Musculoskeletal Exam 3

Front 1

There are 4 major categories of Swine Lameness, before disease what should be considered as a primary cause of lameness in Swine?

Back 1

Flooring, mechanical, and or management/facilities issues should be considered before disease.

Front 2

What are the 4 major categories of swine lamenesses?

Back 2

1. Flooring, mechanical, and or management issues
2. Infectious etiology
3. Fractures, including nutritional fractures
4. Osteochondrosis and DJD

Front 3

Lameness is the aftermath of this Swine disease, and the agent responsible is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Back 3

Swine Erysipelas

Front 4

There are 3 forms of Swine Erysipelas, which form causes lameness in the animal?

Back 4

Acute. The acute form includes lameness, abortion, and diamond skin lesions.

It is also possible with the chronic form because the acute can progress to this chronic erysipelas.

Front 5

What is the major route of exposure for Swine Erysipelas?

Back 5

Tonsils are the route of exposure and the source of the carrier state.

Front 6

This disease in Swine causes Lameness, a humped up stance, and the reluctance to move. Typically the joints are firm due to thickening of the joint capsule and formation of granulation tissue.

Back 6

Swine Erysipelas.

Cartilage erosion and blood tinged joint fluid also seen.

Front 7

Diamond Skin Lesion is typical of what swine disease?

Back 7

Erysipelas

Front 8

What are 2 manners of control for Swine Erysipelas?

Back 8

1. Immunity through bacterins which are available and work well. Booster 2 times yearly to breeding stock.
2. Cull known carriers or likely carriers
3. Eliminate exposure to dirt lots and pens

Front 9

What agent is most commonly the cause of Suppurative Arthritis and Osteomyelitis in Swine, resulting in their having to be culled as there is no treatment?

Back 9

A. pyogenes

Other agents include Strep and Staph sps., E. Coli, and Brucella suis

Front 10

This condition in Swine is typically associated with wounds from fighting, over and undercrowding and leads to intra articular pus and periarticular abscesses?

Back 10

Suppurative Arthritis and Osteomyelitis

Front 11

What is the treatment for Suppurative Arthritis and Osteomyelitis in Swine?

Back 11

Cull. Treatment is generally ineffective.

Front 12

What are the clinical signs associated with Arthritis associated with systemic disease in Swine?

Back 12

This is arthritis that develops as a result of a systemic disease so often the clinical signs include Lameness associated with swollen joints, Peritonitis, pleuritis, and meningitis.

Front 13

Is there a treatment for infectious arthritis associated with a systemic disease?

Back 13

Yes. Antibiotic therapy in the feed based on sensitivity testing and correcting the stressors that allowed carriers to shed the organism.

Front 14

What is Osteomalcia?

Back 14

Osteomalcia is the reabsorption of bone, which often leads to a pathological fracture in swine.

Front 15

This condition is swine is called downer sows, and often seen during late lactation due to excessive demands for milk calcium?

Back 15

Osteomalcia.

Front 16

What is the prevention of Osteomalcia?

Back 16

No treatment, must salvage slaughter. To prevent provide minimum 40 g Calcium in the feed and 10g Phosphorus per day.

Front 17

What are the two anaerobic organisms responsible for Foot Rot in sheep and goats?

Back 17

Dichelobacter nodosus (obligate parasite of the sheep hoof) and Fusobacterium (normal inhabitant of the rumen)

Front 18

This small ruminant condition causes the animal to take a "praying" position when grazing, invades the sole of the foot, and has a characteristic foul odor?

Back 18

Contagious Foot Rot, Virulent

Front 19

How is contagious foot rot in small ruminants spread?

Back 19

The infection is spread from infected animals to the ground, bedding, and manure. Typically introduced from new animals bought at auction or at fairgrounds especially during temperatures of 40 to 70 degrees and when the environment is wet.

Front 20

How long is the quarantine for sheep brought into the farm to prevent the spread of Contagious/Virulent foot rot?

Back 20

30 days

Front 21

What are the 4 parts of treating Contagious Foot Rot in small ruminants?

Back 21

Foot trimming - remove all of the infected hoof so the organism is exposed ot the air
Soaking - medicated foot baths
Antibiotics - Penicillen
Vaccination - 2 vax 4 to 6 weeks apart, usually cause an abscess

Front 22

What are the 3 possible chemicals for Foot Rot treatment bathes? Which is best?

