Muscles

Front 1

Cutaneous maximus

Back 1

Skin muscle, outer layer

Front 2

Latissimus dorsi

Back 2

Axilla down side of body

Front 3

Pectoantebrachialis

Back 3

Top chest muscle, superficial to pectoralis major
Origin: Manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: Flat tendon into superficial fascia of the antebrachium above the elbow
Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline

Front 4

Pectoralis major

Back 4

Top chest muscle, undernearth Pectroantebrachialis
Origin: Midventral raphe and cranial half of the manubrium
Insertion: Middle third of the shaft of the humerus
Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline and turns the manus forward

Front 5

Pectroralis minor

Back 5

Caudal to the pectoralis major
Origin: From the six sternebrae and sometimes the xiphoid process, resulting in the apperance of several slips that appear to be separate muscles
Insertion: Ventral border of the humerus from the bicipital groove to the midline of the humerus
Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline

Front 6

Xiphihumeralis

Back 6

Caudal to the pectoralis minor
Origin: Median raphe in the vicinity of the xiphoid process
Insertion: Along the ventral border of the vicipital groove of the humerus
Action: Synergistic with the pectroralis minor in drawing the forelimb toward the midline

Front 7

Clavotrapezius

Back 7

Bulging muscle between shoulder and neck
Origin: Lambdoidal ridge, middorsal raphe over spine of the axis
Insertion: Clavicle and raphe between clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis
Action: Protraction of the humerus

Front 8

Clavobrachialis

Back 8

From clavotrapezius to antebrachium, seems part of clavotrapezius but is separate
Origin: Clavicle and raphe between clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis
Insertion: Commonly inserted with the brachialis through a tendon on the medial surface of the ulna distal to the semilunar notch
Action: Flexes the forearm

Front 9

External oblique

Back 9

Superficial abdominal muscle, craniodorsally oriented fibers
Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia and the last 9 or 10 ribs
Insertion: Median raphe of distal portion of sternu to pubis
Action: Compress the abdominal region

Front 10

Internal oblique

Back 10

Underneath external oblique, fibers caudodorsally. Thin sheet.
Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia in common with the external olique and iliac crest
Insertion: Linea alba by a thin aponeurosis in common with the external oblique and transversus abdominis
Action: Compress abdominal region

Front 11

Rectus abdominis

Back 11

Two muscles on either side of linea alba down body
Origin: Tubercle of pubis
Insertion: First and second costal cartilage, proximal end of sternum by a tendon passing dorsal to the tranversus costarum
Action: Compresses the abdominal region, pulls sternum and ribs caudall causing flexion of the trunk

Front 12

Transverses abdominis

Back 12

Inner most oblique, thing, transverse fibers
Origin: Aponeurosis from the costal cartilages of the vertebrochondral and vertebral ribs, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and ventral border of the ilium
Insertion:

Front 13

Acrominotrapezius

Back 13

Round back muscle, top of shoulder blades/scapulae
Origin: Middorsal line from the spine of the axis to the spinous process of the fourth thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Metracromion process and spine of the scapula
Action

Front 14

Spinotrapezius

Back 14

Thin muscle caudal of the acromiotrapezius

Front 15

Levator scapulae ventralis

Back 15

Small muscle lateral of acromiotrapezius and caudal clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis

Front 16

Acromiodeltoid

Back 16

Small muscle covered by the clavobrachialis, lateral the levator scapulae ventralis, and cranial to the spinodeltoid

Front 17

Spinodeltoid

Back 17

Bulging muscle caudal/lateral the acromiotrapezius

Front 18

Subscapularis

Back 18

Covered by latissimus dorsi, underpart of arm

Front 19

Suprasinatus

Back 19

Muscle going from top of humerus to top of scapula

Front 20

Infraspinatus

Back 20

Muscle going from top of humerus to bottom of scapula

Front 21

Teres major

Back 21

Lowermost muscle going from humerus to scapula
Origin: Dorsal third of the axillary border
Insertion: Common tendon with the latissimus dorsi onto the medial surface of the shaft of the proximal end of the humerus
Action: Flexes and rotates the humerus medially

