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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscles
What is the sacromere, what are the components and supporting organelle |
Striated muscles contain sacromeres, made of thick myosin and thin actin bound to Z-bands each myosin has myosin heads that bind and unbind to the actin. Myosin are measured as the A band, H is thick only, I is thin only.
T-tubules propagate action potential due to acetylcholine
Sacroplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ causing thick myosin and thin actin to slide past eachother, facilitating muscle contraction. Sacrolemma is the transparent coating around the muscle |
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Muscles Steps of muscle contraction |
Tropomyosin covers actin binding sites on actin strand. Myosin head cocked in high energy position. Ca2+ enters from sacroplasmic reticulum causing tropomyosin to uncover actin and myosin to bind. Myosin head bends back releasing P and ADP, ATP binds to myosin head causing it to break into ADP and P, and myosin head to let go of actin to cock into high energy position |
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How muscles move in smooth motion using the neuromotor system |
Motor units are groupings made of muscle fibers, as a movement begins on weakest units start to allow softer controlled movements. |
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Types of skeletal muscle |
Type I - slow fatigue-resistent muscles used for long distance walking/running Type IIA - faster to move and fatigue but useful for shorter distance running Type IIB - very fast to move and fatigue, used for sprinting movement |
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Cardiac muscles Unique action potential |
Involuntary striated muscles, receives pace from sinoatrial and atrioventrical nodes. Slow calcium voltage gated pumps allow for a more controlled plateau after depolarization producing an inability to reactivate during an action potential. |
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Smooth muscle 4 Differences from striated |
1. Automatic muscles 2. No sacromeres or striation, only one nucleus per cell. 3. Contain intermediate filaments connected to dense bodies, contraction causes dense bodies to get closer together. 4. Contain gap junctions allowing simultaneous electric synapse stimulation. |
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Bone function and structure, 4 kinds of bone |
Made up of calcium-protein matrix, used to: support body/movement calcium storage blood cell production Store adipose fat in yellow bone marrow Long bone (arm) Flat bone (skull) Irregular bone (pelvis) Cuboidal bone (hand) |
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Bone growth/consumption and endocrine control |
Bone growth regulated by the calcitonin of the Thyroid C cells. Stimulates osteoblasts to build calcium matrix and pull calcium from blood. Bone destruction regulated by parathyroid hormone of the parathyroid which stimulates osteoclast to consume calcium and deposit in blood. Osteocytes exchange nutrients/waste with the blood. |
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3 types of joints and their roles |
Fibrous joints - connect two bones tightly without movement Cartilaginous joints - allow tiny movement, protect from trauma Synovial joints - allow flexible movement using muscle contraction |
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Skin function and key components (and cells) |
Function of skin is protection, thermoregulation, sensory, vitamin D synthesis etc. Epidermis is superficial top layer of skin with 4-5 layers and keratinocytes which produce water proofing keratin Dermis is sublayer with melanocytes producing melanin, langerhans cells interacting with T cells, and Merkel cells which attach to sensory |
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Two kinds of sweat glands |
One kind located everywhere and produced sweat in response to heat. The other are congregated in certain locations in response to stress |