Back 22

Zinc Sulfate - 10 percent solution, least toxic
Copper Sulfate - 10 percent solution, toxic if they drink it
Formalin - 5 percent solution, may scald foot, least desirable

Front 23

What antibiotic is used to treat contagious foot rot in small ruminants caused by fusobacterium necrophorum and dichelobacter nodosus?

Back 23

Penicillin G

Front 24

Abscesses are common at the injection site of this disease and should be given prior to the wet season?

Back 24

Contagious Foot Rot

Front 25

Foot Scald is also called?

Back 25

Interdigital dermatitis.

Front 26

Foot Scald or Interdigital dermatitis is similar to Foot Rot in that the same organisms are to blame. What are the organisms and what is the deciding difference between scald and rot?

Back 26

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dicelobacter nodousus.

These are less virulent strains than those causing Foot Rot. Still seen during the wet season.

Front 27

What is the major determinant/ clinical sign to indicate the ruminant has foot scald?

Back 27

Slight under running of the sole is seen in Benign Foot Rot.

Front 28

Lentivirus, a retrovirus is responsible for what condition is small ruminants?

Back 28

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus.

Front 29

This virus is present in colostrum or milk and when ingested causes Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis?

Back 29

Lentivirus

Front 30

What are the clinical signs of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus?

Back 30

1. Leukoencephalitis of kids 2 to 6 months of age, show rear leg paralysis that is irreversible.
2. Infection of carpal joints in mature goats, hyperplastic polysynovitis

May take years for signs to appear even is infected as a neonate.

Front 31

Ear mites may be a source of infection for what small ruminant condition that is important in kids?

Back 31

Mycoplasma, can be isolated from the joints as well as milk and is suspected that ear mites are a source of infection

Front 32

What condition is seen in kids from birth to 2 months of age, caused by ingestion of milk, and may cause signs of encephalitis?

Back 32

Mycoplasma

Front 33

How is Mycoplasma spread prevented?

Back 33

Milk Pasteurization. Treat with Tylosin

Front 34

What is a major cause of neonatal loss in the swine industry?

Back 34

Crushing injuries. The Sow will have painful joints and flop down on the young instead of laying down.

Front 35

You have a pig with a fever of unknown origin, what disease is to be assumed until proven otherwise?

Back 35

Erysipelas. A gram positive bacteria which is potentially zoonotic, found in carrier swine and dirt lots.

Front 36

True or False: There is an antiserum for Erysipelas.

Back 36

True. There is an antiserum for Erysipelas however it is not found in most DVM trucks, industry use only for acute and periacute cases. Often if swine survive the acute form they will regress to the chronic form with joint pain.
There is no treatment for those presenting as the chronic form.

Front 37

Fusobacterium causes Foot Rot in Small Ruminants and Cattle, what is the difference in the presentation between species?

Back 37

Foot Rot in Small ruminants undermines the hoof wall, but in cattle it is between the claws of the foot.

Front 38

Where do Foot Rot lesions begin in small ruminants?

Back 38

Along the medial aspect of the claw. Dirt packs into the area and stays too wet, the animal is too lame to stomp the dirt out and so the lesion spreads.

Front 39

You have a goat that is 3 legged lame, malodorous from a distance, and often is in pasture in the early morning and late evening. What is the suspected cause?

Back 39

Foot Scald, benign foot rot. Goats are very sensitive to this condition.

Front 40

What species is Mycoplasm a problem in? And Chlamydiosis?

Back 40

Mycoplasm is in kids (goats) less than 2 months of age, causes severe septic arthritis.

Chlamydiosis is in lambs

Front 41

What are the four components of the lameness exam?

Back 41

History, Physical, Baseline Motion Exam, and Manipulations

Front 42

What is the purpose of the Baseline Motion Exam?

Back 42

To establish a lameness grade

Front 43

What are 3 Manipulations performed during the lameness exam?

Back 43

Hoof Testers, Flexions, and Diagnostic Analgesia

Front 44

At what gait and pattern is the baseline motion exam performed?

Back 44

Trot, straight line and on the circle

Front 45

When checking for symmetry during a motion exam what 3 things should you be checking?

