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10 Cards in this Set
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25. William McKinley |
-business candidate, religious, wanted to change America's role in the world -calm demeanor; last Civil Way president -short, modest and often underestimated -efficient and knew how to work with the media -Spanish American War: 1. Cuba was colony of Spain and wanted freedom 2. nation building period-Republicans favored expanding US power in Caribbean; wanted to exploit Cuban import opportunities 3. Teddy Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of Navy, influential in foreign policy, favored war with Spain -agreed to send warship to Cuba, USS Maine exploded mysteriously, public outcry ensued:“Remember the Maine”, McKinley declared war.
-McKinley purportedly was role model for Wizard of Oz main character -2nd term, Teddy Roosevelt's running mate, 6 months into term, McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz at Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, NY -Klondike Gold Rush, Canada’s Yukon territory, gold mined helped end depression, defeat call for more silver coinage -Jazz emerged in New Orleans -3rd presidential assassination in 36 years -Open Door Policy – all nations afforded equal trade opportunities with China -Boxer Rebellion (China)– Chinese nationalists, enlisted empress to kill all foreigners in China |
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26. Theodore Roosevelt |
-conservative but fought for reform,a hunter who started the conservation movement, a hawk who won the Nobel Peace Prize -didn't identify himself as a republican, he was both and didn’t fight in party politics; cared about the people of the country -very energetic, constantly reading, thinking and talking about things -didn’t drink alcohol but drank a gallon of coffee a day -believed that a single individual could have a large impact on one small affair -believed the industrialists held too much power and decided to change that 5 months into office; sued the corporation to stop Morgan’s monopoly -TR intervened into a coal strike in NY after seeing the threats-greatest political force behind Spanish-American War -made country realize they had a global responsibility and we were now a world leader-Panama Canal would be good thing for the US and the world, but Cuban government didn’t agree-largest engineering project ever undertaken, once completed, became a wonder of the world -Americans thought he could do more for social economics -1906 obtained passage of Meat Inspection Act and the Food and Drug Act-called the Grand Canyon a priceless heirloom of America -he had a strong vision in foreign policy and he made it happen -he felt he had more to do but stayed with his promise to the people and didn’t run for a third term -had asthma as a child, sickly, after 1st wife’s death, worked as a rancher in Dakota territory, restored his health -1st Nobel Peace Prize winner to become president– for work in ending Russo-Japanese Warhad -not a trust buster, but a trust regulator; immediately went after big business/great industrialists -sued Northern Securities Corporation (JP Morgan) stopped monopoly of western railways (case went to supreme court) -social & labor conditions deplorable, 1/5 children worked in mines/sweatshops, Pennsylvania Anthracite Coal Strike, Roosevelt intervened in national interest & to protect miners, forged a settlement that favored labor over management, crucial turning point in labor relations -Square Deal: his program of social & economic reform -officially re-named the president’s home the White House, added the West Wing-envisioned America as a world leader with a global responsibility, thought America had to civilize rest of world -Panama Canal –both US and world needed a passage through Columbia, backed a local revolution to create nation of Panama, then negotiated to purchase Canal, largest engineering project ever undertaken, one of the wonders of the world -other nations enforcing debt collection in S America, Roosevelt invoked Monroe Doctrine (hands off the Americas), enforced it with “Big Stick” diplomacy-quote, “Speak softly, but carry a big stick (Navy).” -reelected with largest popular majority up to that time, promised (and kept it) not to run for a 3rd term-author Upton Sinclair wrote “The Jungle”, an expose of immigrant’s experience in the meatpacking industry, resulted in the Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act-Antiquities Act – allowed for preservation of America's natural treasures, led to the establishment of our National Parks, Yellowstone, Sequoia, Yosemite -1st president to realize the