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313 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antiquity: What remains of music from past eras? four main types.
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1) musical instruments and other physical remains
20 visual images of musicians and instruments 3) writings about music and musicians 4) music itself, preserved in notation, oral tradition or recordings. |
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What is an Aulos?
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Ancient Greek instrument. a pipe typically played in pairs. Pitch changed by position of reed, air pressure and finger position. two pipes played in unison with slight differences in pitch between them.
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What was aulos used for?
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worship of Dionysus, god of fertility and wine.
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What is a Lyre?
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ancient greek instrument.
-7 strings -strummed with a plectrum or pick. |
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What is the most characteristic form of a lyre?
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tortoise shell with oxhide stretched over it as a soundbox.
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How is the Lyre played?
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hold in front, resting it on the hop and supporting it by a strap around the left wrist. Right hand strummedwith the plectrum, while fingers of the left had touched the strings to produce harmonics or to dampen certain strings
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What is the lyre associated with?
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Apollo, god of light, prophecy, learning and the arts.
-learning lyre was part of the education in Athens. |
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What is a kithara?
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large lyre
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What was the kithara used for?
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processions, sacred ceremonies and in the theater.
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How was the kithara played?
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standing up.
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Music and Antiquity: Describe memory and improvisation used during this time.
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learned music by ear, played from memory or improvised using conventions and formulas, despite having a well developed form of notation by the fourth century BC.
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Antiquity:What became increasingly popular after the fifth century BC involving the aulos and kithara?
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contests of kithara and aulos as well as festivals of instrumental and vocal music
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Antiquity:As instrumental music grew more independent what also grew?
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number of virtuosos and the music became more complex and showy.
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Antiquity: most professional performers were rich. true or false
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false: most were of low status, often slaves or servants.
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Antiquity: what are two principal kinds of writings on music?
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philosophical doctrines on the nature of music, its place in the cosmos its effects and its proper uses in society.
2) systematic descriptions of the materials of music composition what we now call music theroy. |
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For the Greeks, what did what did music mean?
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both an art for enjoyment and a science clostely related to arithmetic and astronomy. music was part of every aspect of the Greek life.
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Antiquity: Music as a performing art was called what?
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melos, from which the word melody derives
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Antiquity: Music was primarily what type of texture?
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monophonic. consisting of a single melodic line. no concept of what we call harmony or counterpoint. sometimes instruments embellished the melody creating heterophony.
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For the Greeks, what was music synonymous with?
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poetry
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Antiquity: what does lyric mean?
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poetry sung to the lyre
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Antiquity: For pythagoras, what were the key to the universe?
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numbers, and music was inseparable from numbers
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Antiquity: Why were rhythms ordered by numbers?
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because each note was some multiple of a primary duration.
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Antiquity: what was phythagoras credited for discovering?
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that the octave, fifth and fourth, long recognized as consonances, are also related to numbers.
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Antiquity: what are the ratios for the intervals?
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when a string is divided whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1, sound an octave, 3:2 a fifth, and fourth 4:3.
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Antiquity: what is harmonia?
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the unification of parts in an orderly whole. Greek writers perceived music as a reflection of the order of the universe.
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Antiquity: What is ethos?
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one's ethical character or way of being and behaving. Greek writers believed that music could affect ethos.
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Antiquity: What was the idea of ethos built on?
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pythagorean view of music as a system of pitch and rhythm goverend by the same mathematical laws that operated in the visible and invisible world.
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Antiquity: the human was seen as a composite whose parts were kept in harmony by numerical replationships. Why is this important to the greeks?
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because it reflected this orderly system, mmusic could penetrate teh soul and restore its inner harmony.
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How does Aristotle describe how music affected behavior?
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music that imitated a certain ethos, aroused the same ethos in the listener.
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Antiquity: how was the imitation of a particular ethos accomplished?
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partly throught the choice of hamonia, in the sense of a scale type or style of melody.
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Antiquity: What are the earliest theoretical works?
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Harmonic Elements and Rhythmic Elements (330 BC) by Aristoxenus.
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Antiquity: Rhythm in music was closely aligned with what?
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rythm in poetry.