Front 22

Serratus ventralis

Back 22

Outermost layer of serratus muscles underneath the latissimus dorsi, covering other serratus muscles

Front 23

Serratus dorsalis cranialis

Back 23

Dorsal muscle undernath serratus ventralis. Top part.
Origin: From the cervicothoracic middorsal fascia
Insertion: On the outer surface of the first nine ribs
Action Draws the ribs cranially

Front 24

Serratus dorsalis caudalis

Back 24

Lower part of serratus under serratus ventralis.
Origin: From the lumbar middorsal fascia
Insertion: Last four or five ribs
Action: Draws the ribs caudally

Front 25

Gluteus maximus

Back 25

Small muscle running medial to lateral, butt muscle.

Front 26

Gluteus medius

Back 26

Muscle cranial to gluteus maximus, bigger

Front 27

Sartorius

Back 27

Thin, long muscle cranial gluteus medius.
Origin: Crest and ventral border of the ilium
Insertion: Patella, tibia, and fascia of the knee
Action: Adducts and rotates the femus, extends the shank

Front 28

Gracilis

Back 28

Inside of leg, thin but big thigh muscle.
Origin: Symphysis of the ischium and pubix
Insertion: A thin aponeurosis on the medial surface of the tibia and continuous with the fascia of the shank
Action: Adducts and retracts the leg

Front 29

Biceps femoris

Back 29

Biggest leg muscle seen from the back.
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Proximal one-third of the tibia and lateral patella
Action: Abducts thigh and flexes the shank

Front 30

Caudofemoralis

Back 30

Caudal gluteus, cranial biceps femoris
Origin:Transverse process of second and third caudal vertebrae
Insertion: Thin tendon along the lateral border of the patella
Action: Abducts the thigh and extends the shank

Front 31

Semitendinosus

Back 31

Medial to biceps femoris, long and thin kind of hidden (not part of the three muscle section, different striations)
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia
Action: Flexes the shank

Front 32

Semimembranosus

Back 32

Above the semitendinosus, medial aspect of thigh. (Part of the three muscle section of the leg, the caudal most one)
Origin: Ischial tuberosity and ramus of the ischium
Insertion: Medial epicondyle of the femur and adjacent medial surface of the tibia
Action: Extends the thigh

Front 33

Adductor femoris

Back 33

Broad muscle, cranial to and partially covered by semimembranosus. (part of the three muscle section of the leg, the middle one)
Origin: ramus of pubis and ischium
Insertion: Shaft of femur
Action: Adducts thigh

Front 34

Adductor longus

Back 34

Cranial to adductor femoris, thin and triangle like (part of the three muscle section of the leg, the cranial most one)
Origin: Craniomedial border of the pubis
Insertion: Middle portion of the linea aspera of the femur
Action: Adducts thigh

Front 35

Pectineus

Back 35

Very small muscle cranial to the adductor longus.
Origin: Cranial border of pubis
Insertion: Proximal shaft of the femur
Action: Adducts the thigh

Front 36

Tensor fascia latae

Back 36

Underneath sartoris, the only muscle cut. Small, triangular like muscle. Cranial side.
Origin: Ventral border of the ilium, fascia of surrounding hip muscles.
Insertion: Into the fascia lata The fascia lata continues distally and covers part of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis and then inserts on the surface of the patella.
Action: Tightens the fascia lata and helps to extend the shank

Front 37

Vastus medialis

Back 37

Medial most muscle of all the quadricep muscles.
Origin: Shaft of the femur.
Insertion: Crosses the patella and inserts by means of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity.
Action: Extends the shank

Front 38

Rectus Femoris

Back 38

Lateral to the vastus medialis. Spindle shaped. Medial to vatus lateralis. part of the quadricep complex.
Origin: From the ilium near the acetabulum
Insertion: In common with the vastus medialis and lateralis
Action: Extends the shank