president’s great moral obligations to stand for, influence, and enforce moral views -1st to fly an airplane, own an auto, and dive in a submarine-Wright Brothers, 1st powered glider, Flyer I, Kitty Hawk NC -Harry Houdini – escape artist -the Teddy Bear – refused to shoot a black bear cub on hunting trip, cartoon about this incident led to the toy, the teddy bear-“How the Other Half Lives” by Jacob Riis – photographic expose of terrible living conditions of immigrants, book fueled reforms in administrations of Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson-Muckrakers – reform minded journalists, term coined by Roosevelt -Model T Ford – Henry Ford, designed for mass production, assembly line lowered prices, 15 million sold |
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27. William H. Taft |
-loved baseball, started the tradition of throwing out the 1st ball of the season-bought the 1st cars for the WH, had stables converted into garages
-Governor General of Philippines, served under McKinley & Roosevelt, became Roosevelt’s right hand man & best friend, could be relied upon to efficiently accomplish any job given -wife pushed him into politics, she had a stroke shortly after taking office, couldn’t enjoy the experience -didn’t enjoy politics, excellent legal mind, wanted to be a Supreme Court justice, thought that a good judge was closest to what we think God is like -opposite of Roosevelt in many ways; not an athlete, heaviest president in history, TR’s African Safari (lasted a year) created unfavorable comparisons -hated public scrutiny of presidency, became grumpy & depressed, gained 100 lbs.-weak leader, delegated responsibility, let cabinet members to do as they pleased, groundbreaking policies of Roosevelt were reversed, Roosevelt critical of his administration, Taft wouldn’t have run for reelection otherwise, bitter race, Roosevelt called him a fathead, dimwit, devastated Taft, Roosevelt split Republican vote, allowing Wilson to win election -actually advanced Roosevelt’s conservation & anti-trust programs more than Roosevelt himself i.e. Standard Oil trust dissolved by Supreme Court-16th Amendment – allowed income tax, 17th Amendment – direct election of Senators -Dollar Diplomacy – convinced US bankers to invest in Honduras and Haiti (Latin America), used military to put down uprisings unfavorable to US, criticized for playing golf with top business leaders (a rich man’s game) -Taft understood dangers of a 20th century style imperialistic presidency: abuse of power-became Chief Justice of US after presidency, lost weight & was happy -Titanic sunk off coast of Newfoundland – purportedly unsinkable, largest, most luxurious ocean liner ever built, event led to new safety regulations for passenger ships i.e. # of lifeboats required -Isadora Duncan – birth of modern dance-Jane Addams – founded 1st settlement house, Hull House, to help immigrants “settle” in US, housed a day nursery, boardinghouse, employment service, classes in housekeeping skills -age of the skyscraper – 1st was Home Insurance Company Building, Chicago, 10 stories, made possible by safe passenger elevators, steel girder construction -he had no real desire to be president -wasn’t a natural politician; his wife pushed him into it because she always dreamt of living in the White House--died from stroke before she could live that reality -Taft was so unhappy he started eating and gained about 100 pounds coming to 350 pounds -procrastinated often -Taft started to dismantle lots of the programs TR had set -left presidency with only 8 electoral votes, but didn’t care because he was glad to be out |
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28. Woodrow Wilson |
-Only president to hold a PhD
-perceived as a human-machine by the public -his skill with spoken word was his most important aspect -they discussed things freely in his cabinet meetings; he wasn’t the boss -he pledged neutrality to keep US out of World War -1915 remarried -April 2nd, 1917 asked for declaration of war against Germany -Wilson was focused on his vision of peace; The League of Nations -19 months after he declared war, Germany surrendered-December 4th, 1918 set sail to France -Wilson wanted to hand-deliver the treaty to republican senate -didn’t listen to doctor who told him not to strain himself and suffered from a stroke -March 19th, 1920 Wilson’s attempt to convince Senate to agree with Treaty of Versailles had failed -outwardly cold, academically methodical in decision making, collegial leader (not the “boss”, but first among equals in cabinet meetings) -an academic, principled, only president to have a PhD, president of Princeton -governor of New Jersey, was