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Antiquity: how does aristoxenus define durations?
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as multiples of a basic unit of time.
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Aristoxenus distinguishes between continuous movement of the voice and diastematic movement how?
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continuous, gliding up and down as in speech, and diastematic (or intervallic) movement, in which the voice moves between sustained pitches separated by discrete intervals.
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Antiquity: define melody?
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a meldoy consists of a series of notes, each on a single pitch; and interval is formbed between two notes of a different pitch, and a scale is a series of three or more different pitches in up or down.
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Antiquity: What is a tetrachord?
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means "four strings" made of four notes spanning a perfect fourth.
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Antiquity: What were the three genera(classes) of tetrachord?
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diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic
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Antiquity: Which notes of the tetrachord were considered stationary in pitch?
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the outher notes.
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Antiquity: Which notes of the tetrachord could move to form different inverals and create the different genera?
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the inner two notes.
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Which tetrachord included two whole tones and a semitone?
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diatonic
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Antiquity: what is species?
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the three main consonances of perfect 4th, 5th and 8octve were subdived into tones and semitones in only a limited number of ways
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Antiquity: what are the three species of fourths?
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STT, TTS, TST
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Antiquity: what are the four species of the fifths?
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STTT, TTTS, TTST, TSTT
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Antiquity: what are the seven species of the octave?
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STTSTTT (mixolydian)
STTTSTT (doria) TTSTTTS (lydian) TTTSTTS hypolydian TSTTTST (phrygian) TTSTTST (hypophrygian) TSTTSTT (hypodorian) |
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Which first octave species was represented by the span from B to b?
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mixolydian
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which first octave species was represented by the span from c-c.
d-d? e-e? f-f? g-g? a-a? |
phrygian
dorian hypolydian hypofhygian hypodorian |
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Antiquity: what were the other associations of the names Cleonides used for the octave species (dorian, phrygian and lydian)
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ethnic names originally associated with styles of music practiced in different regions of the Greek Wrld.
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Antiquity: Plato and Aristotle used the names of the octave species for what?
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harmoniai, in the sense of scale types or melodic styles.
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Antiquity: What is tonoi?
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defining a tonos as a scale or set of pitches within a specific range or region of the voice.
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Antiquity: what is tonoi associated with?
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characer and mood, the higher tonoi being energetic and the lower being sedate.
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Antiquity: we know less about music from where?
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ancient rome
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Antiquity: Where did the romans take much fo their musical culture?
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from Greece, sepecially after the greek islands became a Roman prvince.
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Antiquity. What is the tibia?
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roman version of the aulos. played.
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Antiquity: what was the role of the tibia?
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played important roles in religious rites, miltary music, and theatrical performances .
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Antiquity: What is a tuba?
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long straigh trumpet derived from the Etruscans.
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Antiquity: what was the tuba used for?
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used in religious, state and military ceremonies.
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Antiquity: what is the most characteristic instrument?
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large G-shaped circular horn called the cornu, and the smaller version, the buccina.
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Early Christianity: Christianity sprang from Jewish roots, and some elements of Christian observances derive from Jewish traditions such as?
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chanting of scripture and singing of psalms.
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Early Christianity: synagogues centers for readings and homilies in ancient times. public reading from Scripture performed in cnat, and later emplying a system of cantillation, what is this?
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chanting of sacred texts) based on melodic formulas that reflected the phrase division of the text. Certain readings were assigned to particular days or festivals.
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Early Christianity: What are some parallels between the Temple sacrifice adn the Christian Mass of later centuries.
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symbolic sacrifice in which worshipers and priests partkae of teh body and blood of Christ in teh form of bread and wine. Mass also commemorates the Last supper and thus imitates the festie Jewish meal.
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Early Christianity: Church leaders believed the value of music lie where?
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in its power to influence the ethos of the listeners of good or bad. St. Augustine moved by singing of psalms he afraid the pleasure it gave him.
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Early Christianity: most church fathers rejected the idea of what?
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making music simply for enjoyment and held to Platos principle that beautiful things exists to remind us of divine beauty.
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Early Christianity: For early church leaders, what msuic was worthy of hearing in church?
