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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do you call the 3rd MC or MT bone?
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cannon bone
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What do you call the 2nd and 4th metacarpal or metatarsal bones?
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splint bones
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What do you call the proximal phalanx (P1)?
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long pastern
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What do you call the middle phalanx (P2)?
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short pastern
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What do you call the distal phalanx (P3)?
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coffin bone
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What do you cal the carpus?
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the knee
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What do you call the tarsus?
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the hock
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What is the metacarpophalangeal or metarsophalangeal joint?
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fetlock
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What do you call the proximal interphalangeal joint?
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pastern joint
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What do you call the distal interphalangeal joint?
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coffin joint
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Give an example of a body part that requires a higher output machine?
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stifle
-these can take shorter exposures |
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What is often the first method of evaluating equine lameness?
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radiography
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What is the mA and kVP for a portable machine?
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10-30 ma
70-90 kVp |
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Where should you put a marker when performing radiography on horse limbs?
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lateral aspect of the limb with labeled limb marker (right or left)
-for lateral, place dorsal |
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How should a radiographic projection be described?
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point of entrance to point of exit
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From what point is cranial and caudal changed to dorsal and palmar/plantar?
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antebrachiocarpal joint and tarsocrural joint
-term palmar is used on the proximal limb -plantar is used on the distal limb |
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When using the following words together, what is their order?
-right -lateral -dorsal |
Right dorsolateral
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What are the two most common views with radiography of the horse limb?
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-latero-medial
-dorso-palmar (plantar) -but only allow evaluation of about 50% of the surfaces -oblique (with 45 degrees angle to the dorsal aspect of the limb) is also commonly taken |
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What does DLPMO mean?
what is projected lateral and medial? |
-dorso-lateral to plantar medial oblique
DLPMO -lateral is projected plantar -medial is projected dorsal |
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What is another name for dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique?
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skyline
-portion that is highlighted is determined by the position of the carpus and the angle of teh beam |
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What view would you use to look at the coronary band and the navicular bone?
-the distal margin of the navicular bone is superimposed with the overlying 2nd phalanx |
dorso 65 proximal - palmarodistal oblique
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What is the divet on the solar margin of the distal phalanx called?
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crena marginalis
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What is a mach band?
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when one bone edge crosses another, a radiolucent line may appear
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What type are most joints in the body?
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diarthroidial (moveable)
-move rigid skeleton -synovial fluid |
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What is in the intimal layer of the synovial membrane?
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synoviocytes
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What is part of the subintimal layer of the synovial membrane?
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-fibrous, areolar, fatty tissue
-GOOD blood supply and innervation -where joint gets its nutrition |
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What are type A synoviocytes?
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phagocytic
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What are type B synoviocytes secreting?
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protein
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What are type C synoviocytes?
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transition
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What do synoviocytes contribute to the synovial fluid?
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hyaluron and lubricin
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What is synovial fluid?
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ultrafiltrate of plasma
-glucose, O2, CO2, small proteins |
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Where do upper limb joints get their stability?
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muscle action
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Where do lower limb joints get their stability?
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capsule, ligaments, joint congruency - shape of the joint
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What happens to subchondral bone with OA?
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stiffening
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Where does articular cartilage get its nutrition?
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synovial fluid - to chondrocytes in cartilage
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What is the % of water in the extracellular matrix - by wet weight?
-collagen - dry weight -proteogylcans -glycoproteins |
water - 70%
collagen - 50% proteoglycans - 35% glycoprotein - 10% |
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What are the four zones of articular cartilage?
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-tangential
-transitional -radiate -calcified |
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What is the type of collagen predominantly made by chondrocytes?
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type II (90-95%)
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What force does cartilage collagens counteract?
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tensile stresses
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Is turn over fast or slow with cartilage collagens?
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slow er than other components of articular cartilage
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Aggrecan is resistant to what type of force?
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compressive forces
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Super physiologic levels or stress on chondrocytes result in what?
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catabolism
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What is one of the earliest changes of OA?
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upregulation of anabolism (aggrecan and collagen) of chondrocytes
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What does boundry lubrication decrease friction between?
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soft tissue and bone
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What does fluid-film lubrication decrease friction between?
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between articular cartilage
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What is OA?
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progressive and permanent deterioration of articular cartilage
-the point at which catabolism > anabolic repair |
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What are the characteristic changes with OA?
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-articular cartilage
-subchondral bone -supporting soft tissue |
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What are 3 mechanisms of OA?
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1 - defective cartilage
2 - abnormal change in subchondral bone 3 - normal cartilage with abnormal forces |
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What are four causes of OA?
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1 - traumatic
2 - developmental 3 - infectious 4 - degenerative |
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What is the earliest sign of intra-articular changes of OA?