his only elected office before becoming president -masterful orator, 1st president since Adams to deliver state of union address to Congress in person, 1st to hold a press conference -Underwood Act – reduced tariff to lowest level since Civil War (federal income no longer primarily dependent on tariff), established the 1st income tax to replace the tariff -New Freedom: his domestic program -Federal Reserve Act – reorganized the US banking system, established 12 regional banks to control amount of money available for investment, called the “Fed”, intended to stop cycle of boom & bust, was 1st president to effectively manage currency system -Mexican Revolution – border skirmishes w/ US -death of 1st wife due to kidney ailment, remarried before end of first term, 1st Democratic incumbent since Jackson to win reelection bid -WWI - pledged neutrality initially at breakout of WWI, was a “domestically oriented” president -Germany announced American shipping wouldn’t be spared from submarine warfare, sinking of Lusitania (merchant ship carrying US citizens) by Germany-telegram intercepted: Germany seeking an alliance with Mexico in event US entered war, public became intolerant of neutrality -Wilson declared war, quote: “The world must be made safe for Democracy”, wanted to bring peace to the world via League of Nations-War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch, mobilized industry for war -National Food Administrator, Herbert Hoover, charged with feeding troops & starving allies in Europe-Gen. Pershing had free reign in Europe, Wilson’s only request: maintain a separate army to emphasize our different reason for entering war – protecting democracy -Edith Wilson – grazed sheep on WH lawn, auctioned wool to raise money for Red Cross, sewed for doctor’s, promoted rationing: gasless Sundays, Meatless Mondays, wheatless Tuesdays-Prohibition – 18th Amendment – favored by religious, business, & progressive leaders -Sedition and Espionage Act – made it a crime to speak against the government -9 months after US entered war, Wilson made speech outlining “Fourteen Points” on which peace should be based -19 months after Wilson declared war, Germany surrendered, Treaty of Versailles included provision for establishment of League of Nations, had to be approved by Senate, Henry Cabot Lodge (Isolationists) objected, Wilson did speaking tour to generate support, suffered a stroke as a result, wife essentially ran country for remaining 16 months of 2nd term, although both the Treaty & League of Nations were passed by the Allies, both were defeated in Congress, w/out US support, this enabled the rise of Hitler & WWII -Great Migration – during war, nearly a half million blacks from South migrated to North to fuel war industries, segregation declined due to intense need for workers -2nd president to win Nobel Peace Prize for ending WWI-Charlie Chaplin – famous for his “little tramp” character -Margaret Sanger – family planning, birth control -Modern Art – Cezanne, Matisse, Picasso, 1st cubist exhibition in NY, the Armory Show-Women’s Suffrage Movement – 19th Amendment earned them right to vote, wartime climate, Wilson’s support, “suffragettes” marches turned (only applies to white women) -Wilson’s picture was on the $100.000 bill, the largest ever printed, not circul |
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29. Warren G. Harding |
-former newspaper man
-gambler, drinker and womanizer -people say he didn’t have self confidence to be president and that he didn’t want to be, yet he did -Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 is one of his greatest accomplishments -1923 he was the first president to visit Alaska; four days later he suffered from a heart attack and died-short lived period of grief -his reputation was affected after two scandalous books were produced about him; one about his wife poisoning him and the other about having an affair with a woman who later had his child -liked to play poker w/ members of cabinet – once gambled away a complete set of WH china -development of typewriter – secretarial “pools”, employed women -Roaring Twenties – illegal “speakeasies”, social taboos relaxed, “Flappers” wore short clingy dresses, women smoked in public, popularized the Charleston -Negro National League – pitcher Sachel Paige, as or more popular than white leagues -only president elected on his birthday -campaign slogan: Return to Normalcy-owner & publisher of a newspaper, the Marion Star -extrovert, gambler, alleged womanizer, ineffective leader, played the sousaphone-believed to lack intellect & ambition, but chose a distinguished and intelligent cabinet-Budget & Accounting Act – created the Bureau