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music that opened the mind to Christian teachings and holy thoughts, words without music cannot do this.
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Early Christianity: As christianity diversified, each branch evolved its own ____ consisiting of a ___, ____, and a repertory of ___
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rite
church calendar, liturgy, plainchant or chant |
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Early Christianity: what is a church calendar?
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days commemorating special events, individuals, or times of year.
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Early Christianity: what is liturgy?
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body of texts and ritual actions assigned to each service
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Early Christianity: What are the different regional repertoires called?
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chant dialects
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What is the most important chant dialect for the history of Western music?
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Gregorian chant
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Early Christianity: Byzantine chant - melodies were classed into how many modes?
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8, which served as a model for the eight modes of the western church.
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What were the most characterstic Byzantine chants?
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hymns, more prominent in the litrugy and more highly developed in eastern churches than in the West, with many different types.
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Many Byzantine chants were created through what?
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centonization.
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what is centonization?
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combining standard formulas to make a new melody.
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Ambrosian Chant.
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Songs of the Milanese rite became known as Ambrosian Chant, (milan)
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What led to the creation of Gregorian chant?
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the codification of liturgy and music under Roman leaders, helped by Frankish Kings
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What choir that sang when the pope officiated played a role in standardizing chant melodies in teh 8th C.?
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The Schola Cantorum
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Gregorian chant as we know it drew from what?
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roman melodies with many additions and changes by the Franks.
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books of liturgical texts from this time, which still lacked musical notation, attributed the chant to who?
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Pope Gregory 1, leading to the name Gregorian chant.
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Gregorian chant may have been misattributed due to what?
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the english revered gregory I as the founder of their church and consequently attributed their liturgy and its music to him. The legend says that chants were dictated to Gregory by the holy Spirit in teh ofrm of a dove.
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Old Roman chant is different from Gregorian Chant by what?
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more ornate.
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Early Christianity: What are neumes?
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notations above the words to indicate th enimber of notes for each syllable and whether the melody ascended, descended or repeated a pitch.
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How are modes differentiated?
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by the arrangement of whole and half steps in relations to teh final, the main note in teh mode and usually the last note in the melody.
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Modes: in addition to the final, each mode has a second characteristic called what?
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the tenor or reciting tone.
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The finals of corresponding plagal and authentic modes are teh same, but the ____ differ.
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Tenors
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What is the general rule concerning the tenor?
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in teh authentic modes the tenor is a fifth above the final, and in the plagal modes the tenor is a third below the tenor of the corresponding authentic mode, except that whenever a tenor would fall on the note B, then it would move up to C.
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What three things all contribute to characterizing a mode?
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final, range and tenor.
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What is the most frequent note in a chant, or center of gravity around which a phrase is oriented. Phrases rarley being or end above this.
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the tenor.
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Guido of Arezzo introduced a set of syllables coressponding to the pattern of tones and semitones in the successio of CDEFGA. Why?
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facilitate sight singing.
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What are solmization syllables?
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sol-mi
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What did Guido's syllables help locate?
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the semitones in chant. only the step between mi and fa was a semitone.
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CDEFGA includes all four finals of the modes plus a tone on each end, so what could this be used to teach as well?
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the pattern of whole and half steps around the final of each mode.
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What is the Guidonian hand?
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pupils tuaght to sing intervals as the teacher pointed with the index finger of teh right hand to the different joints of the open left hand.
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What did each joint stand for of teh Guidonian hand?
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one of teh twenty notes of teh stystem, any other note, such as F# or Eb, was considered to be "outside the hand"
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Liturgy and Chant: Greogorian chant was _____ and _____ after centureies of development as an oral tradition and it played a _____ role in the western church
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codified
notated unifying |
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Liturgy and Chant: What is the calendar?
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church commemorated each event or saint with a feast day, in a cycle.
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Why is the church calendar important?
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understand the litrugy.
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What is mass?
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the most important service in the Roman church.
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Where did Mass come from?
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commemorations of the LAst Supper of Jesus.
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What is the central act of Mass?
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symbolic reenactment of teh Last supper, bread and wine designated as teh body and blood of Christ.
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What other rituals were added to Mass?
