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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-INCENTIVES are environmental _ (_ or _) that induces _
-motivated- to be _ to _ |
-stimulus (rewards; punishers)
-behavior -moved; behavior |
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-a motive is an _ _ to be moved towards _ (positive _) and away from _ ones (_)
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-internal disposition; reinforcers; incentives
-negative; punishers |
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-motivation is to be _ into _
-knowledge is knowing _ _ _ _ -with knowledge, you can evaluate _, how to _ them, and theres a chance of _ |
-moved; action
-how to perform behavior -incentives; attain; success |
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-knowing is not enough, you have to be _
-competence means _ of _ the _ -essentially competence is just _ or _ _ |
-capable
-capable; doing; behavior -physical; mental ability |
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-motivation is _ or _ for behavior
-science of psychology is built upon the assumption that we can _ and _ human _ |
-impetus; reason
-predict; understand; behavior |
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-free will is when you freely _ your _ and _
-Determined will is when your _ and _ result from _ _ |
-choose; wants; motives
-wants; motives; -past history |
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-in order to predict human behavior, it requires that human behavior has _
-in order to complete a goal, you have to have _, _, and _ |
-causes
-motivation, knowledge, competence |
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-as a science, we deal with what we believe to be causes, but we do not deal with _ _(if they even exist), we only make _/_ about our _, and test them against other _
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-universal truths
-statements/hypotheses -observations; observations |
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-if we are free to choose our behavior, then we are _ for our _
-but if we are truly free, than _ cannot be expected to _ or _ future behavior |
-accountable; actions
-punishment; alter; determine |
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free acts vs determined acts
-Free Act is behavior that occurs _ of _ -Determined Act is when _ _ _ |
-independent; motive
-motive causes behavior |
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-in free will, motive is _ _
-with free will and determined act, the motive is _ _, and motive _ _ |
-freely chosen
-freely chosen -determines act |
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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
-millions of years of _/_ _ shape human _ -we must understand behavior n motivation in terms of what is most _ for _ and _ _ |
-natural/selection; behavior
-adaptive; -survival; reproductive success |
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EVOLUTIONARY PSYCH
-try to understand behaviors in terms of across _ spans and _ -the problem with evolutionary psychology is that it is only _ that cannot be _ -evolutionary psychology is an _ source of _ |
-evolutionary; adaptibility
-theories; tested -internal; motivation |
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-personal history is a person's individual _ since _,
-Law of Hedonic Contrast- degree of _ from a stimulus depends on its _ with prior _ _ -it determines how _ or _ something is compared to _ _ |
-experiences; birth
-pleasureness; comparison; similiar stimuli -pleasant; unpleasant; previous stimuli |
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-an example of law of hedonic contrast would be someone who rates a comedy movies as funnier if they _ a _ _
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-follow; horror movie
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-reductionism is the idea that _ in one _ is related to _ of a more _ _
-psychology and motivation can be reduced to _ |
-findings; science
-principles; basic science -neurophysiology |
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-goals are desired _-_
-we are often motivated to achieve goals outside our our _ _ (_, _) |
-endstates
-immediate body -money;success |
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-reductionism is when you build on _ _ to understand _ _
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-simple things; complex things
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-the ORIGINAL definition of hedonism is the the _ of _ and the _ of _
-the definition of hedonism TODAY refers to _ _ derived from _, _, & _ |
-pursuit; pleasure
-avoidance; pain -sensory pleasure -food; drink; sex |
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-For philosophers, hedonism meant _ for the _ _
-while its true that _ _ might be attained from spending your tuition money to pay for nightly partying, but a _ _ _ would result if that money were used to pay for your tuition and subsequent _ |
-striving; greater good
-sensory pleasure -hedonically greater benefit -education |
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Motivational sequence: (3)
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1. Choice
2.Instrumental Behavior 3.Consumatory Behavior |
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-Choice- refers to the _ of the _ or _ to attain
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-selection; motive; incentive
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-instrumental behavior satisfies the _ or attains the _
-consumatory behavior is the _ of the sequence; interact with _ and _ _ |
-motive; incentive
-end; incentive -achieve satisfaction |
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-to be motivated is to be _ into _
-a motive is a person's internal _ to be concerned with and approach _ _ and avoid _ _ |
-moved; action
-disposition; positive incentives -negative incentives |
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-a motive is linked to an incentive, since attaining an _ is the _ of person's _
-a free act means a person could have _ _ if he had _ |
-incentive; goal; motive
-done otherwise; wanted |
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-a determined act, by contrast, implies that in order to satisfy a _, the person had _ _ but to act the way he did
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-motive; no alternative
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-an incentive is the anticipated _ or _ _ in the environment
-evolutionary hisotry refers to the _ of millions of years of _ _ on shaping _ _ |
-postive; negative; incentive
-effects; natural selection -human nature |
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-the field of evolutionary psychology seeks to understand _ by relating it to our _ _
-personal history refers to an individual's _ from _ to _ |
-behavior; evolutionary past
-experiences; conception; present |
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-motivation can originate from environmental events like _ and _ as well as from internal events like _ _
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-incentives; goals
-psychological needs |
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-a determined act is one designed to _ the _ while a free act is one that occurs _ of the _
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-satisfy; motive
-independently; motive |
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-both _ and _ historys are origins of motivation
-a goal of evolutionary history is to describe and understand psychological mechanisms in terms of their _ _ and how they aid in the _ of the _ |
-evolutionary; personal
-natural selection; survival; species |