of the Budget, gave executive branch greater control over federal spending, required executive branch to submit an annual budget -Washington Conference for the Limitation of Armament - arms limitation measure, his biggest accomplishment, limitations set on size of NaviesImmigration Restriction Act – 1st general quotas (limitations) on immigration -spoke in favor of equal rights for blacks in South -1st president to visit Alaska, health was failing, had heart attack & died, Coolidge’s father swore him in-scandals emerged a year after his death: Teapot Dome – oil kickback scandal, most infamous prior to Watergate, 2 books written about him alluded that his wife poisoned him, & he had a mistress & illegitimate child, dubious, but believed at the time-good with Senate, foreign affairs, budget |
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30. Calvin Coolidge |
-his father, a justice of the peace, swore him in at home by the fire
-mean-spirited, not sociable or genial, nickname was Silent Cal, had a high nasal voice -governor of Massachusetts, lawyer -had a dry New England wit, a woman once bet him she could get him to say more than two words, he said, “You lose.”-“Keep Cool with Coolidge” – campaign slogan -believed in limited government, delegated to cabinet -avid fisherman, but claimed his only hobby was running for office -had a mechanical horse he rode for exercise, dressed up as a cowboy for pictures -sworn in by Chief Justice Taft, 1st time president was sworn in by a former president-vetoed pay raises for postal workers, bonuses for WWI vets, lowered taxes twice -tight rein on budget, used veto power, goal: keep government small & business booming -didn’t foresee coming depression, but economic instability -management style was to rely heavily on cabinet, trusted Andrew Mellon, treasury secretary, got poor advice -didn’t run for second term, Hoover won |
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31. Herbert H. Hoover |
-from California
-orphan taken over by relatives on the west coast -Hoover Ball- created after a doctor told him to get more exercise, stimulated physical exercise and encouraged leaders of US gov. to get together every morning before work and share ideas -Hoover was very successful business person; workaholic -qualities that made him look prosperous were not up to the challenges of the Great Depression -relied on voluntarism to strive through the depression-traumatized by the Depression -1932 campaign made his named a negative punchline -angry Americans wherever he went: wasn’t getting any better; people lost hope -1st president born west of Mississippi -food administrator during WWI for Wilson, Sect. of Commerce under Harding and Coolidge -record as long time public servant universally recognized -orphan, shy loner, tendency toward melancholy, millionaire, managed like a CEO -Hoover ball – doctor wanted him to exercise, he invented the game and made cabinet members play with him every AM -didn’t relate well to common man, seen as a big business candidate, but also had a highly developed sense of social obligation -“Only trouble with capitalism is capitalists; they are too greedy.” -applied business efficiency to government, a workaholic -1929, Great Depression, handicapped by innate lack of charisma, couldn’t inspire confidence -didn’t believe in government intervention in depression, relied on “volunteerism”, asking business to voluntarily assist workers -didn’t have temperament to deal with the depression, was depressed, became defensive-Hover hotel (cardboard box), Hooverville, hover flag (empty pocket wrong side out) -during campaign for 2nd term, people were angry -Bonus Marchers – vets marched on Washington to request bonuses early, McArthur burnt bonus village, exceeded his authority, but Hoover took responsibility, turned tide of election to FDR |
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32. FDR |
-crippled by polio-from New York
-C student at Harvard -compared to opening your first bottle of champagne -clinging to the arm of someone he could hide his disability -oval office desk was cluttered and chaotic -he used radio to bring presidency closer to American people -”The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”-Eleanor was like his eyes, ears and legs; traveled for him spreading the idea of the New Deal and reported back to FDR -FDR’s New Deal didn’t put an end to the Depression -he didn’t succeed anymore in economy than Hoover, but he gave the impression that he was doing something -61% who voted, voted for FDR for his 2nd term -FDR increased the power and number of justices -overconfidence lead to a backlash in congress -1937 FDR saw war