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bible readin, prayers, psalm singing,
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When is the mass performed?
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every day in monestaries, convents and major churches and on sundas in all churches and more than once on the most important feast days.
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What is the Mass Proper?
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text for certain parts of the Mass that vary from day to day.
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What are the texts of other parts called that do not change, althought the meldoies may vary.
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Odinary of the Mass.
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What are the Proper chants called by?
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their function
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What are the Ordinary chants called by?
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their initial words.
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What does Mass being with?
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entrance procession- celbrant. The choir sings the Introit.
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After all are in place, the choir continues with what?
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Kyrie which symbolize the Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
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On sundays and feast days, what follows the kyrie?
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the gloria
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After the Kyrie or Gloria, what happens?
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the priest intones the Collect, a collective prayer on behalf of all present.
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What happens after all the introductory items?
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The liturgy of the Word focuses on Bible readings, florid chants and church teachings.
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First teh subdeacon intones the what?
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Epistle of teh day
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After the epistle of the day, what happens?
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The Gradual and the Alleluia: two chants sung by a soiloist with responses from the choir
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What are the highpoints of the Gregorian Mass?
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Gradual and Alleluia.
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On some days in the Easter season, the Gradual is replaced by what?
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another Alleluia as a sign of celebration, or replaced by the more solemn Tract.
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On some occasions the choir sings what after the Alleluia?
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a sequence.
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After the Sequence the deacon intones what?
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the Gospel.
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After the Gospel what is an option?
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sermon from the priest.
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On Sundays and important feast days, this section fo the Mass concludes with what?
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the Credo, a statement of faith.
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Now the priest prepares for communion while the choir sings what?
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offertory.
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After the Offertory what happens?
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spken prayers and the secret, read in silence by the priest.
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The Preface, a dialogue between priest and choir leads into what?
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the Sanctus (holy holy holy)
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After the Sanctus, what does the priest speak?
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the canon
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After the Canon, what does the priest sing?
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the Lord's prayer, and teh choir sings the Agnus Dei
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After communion the choir sings what?
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Communion, based on a psalm.
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After the choir sings the priest intones what?
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postcommunion prayer
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to conclue the service, the priest or deacon sings what?
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Ite, missa est (go you are dissmissed.
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What were the main musical terms of the mass Ordinary?
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kyrie, gloria credo, sanctus, and agnus Dei. (late additions) texts do not change
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What is the Office?
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series of eight services that have been celebrated daily at specified times.
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What do Office observances include?
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serveal psalms, each with an antiphon, a chant sung before and after the psalm, lessons with musical responses called responsories, hymns, canticles (poetic passages from parts of teh Bible other than Psalms.
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What are the most important office services?
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Matins, Lauds and Vespers
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What are the three manners of performance for chant?
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responsorial, antiphonal and direct.
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What does responsorial mean?
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soiloist alternates with choir or congregation
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What does antiphonal mean?
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two groups of teh cohir alternate
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what does direct mean?
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without alternation
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Certain genres of chant are traditionally associated withwhat?
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each manner of perfoance
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What are the three styles of setting texts?
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syllabic, neumatic and melismas.
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what are syllabic?
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chants in which almost every syllable has a single note.
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What is neumatic?
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chants in which syllables carry one to si notes
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What are melismas?
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chants that have long melodic passage on a single syllable
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What are rcitation formulas?
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simple melodic outlines that can be used with many different texts.
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What are the simplest chants?
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the formulas for intoning prayers and bible readings such as teh collect, epistle and gospel.
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What are psalm tones?
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forumulas for singing psalms in the Office.
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How were the psalm ones designed?
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so that they can be adapted to fit any psalm. There is one tone for each of the eight modes, using the mode's tenor as a reciting note; a ninth, very ancient formulas has two reciting notes.
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Each psalm tone consists of what?
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intonation ( a rising motive used only for teh first verse,
recitation on the tenor; the mediant ( a cadence for the middle of each verse) further recitation; and a termination ( a final cadence for each verse. |
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The mediant cadence does what?
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marks the end of the first statement
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The termination signals what?
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the end of the verse.
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What is the last verse of the psalm followed by?