Back 45

Arc of flight of the foot
Amount of flexion and extension in the joints
Length of stride

Front 46

What is the AAEP score for a lameness that is consistently observable at a trot under all circumstances?

Back 46

3

Front 47

This lameness is obvious at a walk, what is the AAEP score?

Back 47

4

Front 48

When doing a carpal flexion what two structures should contact each other in a normal horse?

Back 48

In a normal horse the fetlock should contact the caudal surface of the radius, if not then there is a decreased range of motion.

Front 49

In the forelimb there is an upper leg extension and upper leg flexion, which is best for the shoulder and which is best for the elbow in detecting issues?

Back 49

The upper leg extension, extends the shoulder and flexes the elbow. It is therefore best for finding elbow issues.

The upper leg flexion is best for detecting shoulder issues, as the shoulder is flexed and the elbow is extended.

Front 50

This flexion test extends the elbow while flexing the shoulder?

Back 50

Upper Leg Flexion

Front 51

What is the goal of the Stifle Flexion test?

Back 51

This flexion places more strain on the stifle while reducing the pressure on the hock, dangerous position for the manipulator.

Front 52

Diagnostic Analgesia is a great tool to....

Back 52

localize pain to a region.

Front 53

Name 2 forelimb peripheral nerve blocks.

Back 53

Palmar Digital
Abaxial Sesamoid
Low 4 point
Hig 4 point

Front 54

If the goal is to block all things Navicular, which most distal peripheral block and which intra-articular blocks would be acceptable?

Back 54

The Palmar Digital block is able to block the Navicular structures peripherally, while the coffin joint block would be an intra-articular option.

Front 55

Which block is responsible for the sole and digital cushion of the foot?

Back 55

Palmar digital

Front 56

Name the 6 structures the Palmar Digital block is responsible for.

Back 56

Navicular bursa
Navicular bone
Navicular suspensory apparatus
Sole
Digital Cushion
Insertion of Deep Digital Flexor Tendon

Front 57

General location of the Palmar digital nerve block?

Back 57

Proximal the the collateral cartilages

Front 58

This nerve block is administered along the mid body of the proximal sesamoid bones to block the coronary band, coffin joint, pastern joint, dorsal hoof wall, and sesamoidian ligaments?

Back 58

Abaxial Sesamoid block

Front 59

To block the sesamoidian ligament one would use the Abaxial Sesamoid block, but what about for the Sesamoid bones?

Back 59

Low 4 Point Block, also blocks the fetlock joint and insertion of the suspensory ligament on those sesamoid bones.

Front 60

The Low 4-Point block is able to block the insertionf of the suspensory ligament on the sesamoid bones, but what are 2 Peripheral nerve blocks that block the suspensory ligament itself?

Back 60

The High 4 point block (also blocks the cannon bone) and the Wheat block (preferred method).

Front 61

Young races horses often have a problem in the cannon bone, what would be a good peripheral block to check this region?

Back 61

The High 4 Point Block, requires extreme sterility

Front 62

This block will block the lateral palmar nerve, ideal for blocking the suspensory ligament?

Back 62

Wheat Block

Front 63

Name the hindlimb blocks.

Back 63

Palmar Digital
Abaxial Sesamoid
Low 6 point block (fore limb was a 4 point)
High 4 point block (no wheat block in hindlimb)
Tibial and Peroneal Block (good for hock pain)

Front 64

The Tibal and Peroneal blocks are great for what pain?

Back 64

Pain in the hock region

Front 65

In the rear leg, when doing a high 4 point block what structure must be carefully avoided?

Back 65

The Dorsal Metatarsal Artery

Front 66

The most commonly used intra-articular block for Navicular check?

Back 66

Coffin block

Front 67

What is the needle placement, general area, for the Dorsal approach Coffin joint block?

Back 67

Above and/or through the Coronary band. Done weight bearing.

Front 68

The Dorsal approach for the coffin joint and the pastern joint are done weight bearing or non weight bearing?

Back 68

Weight bearing.

Front 69

What are the 4 landmarks for the Fetlock block from a dorsal approach?

Back 69

1. Backside of the Cannon Bone
2. Distal end of the splint bone
3. Proximal aspect of the sesamoid bone
4. Dorsal margin of the branch of the suspensory ligament

Front 70

Young races horses often have a problem in the cannon bone, what would be a good peripheral block to check this region?

