Muscle And Bone

Front 1

Fasciculus

Back 1

formed by many muscle fibers, and many fasciculus make up a single muscle

Front 2

Thick filament

Back 2

of the sarcomere, it is made of the protein myosin. The globular heads protrude along both ends of the thick filament

Front 3

The thin filament

Back 3

composed mainly of polymer of the globular protein actin and attached to the actin are the proteins troponin and tropomyosin

Front 4

Neuromuscular synapse

Back 4

Muscle contraction begins with an action potential. This is a synapse between a muscle cell and a neuron

Front 5

Acetylcholine

Back 5

The neurotransmitter between neuromuscular synapses. It activates ion channels in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell and creates action potential

Front 6

T-tubules

Back 6

Small tunnels in the membrane that allow the action potential to move deep into the muscel cell

Front 7

Motor Unit

Back 7

Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 8

Slow oxidative (type I) muscle fiber

Back 8

Appear red because of large amounts of myoglobin. Contains large amounts of mitochondria. Split ATP at slow rate, they are slow to fatigue but also have slow contraction velocity

Front 9

Fast oxidative (Type II A)

Back 9

Also red but s;lit ATP at a higher rate. Contract rapidly, resistant to fatigue but not as resistant as type I

Front 10

Fast glycolytic (type II B)

Back 10

Low myoglobin content and appear white. Contract very rapidly and contain large amounts of glycogen

Front 11

Cardiac Muscle

Back 11

Straited, which means that it is compused of sarcomeres, each cardiac muscle contains only one nucleus and is separated from its neighbor by an intercalated disk

Front 12

Intercalated disk

Back 12

Contains gap junctions which allow an action potential to spread from one cardiac cell to the next

Front 13

Cardiac muscle

Back 13

Involuntary and each cell only has one nucleus

Front 14

Smooth muscle

Back 14

Mainly involuntary, contains thick and thin filaments but they are not organized into sarcomeres

Front 15

Intermediate filaments

Back 15

Are attached to dense bodies and spread throughout the cell

Front 16

Single Unit (smooth muscle)

Back 16

Called visceral, is the most common, single unit cells are connected by gap junctions and attached to a single neuron. Found in small arteries veins, the stomach etc

Front 17

Multi unit (smooth muscle)

Back 17

Each multi unit smooth muscle fiber is attached directly to a neuron, can contract independently of other muscle fibers in same location. Found in large arteries, bronchioles, etc.

Front 18

Bone (6 functions)

Back 18

A living tissue. Functions: 1. Support of soft tissue 2. Protection of internal organs 3. Assistance in movement of body 4. mineral storage 5. Blood cell production 6. Energy storage

Front 19

Osteoblasts

Back 19

Secrete collagen and organic compounds upon which bone is formed. Become enveloped by the matrix they release and differentiate into osteocytes. Cannot undergo mitosis.

Front 20

Osteocytes

Back 20

Exchange nutrients and waste materials with the blood. Cannot undergo mitosis.

Front 21

Osteoclasts

Back 21

Reabsorb bone matrix, releasing minerals back into the blood. Believed to develop from white blood cells called monocytes

Front 22

Spongy bone

Back 22

Contains red bone marrow which is the site of hemopoiesis or red blood cell development

Front 23

Compact bone

Back 23

Surrounds the medullary cavity which hold yellow bone marrow, which contains adipose cells for fat storage

Front 24

Hydroxyapatite

Back 24

Calcium and phosphate is stored in the bone matrix as this

Front 25

Haversian (central) canals

Back 25

Osteoclasts burrow these tunnels through compact bone. They contain blood and lymph vessels and are connected by crossing canals called Volkmann's canals

Front 26

Lamellae

Back 26

New matrix in Haversian canals created by osteoblasts

Front 27

Long Bones

Back 27

Composed of compact and spongy bone. Include leg, arm, finger and toe bones

Front 28

Short Bones

Back 28

Cuboidal such as the ankle and wrist bones

Front 29

Flat

Back 29

Made from spongy bone surrounded by compact bone. They provide large areas for muscle attachment, and organ protection. The skull, sternum, ribs and shoulder blades are flat bones

Front 30

Irregular

Back 30

Irregular shape and variable amounts of compact and spongy bone

Front 31

Cartilage

Back 31

Flexible resilient connective tissue that does not contain nerves. Composed mainly of collagen and has great tensile strength

Front 32

Joints

Back 32

Point in which two bones are fitted together. Fibrous joints (bones held closely and tightly together), Cartilaginous joints (two bones held tightly by cartilage), and synovial joints (Not bound together)

Front 33

Skin

Back 33

An organ that covers the entire body

Front 34

Thermoregulation

Back 34

The skin helps to regulate the body temperature

Front 35

Protection

Back 35

Skin acts as a physical barrier to abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, many chemicals, and ultra vilet radiation

Front 36

Environmental sensory input

Back 36

The skin gathers information from the environment by sensing temperature, pressure, pain, and touch

Front 37

Excretion

Back 37

Water and salts are excreted through the skin (independent of sweating)

Front 38

Immunity

Back 38

Specialized cells of the epidermis are components of immune system

Front 39

Blood reservoir

Back 39

Vessels in the dermis hold up to 10% of a resting adult

Front 40

Vitamin D synthesis

Back 40

UV light activates a precursor to vitamin D

Front 41

Epidermis

Back 41

Has no blood vessels and it consists of 4 major cell types. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of flat dead cells

Front 42

Dermis

Back 42

Connective tissue derived from mesodermal cells. It is embedded by blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles. Collagen and elastic fibers provide skin with strength, and elasticity

Front 43

Dilation

Back 43

Widening of something. Opposite of contraction

Front 44

Vasodilation

Back 44

The widening of blood vessels

Front 45

Tachycardia

Back 45

A heart rate that exceeds the normal range

Front 46

Vagus nerve

Back 46

Decreases the heart rate. Innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system

Front 47

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 47

1. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth muscle

Front 48

4 Possible functions of muscle contraction

Back 48

1. Body movement 2. Stabilization of body position 3. Movement of substances through the body 4. Generating heat to maintain body temperature

Front 49

Skeletal muscle

Back 49

is voluntary muscle tissue and can be consciously controlled. It may squeeze blood and lymp vessels aiding in circulation

Front 50

Tendon

Back 50

Connects a muscle to a bone

Front 51

Ligament

Back 51

connects a bone to a bone

Front 52

Agonist

Back 52

the muscle responsible for the movement, it contracts

Front 53

Antagonist

Back 53

Muscle that stretches

Front 54

Sarcomere

Back 54

The smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle. Made up of thick and thin filaments laid side by side to form a cylindrical segment

Front 55

Myofibril

Back 55

Sarcomeres that are positioned end to end. Each one is surrounded by the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell, called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Lumen s filled with Ca2+)

Front 56

Multinucleate

Back 56

Between myofibrils are mitochondria and many nuclei. Therefore muscle cells have many nuclei

Front 57

Sarcolemma

Back 57

Modified membrane that wraps several myofibrils together to form a muscle cell or fiber