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the Lesser Doxology.
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What is the cantor?
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the leader of the choir, sings the openin words of teh antiphon to set the pitch.
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Hymns are in what form?
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strophic.
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What is strophic?
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consists of several stanzas that are all sung to the same melody.
stanzas may be four to seven lines long, and some include rhymes, Melodies often repeat one or more phrases, making a variety of patterns. |
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What is Psalmody?
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singing of psalms that were par tof teh Mass as well as teh office.
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Graduals are considerably more melismatic than what?
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responsories example, Viderun omnes, the gradual for Christmas day
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Example of a Jubilus?
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Alleluia Dies sanctificatus, from the Mass for Christmas Day.
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What are the longest chants in a liturgy?
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tracts
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The Credo is always set in what style? why?
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syllabic, becuase its the longest text and it was the last to be reassigned to teh choir.
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What style is the Gloria?
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long text, but most settings are neumatic.
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Gloria and Credo melodies often feature what?
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recurring motives but have no set form.
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Most melodies for teh Sanctus and Agnus Dei are what?
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neumatic
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Sanctus beings with what?
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word Sanctus stated three times. second and third sections end with the phrase hosanna in excelsis.
A BC DC |
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Agnust Dei states prayer how mahy times?
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three, altering the final words the last time. some settings use the same music for all three statments (AAA) others are in ABA form or AB CB DB
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Kyrie is even more repetive with three statements of what?
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kyrie elesion, christe eleison and kyrie eleison.
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How is the Kyrie usually performed?
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antiphonally with half choirs alternating statements.
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What are three new typles o chant?
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tropes, sequences and liturgical dramas
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What is a trope?
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a trope expaded an existing chant.
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what are the three ways a trope can exand an exisitng chant?
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1. adding new words and music before the chant and often between phrases.
2. adding melody only, extending melismas or adding new ones 3. text only (usually called prose) set to existing melismas. |
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Example of a trope?
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Quem queritis in presep
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What is sequence?
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are set syllabically to a text that is mostly in couplets and are sung after the Alleluia at Mass.
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Example of Sequence?
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Victimae paschali laudes
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Example of liturgical drama?
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Quem queritis in presep
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who was hildegard of bingen?
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prioress of a convent, founded her own convent. famous for her prophecies.Scivias. writer and composer, The Virtues
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Propsperity provided what?
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resources for learning and the arts.
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what kind of schools were estalished trhoughout western and cetnral europe?
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cathedral schools
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What is versus?
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type of latin song normally sacred and sometimes attached to the liturgy.
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The poetry of the versus was ___ and usually followed a regular pattern of ____
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rhymed
accents |
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___ versus appreard in eventh centruy and influenced what two other repertories?
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monophonic
troubadour songs, and aquitanian polyphony |
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What is conductus?
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song that was performed while a tliturgical book was carried into place for a reading or a celebrant was conducted from one place to another.
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Both versus and conductus used what?
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newly composed melodies not based on chant.
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Secular songs came about when
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educated people understood latin and composed for performance outside religious contexts, including settings of ancient poetry, laments for charlemagne and other notables, and satirical, moralizing or amourous songs.
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How was secular song persevrd?
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usually in staffless neumes
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What type of vernacular poem survived?
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a long heroic narrative.
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example of vernaculr song?
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chanson de geste song of deeds.
recounting the deeds of national herous sung to simple melodic forumulas. |
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what does teh term minstrel mean?
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specialized musicians, employed at a court or city for at least part of the year, they also traveled, came from varied background
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what are troubadours? trobairitz?
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poet composers in souther france. language was occitan, female.
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where are trouveres?
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north france language was Old French
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songs of troubadours preserved how?
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chansonniers
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Troubadors were known for what?
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refinement, elegance and intricacy, poems ary in subject form and treatment. most are strophic.
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Dance songs often include what?
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refrain, a recurring phrase or verse with music, typically sung by the dancers.
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what are some genres of the troubadours?
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alba, canso, tenso
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what is courtly love?
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refined love, idealized love through which th lover himself refined. woman is real another mans wife. adored from distance.
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example of courtly love?