Back 70

The High 4 Point Block, requires extreme sterility

Front 71

This block will block the lateral palmar nerve, ideal for blocking the suspensory ligament?

Back 71

Wheat Block

Front 72

Name the hindlimb blocks.

Back 72

Palmar Digital
Abaxial Sesamoid
Low 6 point block (fore limb was a 4 point)
High 4 point block (no wheat block in hindlimb)
Tibial and Peroneal Block (good for hock pain)

Front 73

The Tibal and Peroneal blocks are great for what pain?

Back 73

Pain in the hock region

Front 74

In the rear leg, when doing a high 4 point block what structure must be carefully avoided?

Back 74

The Dorsal Metatarsal Artery

Front 75

The most commonly used intra-articular block for Navicular check?

Back 75

Coffin block

Front 76

What is the needle placement, general area, for the Dorsal approach Coffin joint block?

Back 76

Above and/or through the Coronary band. Done weight bearing.

Front 77

The Dorsal approach for the coffin joint and the pastern joint are done weight bearing or non weight bearing?

Back 77

Weight bearing.

Front 78

What are the 4 landmarks for the Fetlock block from a dorsal approach?

Back 78

1. Backside of the Cannon Bone
2. Distal end of the splint bone
3. Proximal aspect of the sesamoid bone
4. Dorsal margin of the branch of the suspensory ligament

Front 79

What is an Angular Limb Deformity?

Back 79

An angular limb deformity is a deviation in the frontal plane, either medially or laterally.

Front 80

Define Valgus.

Back 80

Valgus is a lateral deviation from the frontal plane

Front 81

Define Vargus.

Back 81

Vargus is a medial deviation from the frontal plane. Used to describe an angular limb deformity.

Front 82

How is an Angular Limb deformity named?

Back 82

Name the joint with which the angulation begins and then the direction to which the deviation occurs.

Front 83

What is the most common Angular Limb Deformity?

Back 83

Carpal Valgus, so starting at the Carpus the limb angles out laterally.

Front 84

What is the second most common Angular Limb Deformity?

Back 84

Tarsal Valgus, second to the Carpal Valgus.

Front 85

What are the 2 causes for Angular Limb deformity?

Back 85

Acquired or Congenital

Front 86

T/F: Mild Carpal Valgus is normal in neonates.

Back 86

True, most foals are born with mild carpal valgus (congenital) bc their thin chest allows the limbs to deviate. With time the foals chest expands and they grow out of it.

Front 87

3 Causes of congenital ALD in foals?

Back 87

Mild carpal valgus, normal in the neonate.
Periarticular laxity
Incomplete ossification of the cubiodal bones

Front 88

If the foal is valgus in one leg and vargus in the other what is the term given to this condition?

Back 88

Wind Swept

Front 89

When conducting a visual exam for angular limb deformities, where should you stand?

Back 89

Stand in front of, perpendicular to the frontal plane of the limb of interest.

Front 90

This is a congenital cause of ALD that is due to soft tissue elasticity around the joint, often radiographs are normal and manual correction is possible?

Back 90

Periarticular Laxity

Front 91

Manually correctable ALD with abnormal radiographs is most likely do to what congenital issue?

Back 91

Incomplete Ossification, requires strict exercise restriction to correct.

Front 92

Two forms of acquired ALD?

Back 92

Assymetric Physeal Growth due to unbalanced nutrition or excessive exercise.
Trauma

Front 93

A splint or cast for ALD correction is meant to maintain axial alignment and allow further ossification without damaging the cartilage, where should the bandage end?

Back 93

The bandage should end at the fetlock to prevent tendon laxity or osteopenia.

Front 94

If the deviation is lateral, Valgus, where are the extensors placed?

Back 94

Medially

Front 95

When the physeal growth is assymetric, the goal is to slow one side while allowing the other to catch up. What are the two options and which does not allow over correction?

Back 95

Periosteal transection and elevation (stripping) - will not over correct
Growth Retardation by putting a screw across the physis, CAN OVER CORRECT, must be removed.

Front 96

This limb deformity category invovles the Sagittal plane?

Back 96

Flexural limb deformity (FLDs) can be described as Contraction or Hyperextension