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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many voluntary muscles are there?
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650
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how many muscles in each hand?
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20
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what is the smallest muscle?
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the stapedius
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What is the largest muscle?
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The gluteus Maximus "big butt muscle"
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What is the strongest Muscle?
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The masseter
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What is the Smallest Motor Unit?
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The external eye muscle (3 cells)
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What is your greatest source of body heat?
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muscle contraction
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What is your most active muscle?
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The external eye muscle
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What are the functions of the muscular system?
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Movement of the skeletal system, Posture, Heat Production
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What is contractibility?
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ability to shorten (contract) Which pulls on bone/other tissues to produce movement of musculo-skeletal system
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What is excitability?
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the ability to respond to stimulus
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What is extensibility?
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The ability to stretch
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What is elasticity?
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the ability to return to normal length and shape
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What is the excursion ratio?
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The relationship of stretch to length to contracted length (average 2:1)
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multijoint muscles _____ stretch far enough to accomodate all the ROM of the joint.
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cannot
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Back and legs partially ____
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contract
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___% of the body's heat is due to contractions
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85
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What is thermogenic Shivering?
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rapid, small contractions to create heat
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What is the prime mover?
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the major muscle responsible for moving
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What is the antagonist?
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the muscle that opposes the prime mover (must relax)
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What is the synergist?
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It helps the prime mover
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What is the origin?
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It is where the tendon inserts into bone
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Does the origin move the bone?
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no
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What is the insertion?
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Where the tendon inserts into the bone?
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Does the insertion move the bone?
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yes
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What is an isotonic contraction?
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"same tension" tension on the muscle stays the same
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In an isotonic contraction, the weight or resistance of the muscle stays the same but the length ______.
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shortens
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What is an isometric contraction?
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"same length" length stays the same
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In an isometric contraction, ______ stays the same.
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length
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During fast, forceful, ballistic movements, the antagonistic muscle will _____ at the end of the motion.
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contract
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In ballistic movements, the antagonistic muscle ____ to prevent ______.
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contracts, hyperextension
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____ increases the angle of the joint
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extensor
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_____ decreases the angle of the joint
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flexor
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What is fascia?
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connective tissue that binds muscle together and separates them into groups and compartments
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The epimysium is ____ _____ ____
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on the surface
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The perymisium is _____ ____ ____.
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in the middle
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The edomysium is ___ ____ _____
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on the inside
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What is the epimysium?
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outer layer around muscle tissue
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What is the perymisium?
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a fibrous sheath enveloping each of the bundles of skeletal muscle fibers
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what is the endomysium?
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connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber
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Skeletal muscles are innervated by ____ _____
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motor neurons
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Motor neurons only contract when ____ _____ _ _____ _____.
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stimulated by a nerve signal
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Nerve damage = ________
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paralysis
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Polio does what?
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inflames myalin sheath
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Multiple Sclerosis is what?
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scarring of nerve tissue
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What is a nerve impulse?
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electrical signal/impulse that travels along nerve cells
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What is the neuromuscular junction?
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where a nerve cell innervates a nerve muscle
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What is a synapse?
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a gap at the Neuromuscular junction
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What does Ach stand for?
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Acetylcholine
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Acetylcholine is a _______
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neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholine travels across the ______ and ______ muscle to contract
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synapse, stimulates
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Where are receptors located?
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in the muscel cell membrane where neurotransmitter attaches
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What is a motor unit?
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a neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates
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a motor unit can have ____ to ____ cells
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20, 200
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Muscle Contraction- Sliding Filament Theory
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1. Nerve impulse travels along nerve fiber, reaches end and realeases Acetylcholine
2. Acetylcholine diffuses across synapse, binds with muscular fiber receptors 3. Calcium Ions (Ca++)released from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in each stimulated muscle fiber 4. Calcium Ions (Ca++) bind to Actin 5. ATP is split releases energy 6. Myosin binds to Actin by actino-myacin crossbridges 7. Crossbridges "flip" pulling Actin and Myosin fibers past each other (The power Stroke) 8. Muscle Fibers shorten, entire muscle shortens, this is muscular contraction! |
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Name the Principles of Muscle Contraction
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All or nothing Principle, Graded Strength Principle, Length-Tension Relationship, Force
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What is The all or nothing principle?
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either all the cells in a motor unit contract or none do
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What is the Graded Strength Principle?
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Strength of a contraction is correlated to strength of stimuli
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Length-Tension Relationship
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too stretched or too contracted is weak
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What is Tone?
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Optimal resting length at which muscle produces maximum force
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Force depends on what 4 things?
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- number of fibers stimulated
- size of fiber - frequency of stimulation - stretch |
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There are 3 sources for muscle contraction. One is ______, 2 are ____.
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aerobic, anaerobic
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what is the PC in ATP-PC?
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Phosphocreatine
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Describe the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) System
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- anaerobic
- high intensity, short duration (0-30 seconds) |
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The Lactic Acid System is _______>
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anaerobic
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The Lactic Acid System is also called _____ ______
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Anaerobic Glycolysis
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In the Lactic Acid System, _____ is broken down ________ and the product is ______ _____.
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Glycogen, anaerobically, pyruvic acid
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True or False, The Lactic Acid System/Anaerobic glycolysis produces more ATP than ATP-PC
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True!
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The Lactic Acid System can last from __ ____ to __ ____.
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30 seconds to 3 minutes
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Aerobic Glycolysis occurs _____ ____.
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with oxygen
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Aerobic Glycolysis has a much ____ production of ATP.
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greater
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Aerobic Glycolysis has a _____ duration, __ ______ to _______.
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longer, 3 minutes, marathon
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What is Oxygen Debt?
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temporary lack of Oxygen
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When there is an oxygen debt muscles do what?
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switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration
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Oxygen Debt leads to accumulation of what?
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metabolic waste in muscle fibers
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Oxygen Debt results in...
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pain, fatigue, and even cramps
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You repay the Oxygen Debt by what?
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Breathing harder (heavy respiration) after exercise
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What is Muscle Fatigue?
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the physiological inability of a muscle to contract
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What does Glycogen Depletion do?
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no more synthesis of ATP
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What does Lactic Acid build up do?
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lowers pH in Muscle
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