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Can vei la lauzeta mover
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What is the form that troubadour's use?
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strophic, setting each stanza to the same meldoy.
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what is the text-setting ?
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mostly syllabic.
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Most troubadour melodies have what for each phrase in the stanza?
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new musc
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A chantar illustrates what?
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seven line stanzas set to phrases in the pattern ab ab cbd, for an AAB form
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what is the melodic motion of troubadours?
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stepwise within an octave range, frequent high points on the note A and cadences on D, indicate mode 1.
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What rhythm did troubadours use?
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some say sung in a free unmeansure style, others say each note should have a roughly equal duration and others that the songs were sung metrically with long and short notes corresponding to teh accented and unaccented syllables.
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Example of rondeau?
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robins m'aime
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what is a rondeau?
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dance song with a refrain in two phrases whose music is also used for the verse, pattern ABaabAB
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English tradition, the royal hosue sponsered troubarours and truveres. King Richard was a?
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touvere
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Few songs survive in what language?
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middle englihs, the lanugage of lower and middle classes.
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Our view of medieval music depends n what.?
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the interest of religious, economic, and intellectual elites ha in preserving their own music.
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What is a Minnesinger?
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like troubadors but in Germany. knightly poet musicians.
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Example of German minnesinger?
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Palastinalied
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What is Laude?
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sared Italian monophonic songs.
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where were laudes composed?
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in cities rather than at court.
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where were laude sung?
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processions of religioous pentinents
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What are cantigas?
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songs in galican portugese in honur of the Virgin Mary.
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Most songs in cantigas collection relate to miracles performed by who?
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the Virgin.
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Example of Cantiga?
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Non sofre Santa Maria
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What is a vielle?
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5 stings tuned in fourths and fifths
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what is a hurdy gurdy?
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3 stringed vielle sounded by a rotating whell inside turned by a crank. lever change pitches
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what is a psaltry?
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plucking strings attched to a frame over a wooden sounding board.
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what is the transverse flute?
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made of wood or ivory withought keys.
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What is the shawm?
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double reed instrument like oboe.
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Where did most f the nstruments come into europe from?
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asia, spain
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what is a carole?
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most popular social dance in France. it is a circle dance that is accompanied by a song sung by one or more fo the dancers.
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dance songs are marked by what?
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steady beat, clear meter, repeated sections, and predictable phrasing.
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What is the most common form of instrumental dances?
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estampie.
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what is estampie?
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several sections, each played twice with two different endings. first with an open cadence and second with closed candence.
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Example of estampie?
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Le manuscrit du roi.
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What form does estampie use?
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triple meter and short sections.
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What is polyphony?
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music in which voices sing together in independent parts.
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what are the three genres of polyphony?
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organum, conductus, and motet.
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The rise of written polyphony is of particular interest becauseit inaugurated four precepts that have distinguished Western music ever since. what are tehy?
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counterpoint- the combination of multiple independant lines.
2. harmony, the regulation of simultaneous sounds. 3. centrality of notation 4. the idea of composition as distinct from performance. |
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What is a drone?
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sing or play a melody againts a drone, its found in most european folk traditions and many asian cultures. Drones sustain the modal final. drones ground the melody in its tonal center and heighten the sense of closure when teh melody cadences on the final.
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another way to enrich melody doubling it in parallel consonant intervals, example?
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Musica enchiriadis.
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What is organum?
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two or more voices singing different notes in agreeable combinations.
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What is parallel organum?
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original chant melody in the principal voice and the other the organal voice, moving in exact parallel motion a fifth below. fifths considered perfect and beautiful.
organum voice sung below principal voice |
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What is mixed parallel and oblique organm?
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combines oblique motion, with parallel motion, to avoid tritones, using P4ths.
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what is free organum?
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note against note organum in which teh organl voice has greater indepenence and prominence.
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What is example of free organum?
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alleluia Justus ut palma
-added voices now lies above the chant than below. |
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What is Aquitanian polyphony?
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new, more ornate type of polyphony. main sources are three manuscrips once held in teh Abbey of St. Martial at Limoges in the duchy of Aquitaine.
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Aquitanian polyphony includes waht?