Front 39

Vastus lateralis

Back 39

Large, flat muscle. Part of the quadricep complex. Lateral to the rectus femoris. Lateral most one of the four.
Origin: Shaft and greater trochanter of the femur
Insertion: In common with the vastus medialis and rectus femoris
Action: Extends the shank

Front 40

Vastus intermedius

Back 40

Deepest one of the four. Underneath the rest of the quadricep complex muscles. Have to separate rectus femoris and vastus lateralis to see it.
Origin: Almost the entire shaft of the femur
Insertion: In common with the other three members of the complex.
Action: Extends the shaft

Front 41

Tibialis cranialis

Back 41

Large, flat muscle on craniolateral side of tibia.Where the shin would be.
Origin: Proximal end of the tibia and fibula
Insertion: Along the medial surface of the first metatarsal after passing beneath the extensor retinaculum
Action: Flexes the pes

Front 42

Peroneus longus

Back 42

Muscle opposite the tibialis cranialis on the tibia. Runs along the tibia.
Origin: Head and lateral surface of the shaft of the fibula

Front 43

Popliteus

Back 43

Medial shank muscle. Cranial, triangular muscle wrapping around knee.
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the femur
Insertion: Medial aspect of the proximal end of the tibia
Action: Flexes and medially rotates the leg

Front 44

Gastrocneumius

Back 44

Biggest shank muscle. Calf muscle.
Origin: The lateral head arises from the lateral border of the patella, the superficial fascia of the shank, the sesamoid bone located above the lateral epicondyle of the femur and an aponeurosis from the plantaris and adjacent tibia. The medial head originates from the sesamoid bone above the medial epicondyle of the femur and its distal adjacent shaft.
Insertion: By means of a common powerful tendon, the Achilles tendon, formed by the individual tendons of the gastrocnemius, the soleus, and the plantaris muscles, that inserts on the proximal end of the calcaneus.
Action: Extends the pes

Front 45

Plantaris

Back 45

Underneath the gastrocneumius.
Origin: From the sesamoid above the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the lateral border of the patella.
Insertion: Passes through the center of the Achilles tendon over the calcaneus and serves as the origin of the flexos digitorum bervis on the ventral aspect of the pes
Action: Acts synergistically with the gastrocnemius and the soleus to extend the pes

Front 46

Epitrochlearis

Back 46

Medial arm muscle. Where the triceps in human would be. Seen best from top (front) of cat. Large muscle.
Origin: From the lateral border of latissimus dorsi
Insertion: By a thin aponeurosis and continuous with the antebrachial fascia onto the olecranon process of the ulna
Action: Acts synergistically with the triceps brachii in extending the antebrachium

Front 47

Biceps brachii

Back 47

Thick muscle lying on the cranial surface of the humerus.
Origin: By a tendon above the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Insertion: By a tendon on the radial tuberosity
Action: Flexes the forearm synergistically with the brachialis, tends to supinate the manus and stabilizes the shoulder joint

Front 48

Triceps brachii

Back 48

Very large muscle underneath the arm. Consists of three heads.
Origin:Deltoid ridge of proximal end of humerus, near glenoid fosa of axillary border of scapula, consists of three parts all of which originate from the humerus
Inseriton: By a common strong tendon onto the surface of the olecranon process of the ulna
Action: Extends the forearm

Front 49

Brachialis

Back 49

Muscle along the cranial surface of the humerus and lies partially obscured by the triceps brachii. Close to brachioradialis
Origin: Lateral surface of the shaft of the humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of ulna nera semilunar notch
Action: Flexes the forearm or antebrachium and is synergistic with the bicep brachii

Front 50

Brachioradialis

Back 50

Lateral forearm muscle. Narrow, band like.
Origin: Mid-shaft of the humerus
Insertion: Styloid process of the radius
Action: Supinates the manus

Front 51

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Back 51

Underneath the brachioradialis, this muscle is slender and lies on the radial side of the antebrachium.
Origin: Lateral supracondyloid ridge of the humerus
Insertion: Thin tendon at the base of the second metacarpal
Action: Extends the manus

Front 52

Extensor digitorum communis

Back 52

On backside (back hand) of arm, attached to the medial most tendon. The third of the four ____ muscles.
Origin: Lateral supracondyloid ridge of humerus below the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis
Insertion: Tendon divides into four slips that insert on the dorsal surface along the medial aspect of the three phalanges of the second, third, and fourth digits.
Action: Extension of second, third, fourth, and fifth digits.

