolic bone disorder -hyperparathyroidism - decreases bone tissue (osteoclastic) & replace it with fibrous tissue and cysts -may be multiple or single, hot spots especially in the distal end of the extremities -commonly in the ribs and cranial facial region -kidneys and soft tissue ay be hot due to calcium excretion |
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gaint cell tumor |
-benign bone neoplasm -hot in long bones (ie. in the knees due to hemorrhaging & bone turnover) -ends of bones are destroyed by a large mass that does not metastasize -soft soap bubble on x-rays due to osteolysis -usually apears in children & young adults |
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Glucosamine |
dietary supplement used in treatment of joint pain |
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gout |
-increased level of uric acid in blood -salts are deposited in the joints -found in middle-aged en - almost always the base of the great toe -metabolic disturbance or secondary disease (kidneys) -form of acute srthritis |
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hallux valgus |
-painful condition involving lateral displacement of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint -also enlargement of the metatarsal head and bunion formation |
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hallux |
great toe |
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hammertoe |
-change in position of the toe joints so the toe takes on a clawlike appearance -first toe joint protrudes upward causing irritation and pain when walking |
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herberden nodes |
small hard nodules form in the cartilage of the distal joints of the fingers of OQ |
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hemarthrosis |
bleeding into a joint cavity |
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herniated disk |
-protrusion of the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal -ruptured or "slipped" |
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hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO) |
-calcified periosteum due to obstruction in the lung by CA -the ends of the long bones - especially the wrists - can be hot -the classic appearance is the railroad sign |
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kyphosis |
-exaggerated thoracic curve - "hunchback" |
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laminectomy |
excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra |
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Legg-Calve-Perthes disease |
-degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the femur -bone is eventually restored, but there may be deformity and weakness -most common in young boys -cold and flat femoral head -may be hot around area if repair is occurring -pinhole or SPECT is most useful -aka coxa plana |
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loose/infected prosthesis |
-a painful hip prosthesis can indicate loosening or infection -both will show increasd uptake on bone imaging -to differentiate, infection will show leukocyte presence on a WBC scan while loosening will show bone marrow expansion with Tc-99m Sulphur Colloid |
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lordosis |
-exaggerated lumbar curve - "swayback" |
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lymphoma (Hodgkins lymphoma) |
-cancer in the lymphatic cells -may be hot or bold due to lytic nature and cell packing |
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malacia |
softening (osteomalacia) |
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malleolus |
projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle |
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meniscectomy |
removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee joint |
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metastatic disease |
spread of cancer to surrounding (local) tissues or other (distant) body sites |
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multiple myeloma |
-cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow -lytic lesions may be missed (false negative) on WBBS -primary bone neoplasm -cold on bone scan -x-ray is actually more senitiv than NM images |
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muscular dystrophy |
-hereditary group of diseases involving progressive & non-inflammatory degeneration of muscles -weakness, wasting, atrophy, gradual replacement by CT and fat -may also have cardiomyopathy and mental impairment |
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myasthenia gravis |
-acquired autoimmune disease -antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation at neuromuscular junction -progressive loss of muscle power, especially in the eye and face |
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myelogram |
-radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye -used to evaluate a herniated sick |
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neurogenic arthropathy |
-degenerative disease of joints caused by impaired nervous stimulation -most common cause is diabetes mellitus -charcot arthropathy |
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) |
-drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid (ie. aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen and celebrex) -inhibit prostaglandins -naturally produced substances that promote inflammation |
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oleccranon |
ulnar process of elbow |
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orthopaedics |
study and treatment of skeletal, muscle and associated structure disorders |
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osgood-Schlatter disease |
degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth centre of the tibia causing pain and tendinitis at the knee |
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osseous |
pertaining to bone |
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osteoarthritis (OA or DJD) |
-gradual deterioration of articular cartilage due to wear & tear (predisposition based on age, heredity, injury, congenital skeletal abnormalities, or endocrine disorders) -appears midlife in weightbearing joints -narrowing of joint space & bone thickening -disintegration of cartilage exposing underlying bone on radiographs |
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osteochondroma |
benign tumor consisting of cartilage and bone |
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osteochondrosis |
-diseases of a bne growth centre in children -degeneration of the tissue is followed by recalcification |
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osteodystrophy |
abnormal bone development |
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osteogenesis imperfect (OI) |
-hereditary disease resulting in the formation of brittle bones that fracture easily -faulty synthesis of collagen (main structural protein of CT) |
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Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) |
-highly malignant tumor most commin in growth region (knee) of a bone -commonly metastasizes to lungs -best prognosis is early surgical removal -pt presentation of pain -easily fractured -increase serum calcium & alkaline phosphatise levels -presents in the ends of long bones -often these pt will show pulmonary mets -activity visible in the soft tissue is not uncommon -osteolytic or osteoblastic |
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osteoid blastoma |
-benign bone neoplasm -increased activity in the surrounding cortical bone can be caused by bone marrow expansion |
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osteoid osteoma |
-one of very few benign bone lesions that appears hot on a bone scan -usually the spine is affected -the femur and tibia often appear abnormal |
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osteoma |
bengin bne tumor that usually remains small and localised |
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osteomalacia |
-softening & weakening of the bone tissue because of diminished calcium salt formation (vitamin D deficient, renal disorders, liver disease, intestinal disorders) - called rickets in children -metabolic bone disorder -impaired mineralization but the protein matrix is okay -renal osteodystrophy (calcium in renal tubules) -th spint & pelvis & legs are hot especially if fractures are present -the bones are deformed -often show as a generalized increase in bone uptake or superscan |
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osteomyelitis |
-inflammation of the bone and marrow caused by infection -usually pyrogenic microbes (especially staphylococcus aureus) or periosteal blood seeding (pus-forming bacteria enter wound or are carried by blood and invade well-perfused epiphysis usually following fracture or surgery or trauma) |
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osteopenia |
-lower than average bone density -may foreshadow osteoporosis |
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osteoplasty |
scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint |
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osteoporosis |
-metabolic bone disorder characterised by reduction in bone mass but normal mineralization -most common in Caucasian and post-menopausal women -predisposing factors include poor diet, inactivity & low estrogen levels -results in bone weakening (increase risk of fractures, especially vertebral compression fractures) -bone scan appears normal, though generalized decreasein bone and an increase in kidney uptake -bone: soft tissue > 5.2 : 1 |
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Paget's Disease (osteitis deformans) |
-metabolic bone disorder -skeletal disease of the elderly characterised by bone thickening & distortion -bowing of long bones -increased blood flow & accelerated bone turnover resulting increased uptake which will result throughout an entire bone -may appear normal in lytic phase -bone scan can assist evaluation of therapy |
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polymyositis |
-inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness & frequently associated with dysphagia or cardiac -associated with other autoimmune diseases (RA, lupus) |
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Pott disease |
inflammation of the vertebrae - usually caused by TB |