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settings of chant, such as sequences, Benedicamus Domino melodies, and solo portions of responsorial chants but most cinclude setting of versus, rhyming, scanning, accentual Latin poems.
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What is th eearliest known polyphony not based on chant?
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versus.
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What are two main polyphonic styles?
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discant
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what is discant?
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when both parts move at about the same rate, with one to three notes in the upper part for each note of teh lower voice.
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What is florid organam?
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teture where lower voice moves mushc slowly than the upper, sustaining each note while the upper voice sings note groupings of varying lengths.
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In both styles, the lower voice holds the principal meldoy and is called what?
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the tenor.
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examples of florid organum?
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jubilemus, exultemus.
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new repetoire at notre dame perhaps the first ____ to be primarily composed and read from ____
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polyphony, notation rather than imporvides.
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Notre Dame composers developed first notation since ancient Greece to indicate what?
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duration
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Instead of using note shapes to show relative durations, they used what?
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combinations of notegroups, or ligatures, to indicate different patterns of longs and breves.
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What are rythmic modes?
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6 basic patterns identified by number and shown as patterns of longs and breves.
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What is the basic time unit?
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tempus, eight note, always grouped in threes.
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how did they indicate rhythmic mode?
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ligatures, signs derived ferom the compind neumes of plainchant notation that denoted groups of notes.
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who are two composers associated with notre dame?
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Leonin and Perotin.
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what did leonin do?
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complike great book of polyphony.Magnus liber organi.
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what about magnus liber organi?
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had two voice settings of teh solo portions of teh responsorial chants for the major feasts of teh church year. Perotin added to teh collection.
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what is clasula?
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clause or phrase in a sentence,
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what is a two voice organum called?
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organum duplum
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what is three voice organum?
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organum triplum
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four voice organum?
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quadruplum
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What is conductus?
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settings for two to four voices of teh same types of texts used in the closely related genre of monphonic conductus. differs from nore dame polyphony in musical features as well as text.
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how is conductus different?
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tenor was newly composed , all voices sing the text together in same rhythm, words are set syllabically for the most part.
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what is a motet?
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composers at notre dame created a new genre by adding newly written latin words to the upper voices of discant clausulae, like texts added to melismas.
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The duplum of motet could also be called
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motetus
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As conductus and organum gradually fell out of fashion in the middle of teh century, what became teh leading polyphonic genre for both sacred and secular music?
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moete,
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Example of early motet is ?
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Factum est salutare/ Dominus
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Motets usually have different ___in each voice, and are identified by a compind tile comprising the first words of each voice
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text
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What is cantus firmus?
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the tenor became a canuts firmus, a term to designate an existing melody, usually a plainchant, on which a new polyphonic work is based.
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motets were mostly ____
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syllabic
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What is the Franconian notation?
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relative durations were signified by note shapes, a characteristic of western notation ever since.
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Franctonian is based on what type of groupings?
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ternary groupings of the basic unit, the tempus.
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Three tempora constitutes what?
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a perfection, akin to a measure of three beats.
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What did Franconian notation allow composers to achieve?
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more rhythmic freedom and variety.
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The ryhmic variety of the Franconian motet was extended one step further by who?
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Pertus de Cruce
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What is the rhythm pertus de Cruce used?
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tenor moves in longs and the duplum has not more han three semibreves per tempus, but the triplum may have as many as seven semibreves in a tempus. so it must be slower tempo.
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What are distinctive features of english polyphony?
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use of imperfect consonances, in parallel motion. english preference for four voice tetures and for the long short rhythms of the first rhythmic mode.
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What is rondellus?
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first heard simultaneously, then two or three phrases taken up in turn by each of the voices.
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what is rota?
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perpetual cao or round at the unison.
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the notation that composers developed for polyphony introduced what two features?
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vertical placement to coordinate multiple parts, as in Aquitanian and Notre Dame organum and modern scores, AND different noteshapes to indicate relative duration, pioneered in Franconian notation.
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In the 14th c. people began to separate science from ___ and ____
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religion adn politics
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William of Ockham and his followeres argues that knowledge of nature and of humanity sould rest on teh experiences of the sense rather than on reason alone and should seek natural rather than supernatural explanation. this view laid the foundations for what?