coming, eventually, and convinced isolated Americans that some day, they may have to be involved -1940 France fell to Nazis; Battle of Britain began -FDR found ways of aiding allies while staying neutral -intimately involved in diplomacy of war years -knew about concentration camps since November 1942 but made no effort to help them -intelligent but not brilliant, pampered, politically flexible, charismatic, a charmer -New Deal – his program of social and economic reform -5th cousin of Teddy, charming, loner, C student at Harvard, unorthodox manager -even his daughter Anna said he was difficult to know -crippled by polio at 39, handicap was downplayed during presidency -designed his own chair, liked to be photographed standing, media cooperated in the deception -messy management style, cluttered desk, pitted subordinates against each other, meetings looked chaotic, but were very creative -Fireside Chats – addressed the American people nightly via radio -famous quote: All we have to fear is fear itself -during his First Hundred Days in office, initiated his New Deal programs-Eleanor, wife, was ambassador for the New Deal programs -Social Security Act – safety net for elderly, disabled, unemployed -didn’t really improve economics, but did instill public confidence -2nd election a landslide, 61% margin, but was a difficult term -increased number of seats on Supreme Court to decrease opposition from conservative judges, court packing didn’t work -1st to have woman cabinet member, Francis Perkins, labor secretary -his overconfidence concerned Congress -foresaw WWII, began to prepare US for involvement via speeches-Battle of Britain – France fell to Nazis -1st president to be elected to a 3rd term-found ways to aid allies while remaining neutral -“Dec. 7, 1941, A day which will live in infamy”-Pearl Harbor – beginning of his role as a war president -greatest achievement was quality of generals appointed: Marshal, Nimitz,-the internment of Japanese on west coast was moment in presidency -early in war, failed to help German Jews, thought that winning the war would help them the most-D Day – US entered war -5 months after entering war, reelected to 4th term-Yalta Conference, meeting of allies, Stalin agreed to creation of the United Nations -died of cerebral hemorrhage-FDR successfully handled two major crises: depression and WWIl-changed presidency more than any other president |
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33. Harry S. Truman |
-wasn’t afraid making controversial decisions -Cold war began during his presidency -ended segregation in civil services and the military-attempt to contain communism failed -US was asked to aid Vietnam making it our first involvement in that war -plain spoken, blunt, peppery language, had common sense, nearsighted -willing to make politically controversial decisions-Manhattan Project – atomic bomb -Potsdam Declaration – WWII over-motto: “The Buck Stops Here”-Cold War began -Truman, Marshall, Atchison – architects of the Truman Doctrine (Communist containment) -Marshall Plan – reconstruction of Europe-ended segregation in civil service & military -inflation, labor strikes-campaigned via whistle stop tour, won reelection -China fell to Communism, containment failed -Soviets got atomic bomb -McCarthy accused Truman of being soft on Communism -Korean War – N Korea & China invade S Korea, turned into stalemate-Ho Chi Mien asked US for aid in Vietnam – our first involvement in that conflict -so nearsighted he had to memorize eye chart to get into military |
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34. Dwight D. Eisenhower |
-wasn’t very political, but a military man-ended Korean War -he increased the amount of domestic spending and downsized US military -ended segregation in public schools in 1954 -during his 2nd term he suffered from a heart attack -Sputnik launched by Russia, first time US came behind the Soviet Union; Space Race -not political but a military man, both parties solicited him as presidential candidate -mastermind of D Day, but seen as a semi-retired president, liked golf-charismatic, “I like Ike” his campaign slogan -the Hidden Hand presidency -ended Korean War-downsized military, increased domestic spending -Federal Highway Act – interstate highway system-Brown vs Board of Education – ended segregation in public schools -pledged support for North Vietnam -ignored civil rights turmoil -2nd term, had a heart attack -Russia launched Sputnik, 1st time US took a back seat to Soviet Union -Castro seized power in Cuba -said we should “guard against undue military and industrial influences” -Camp David named after his grandson, had formerly been called Shangri-La |