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loss of aggrecan and type II collagen
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What do inflammatory cytokines cause the release of that is made by the synoviocytes and chondrocytes and is released intra-articularlly as a result of OA?
-What does it have that degrades the cartilage? |
MMP - matrix metalloprotinase
-collegenase |
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What do the anabolic cytokines (IGF, TGF) do?
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-promote cartilage metabolism
-production of proteoglycans and type II collagen |
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What do the catabolic cytokines do (IL-1, TNF-alpha)?
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upregulated in OA
-promote MMP, NO, and PGE2 -inhibits aggrecan and type II collagen synthesis |
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What are the types of lesions seen with OA?
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-discoloration
-fibrillation -erosion -wear lines -eburnation -cysts |
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Is there a coorelation between clinical signs and severity?
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no - poor
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What are sources of pain with OA?
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capsule, synovium, tendons, ligaments, periosteum, bone
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Is there a capacity of regeneration of healing with articular cartilage?
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limited
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How are large cartilage repairs done in the body?
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extrinsic - derives cells from surrounding tissue
-fibrocartilage |
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What is the goal of treating joint disease?
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slow progression
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Degenerative changes ________ clinical signs
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preceed
-therefore early prevention and treatment |
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What is the treatment for generalized OA?
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medical treatment and exercise
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What is the treatment for full-thickness cartilage lesions?
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surgical
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What are the goals of treating OA?
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-decrease inflammation
***decrease pain (MAIN) ***slow progression of OA (MAIN) -lubricate -regain function and restore joint environment |
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What are the main functions of COX-1 and COX-2?
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COX-1 --normal function of GI and kidney
COX-2 -- associated with inflammatory events |
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Which NSAID has good efficacy, is cheep, but is the most toxic?
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phenylbutazone (Bute)
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What is the name for banamine?
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flunixin meglumine
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What part of the inflammatory cascade does ketoprofen inhibit?
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both sides
-COX and lipoxygenase |
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Which NSAID is least toxic for horses?
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ketoprofen
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Which NSAID is topical?
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Diclofenac
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Which enzyme does corticosteroids inhibit?
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phospholipase
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What effect does corticosteroids have on:
normal cartilage abnormal cartilage |
normal - detrimental effects
abnormal - protective effects |
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What are disadvantages to using corticosteroids?
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-chondronecrosis
-decreased matrix production -pain relief -laminitis -steroid arthropathy -remote joints affected |
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What is the half life of triamcinolone acetonide?
-methylprednisolone acetate? |
1-5 days
1 month |
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What are SE to corticosteroids?
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-laminitis
-post-injection flare (heat, pain, swelling, lameness) -joint infection (b/c suppress inflammatory response) |
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What type of activity does hyaluronan have?
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anti-inflammatory
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What type of hyaluronan is good for acute synovitis?
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sodium hyaluronan
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What is the MOA of Adequan, a polysulfated GAG?
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synoviocytes - stimulates production of HA
chondrocytes - increase synthesis of PG and collagen |
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What do oral joint supplements contain that are the building blocks of articular cartilage and joint fluid?
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-chondroitin sulfate
-glucosamine -hyaluronan |
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When do you apply cold therapy and how long do you keep it on?
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-first 24-48 hours
-10-30 minutes -use a dry cold |
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What does ESWT stand for and what does it do?
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extracorporeal shock wave therapy
-significant improvement in lameness and decreases synovial fluid protein |
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What does abrasion arthroplasty involve?
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debriding to SCB
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What does osteostixis involve?
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focal drilling to cancellous bone
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Lesions greater than what don't heal on their own?
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5 mm
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With a bone lesion, what do you debride to and what do you remove?
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-debride to SCB plate and remove calcified cartilage
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What are the goals of arthrodesis?
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alleviate pain
salvage -high motion joints - fixation -low motion - surgical, chemical, laser |
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What are the 3 main causes of lameness?
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-pain anywhere
-mechanical (ankylosis, fibrosis, contracture) -neurologic disorders (EPM) |
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Where should the coronary band be in relation to the ground?
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parallel to the ground
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What should you palpate for on the foot?
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heat and digital pulse
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Head goes down on which limb?
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sound limb
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With a pelvic hike, which side is lame?
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side with more movement is lame leg
- vertical movement of hind quarters |
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Will you always see a head bob or pelvic hike?
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no - esp if bilateral lameness
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What type of manipulative tests could you use to localize lameness?
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-flexion - but impossible to flex one joint at a time therefore not specific
-digital pressure -- churchill test - distal hock pain - checking for spavin |
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What type of diagnostic analgesis would you use to localize lameness?