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modern scientific method.
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What is Roman de Fauvel?
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narrative poem satirizing corruption in politics and teh Church, written as a warning to the king of France and enjoyed in high political circles at court.
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who invented Ars Nova?
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Phillippe de Vitry
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What is the Ars Nova?
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has come to denote the new French musical style inaugurated by Vitry.
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what are minimas?
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smallest note value
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what are mesuration signs?
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symbols that are the ancestors of modern time signatures.
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why some people didnt like ars nova?
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perfection is brought low and imperetion exalted in that the imperfect duple division was now equally as valid as teh perfect three fold division which carried associations with the Trinity.
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Vitry, inhis ars nova use a device modern scholars call what?
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isorhythm
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what is isorhythm?
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the tenor is laid out in segments of identical rhythm.
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In the isorhythm motet the rhythmic patterns are ___ and more___ and teh tenor moves so ____ in comparision to teh upper voices
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longer
complex slowly |
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What are two recurring elements in motet tenors?
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rhythmic and melodic.
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What did they call the repeating rhythmic unit?
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taela
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what did they call the recurring segment of melody?
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color.
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The color and talea could the the same ____, always begnning and ending _____but most often the color extended over two three or more taleae.
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length.
together. |
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example of isorhythm?
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arboris/tuba sacre fidei/ virgo sum
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such motets were sung where?
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in elite gatherings of clerics or courtiers . focused on the virgin mary and the rimacy of faith over reason. educated listeners
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what is hocket
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two voices alternate in rapid sucession, each resting while teh other sings.
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frequent use of ____ consonances gave music sweeter sound, yet open and parallel octaves and fifths still common.
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imperfect
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Who was the leading composer and poet of teh French Ars Nova period?
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Guillaume de Machaut
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Like other motets of teh time, Machaut's are ____ and more rhytmically ___ adn inclue ____ and _____ passages in upper voices.
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longer complex hocket and isorhythm
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What was the first polyphonic mass to be written by a single composer?
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Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame.
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Machaut's monophonic French songs contunued the ____ tradition and are about ____
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trouvere, love
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What are the formes fixes?
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virelai, ballade, rondeau
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what is virelai,?
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text and music have particular patterns of reptition including a regrain.
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The typical virelai has how many stanzas?
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3, with refrain at beginning and after each stanza. pattern, A bba Abba Abba A.
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what is a major innovation of the Ars Nova period?
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development of polyphonic songs or chansons in treble dominated style.
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what is treble-dominated style?
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upper voice carrying teh text, called the treble or cantus, is the principle line, supported by a slwoer moving tenor without text. may add one or two other unteted voices.
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Mauchaut's ballades were about what?
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were most serious, celebrate person or event.
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Machaut's rondeau ?
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themes of love
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Machaut's virelais,?
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relating nature to feelings of love.
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A ballade cconsist of how many stanzas?
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3. each sung to the same music and each ending with the same line of poetry which serves as a refrain. form is aab.
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Rondeau has how many stanzas?
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one. and refrain is in two section and includes all the music. ABabAabAB
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Ars Subtilor?
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fanciful decorations, red and black notes, caprices loves song in heart. canon in shape of circle.
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What is Trecento?
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itilians refer to teh fourteenth century.
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what is a madrigal?
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song for two or three voices without instrumental accompaniment. voices sin same text. usually pastoral starical, or love poem.
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Madrigals consist of how many stanzas?
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two or more three line stanzas each set to teh same music followed by a closing pair of lines called the ritonrello set to different music with a different meter.
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What is Caccia?
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paralles the French chace, in which a popular style melody is set in strict canon to lively, grahically descriptive words.
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What is ballata?
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became popular later than the madrigal and caccia. monophonic dance songs with choral refrains, have form AbbaA
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who is Francesco Landini?
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leading composer of ballate and the foremost musician of teh Trecento
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Musicians distinguished instruments based on their relative ?
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loudness, haut and bas. volume rather than pitch.
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what is musica ficta?
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use of certain chromatic alterations, avoid tritone.
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music fict was often used where?
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cadences
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