Front 53

Extensor digitorum lateralis

Back 53

Forearm muscle, last and lateral most of the four ____ muscles. Connected to the lateral most tendon of the back of the hand.
Origin: Lateral supracondyloid ridge of humerus below the origin of the extensor digitorum communis
Insertion: Division of the tendon similar to that of the extensor digitorum communis, but may subdivide into three or four parts that insert along the dorsolateral surface of the phalanges of digits three, four, and five or two, three, four, and five respectively.
Action: Extends the digits, with the extensor digitorum communis, synergistically

Front 54

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Back 54

Lateral to the extensor digitorum lateralis, not connected to the lateral most tendon. Lies on ulnar side of the antebrachium and is the last of the superficial ____ muscles.
Origin: LAteral epicondyle of the humerus below the origin of the extensor carpi lateralis and ulna above the semilunar notch
Insertion: Base of the fifth metacarpal
Action: Extension of carpals of the ulnar side

Front 55

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 55

Lateral most side of the ulna. Thin muscle running humerus to manus.
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Bases of the second and third metacarpals.
Action: Flexes the wrist

Front 56

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Back 56

Flat, wide muscle of the forearm. Most visible and on top of all others on palm side.
Origin: Superficial head, medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: The tendon passes under the flexor retinaculum and split to insert on either side of the middle phalanx of digits 2-5
Action: Flexes the digits

Front 57

Flexor carpi radialis

Back 57

3rd deepest muscle in the forearm. On the palm side. Underneath the superficialis and profundus.
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Bases of the second and third metacarpals.
Action: Flexes the wrist

Front 58

Pronator teres

Back 58

Small, round muscle that goes from elbow to middle of forearm on the palm side.
Origin: Medial epicondle of the humerus
Insertion: Middle of the medial border of the radius
Action: Pronation of the manus by rotating the radius

Front 59

Sternomastorid

Back 59

Outermost neck muscle. Most easily seen one.
Origin: Cranial end of the manubrium
Insertion: Lambdoidal ridge and mastoid portion of the temporal bone
Action: As a pair, flexionn of the head. Individually, turn head.

Front 60

Cleidomastoid

Back 60

Underneath the clavotrapezius. Hard to find.
Origin: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion: Clavicle
Action: When clavicle is stationary, turns the head, when head is stationary, moves the clavicle anteriorly

Front 61

Sternohyoid

Back 61

Neck muscle. Thick middle bands in the middle.
Origin: First costal cartilage
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: Retracts the hyoid

Front 62

Sternothyroid

Back 62

Behind and lateral to the sternohyoid in the neck.
Origin: First costal cartilage
Insertion; Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Action: Retracts the larynx

Front 63

Thyrohyoid

Back 63

Small bandlike muscle lying along the lateral aspect of the larynx.
Origin: Lateral portion of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: Protracts the larynx

Front 64

Digastric

Back 64

Muscles underneath the jaw. Divide on both sides.
Origin: From the mastoid and jugular processes
Insertion: Medial ventral border of the mandible
Action: Depresses the mandible

Front 65

Mylohyoid

Back 65

Thick muscle underneath the jaw, in the middle.
Origin: Medial surface of the mandibular body.
Insertion: Median raphe
Action: Elevates the floor of the mouth

Front 66

Masseter

Back 66

Thin muscle on the back of the head.
Origin: From the zygomatic arch
Inseriton: Masseteric fossa and adjacent portions of the mandible
Action: Elevation of the mandible

Front 67

Tempororalis

Back 67

Massive muscle in your head.
Origin: Most fibers originate from the temporal bone and a few from the zygomatic arch
Insertion: Coronoid process of the mandible
Action: Elevates mandible