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-perinerual
-intra-synovial |
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Where do flexural deformities occur?
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in the sagital plane
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What are the types of flexural deformities?
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1 - hyperextension
2 - flexural |
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What are hyperextension deformities caused by and where are they most common?
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-lack of flexor tone
-in immature foals and hindlimbs |
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What are causes of hyperextension deformities?
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-idiopathic
-bandaging/casting -lack of exercise -overgrown hooves |
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What is the general time for correction of hyperextension in the foal?
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2-6 weeks
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What is the primary lesion for flexural deformities or contracted tendons?
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length disparity between tendons and bones
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What is the medical treatment for a ruptured common digital extendor tendon?
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-oxytetracycline
-NSAIDS -Gastroprotectant |
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What is the first choice of surgical treatments for a flexural deformity of the DIP joint?
-for the fetlock? |
inferior check ligament desmotomy
superior check ligament desmotomy |
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What is a conservative treatment for club foot?
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-eliminate pain
-correct diet -farrier - lower heal and longer toe (protect) |
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What are the 2 surgeries available for club foot and what is their prognosis?
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-ICL desmotomy - 85% return to normal function -
-DDF tenotomy - SALVAGE ONLY |
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In what age of horses does acquired flexural deformity of the fetlock occur in?
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1-2
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What is aquired flexural deformity of the fetlock due to?
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shortening of the SDF musculotendinous unit
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What are the surgical procedures for an acquired flexural deformity of the fetlock?
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-superior check ligament desmotomy
-SDF tenotomy -SL desmotomy |
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What plane to angular limb deformities occur in?
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frontal plane
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What is the most common cause of angular limb deformities?
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-disproportionate growth of metaphyseal growth plate
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What are the most common angular limb deformities?
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-carpal valgus
-fetlock varus -tarsal valgus |
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What are 3 results of Angular limb deformities?
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1 - laxity of periarticular structures
2 - incomplete ossification of carpal/tarsal bones 3 - asymmetric growth of metaphysis or epiphysis |
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How do you differentitate between a angular limb deformity due to laxity of the periarticular supporting structures and a bony change?
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-ALD can b manually corrected
-there will be medial to lateral instability |
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For carpal valgus, if toe points in the same direction as the carpus you do what?
-if toes points forward and carpus outward, you do what? |
-may correct
-surgery |
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What is treatment based on for treating asymmetric growth of metaphysis and epiphysis?
-HOW is it modifies? |
treatment based on modifying chondral growth
-exercise control, farriery, surgery |
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What 2 main principles are used for the treatment of asymetric growth of metaphysis and epiphysis?
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1 - physeal growth rate determines rate of correction
2 - growth remaining determines amount of correction |
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How do you determine whether to do surgery or treat asymmetric growth of metaphysis and epiphysis?
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young foal - stall rest for 2-6 weeks and it should autocorrect
older foal or severe - surgery |
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Where would you perform a periosteal transection and why?
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on the short (concave side) to increase growth at the physis
-works during rapid growth phase only |
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Why would you use a transphyseal bridge?
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-to slow growth on longer side
-BUT can overcorrect |
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Which pivot point has a worse prognosis?
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distal
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Which of the P3 fractures are non-articular?
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I and VI
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Which P3 fracture is a fracture of the extensor process?
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IV
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Which is the worst P3 fracture?
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multifragment fracture is the worst
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What confirmation is predisposed to ringbone?
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short, upright pasterns
-quick stops, hard turns, rapid twists |
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What is the cause of proximal sesamoid fractures?
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increased tension on suspensory apparatus
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What is the prefered tretment for annular ligament desmitis?
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desmoplasty
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Where do lateral condylar fractures normally propagate to?
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-lateral cortex
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Where do medial condylar fractures propagate?
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in spiral plane or course centrally through diaphysis
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How many bones are there is the carpus and what are they?
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radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory, C2, C3, C4
-7 |
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How many joints are there in the carpus?
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3
-radiocarpal -middle carpal -carpometacarpal |
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Where is the most common site for a osteochondral fracture - chip fracture?
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distal radial carpal bone
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Where is a carpal slab fracture located?
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frontal plane radial facet of C3
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What is the treatment for a carpal slab fracture?
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-remove --> if less than 10mm and increased cartilage loss
-repair --> greater than 10mm and decreased cartilage loss |
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How is an olecranon fracture diagnosed?
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dropped elbow
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Which type of olecranon fractures are articular?
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II and IV
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Which olecranon fracture has the best prognosis?
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V
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What is the number one cause of subsolar absecess?
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migration of dirt/bacteria up the white line
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What is the definition of a subsolar abcess?
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superficial infection of the corium of the sole
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