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-the law of hedonic contrast says the _ of a _ depends on the sum of _ _ with a _ group of stimuli
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-pleasantness; stimulus; previous experiences
-similiar |
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-_,_ & _ are mental events that appear to originate in the mind
0these mental events may be interpretable or _ to _ events that are happening in the brain -this approach is known as _ and refers to explaining the findings of science by _ them to the principles of more _ _, such as reducing psychology to _ |
-desires; wants; urges
-reducible; parallel -reductionism; translating; basic science; neurophysiology |
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-the phrase "_ _ for _ _" implies that people are motivated by _ _
-it is the difference in _ _ and in _ _ that help account for differences in motivation |
-different strokes; different folks
-different things -personality traits; psychological needs |
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-for instance, extroverts prefer _ _ while introverts prefer _ _
-people aren't slaves to their environment, instead they seek out _ _ in order to satisfy their _ _ |
-large parties; small ones
-different environments; psychological motives |
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-the _ of the incentive and the its _ in the _ affect motivation
-behavior is motivated jointly by _ and _ sources |
-amount; distance; future
-internal; external |
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-internal sources refer to _ and _, while external sources refer to the _ or _ that _ them
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-motives; desires
-incentives; goals; satisfy |
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-hedonism is NOT just the _ _ associated with _ _ (food, sex, etc)
-Socrates said that people act to _ _ and _ _ and failures to do so result from _ _ |
-physical desires ;sensory pleasures
-maximize pleasure; minimize pain -incomplete knowledge |
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-HEDONISM is the puruit of _ and the avoidance of _ where pleasure is "_ _ _"
-consummatory behavior comes from the word _ which menas to _, _, or _ and _ sequence |
-pleasure; pain
-'The Greater Good' -consummate; complete; fulfill; end -behavioral |
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-aspects of instrumental behavior that reflect motivation include _, _ & _
-Thorndike rewarded _ with _ for _ from a shoddy wooden _ -this is how he came up with the _ of _ which states that satisfying _ _ the behavior that _ them |
-DURATION; FREQUENCY; INTENSITY
-cats; food; escaping; box -law; effect; results strengthen; cause |
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-Darwin's Theory of _ on motivation include: (3) factors
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1.Variation
2.Heredity 3.Selection |
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-Variation says different _ of a _ vary within a _
-Heredity:_ are passed from one _ to the _ |
-values; trait; species
-traits; generation; next |
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-Selection includes _ and _ selection and means certain values of a _ fit one's _ and _ in _/_
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-natural; sexual
-trait; environment; -aids; survival/reproduction |
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-The LAW OF EFFECT by _ found that _ _ strengthen the behavior that causes them
-the LAW OF EFFECT TODAY involves _ and focuses on _ _ as _ and _ stimuli as _ |
-thorndike; satisfying results
-behaviorism; -observable rewards; reinforcers -adverse; punishners |
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-the LAW OF EFFECT TODAY avoids concepts of "_" and "_"
-sources of motivation are both _ and _ to an individual and can be divided into these 4 major categories: |
-pleasure; pain
-internal; external 1.Biological sources 2.Internal & Psychological sources 3.Environmental & Cognitive sources 4.Emotions |
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-if to motivate is to induce or to cause change in behavior, then _ was probably one of the first to advocate a _ of motivation
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-Aristotle; theory
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-Aristotle describes 4 different types of causes for motivation:
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1.Efficient causes
2.Final causes 3.Formal causes 4.Material causes |
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-Aristotle's EFFICIENT CAUSES refers to _ of _
-these are a person's current _ and _ -for example, the sight of your favorite dessert, _ you to _ |
-triggers; behavior
-motives; incentives -triggers; eat |
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-Aristotle's FINAL CAUSES refer to the _ or _ of _ _
-final causes are the _ of the _ -for example, the aim of eating is to provide _ for the _ |
-aim; purpose; motivated behavior
-goals; behavior -nourishment; body |
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-FORMAL CAUSES refers to integrating the concept of motivation into _, _, or _ of behavior
-darwin's theory of evolution maintains that human evolved a preference for _ during a time of _ |
-models; hypotheses; theories
-sweets; scarcity |
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-people were motivated to eat sweets since they provided a rich source of _ that was beneficial for _
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-energy; survival
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-MATERIAL CAUSES refers to material of which a _ is _
-the _ can be considered the material cause of _ _ -for instance, the material cause of eating dessert refers to the _ occuring in the _ |
-thing; made
-brain; motivated bahvior -events; brain |
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-Herbert Spencer is a _ who in the year _ generalized Darwin's ideas to include _ _
-Spencer assumed that that behavior's that aid in _ were _, while behaviors that work against _ were _ |
-naturalist; 1899
-MOTIVATIONAL PHENOMENA -survival; pleasurable -survival; painful |
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-pain and pleasure become _ _ for those behaviors
-this is like natural selection like the fast-running prey select for _-_ _ |
-selecting agents
-fast-running cheetahs |
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-spencer assumed that pleaure is a feeling an animal _ to bring into _ while pain is a feeling an animal strives to _ from _
-for example, fear may have evolved as a way of _ _ _ |
-strives; awareness
-remove; awareness -avoiding dangerous animals |
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psychological need was considered to be an _ _ of humans
-need was assumed to already _ in different _ in individuals |
-inherent characteristic
-exists; amounts |
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-primary needs are also called _ needs. are _ in nature and are characterized by _ _
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-viscerogenic; physiological;
-bodily satisfaction |
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-SECONDARY NEEDS are also called _ needs are concerned with _ or _ _ and depend on or are derived from _ _
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-psychogenic; mental; emotional satisfaction
-primary needs |
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-Murray considered that all needs are _ processes referring to an "_ _ or readiness to _ in a certain way under given circumstances"
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-hypothetical
-organic potentiality; respond |
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-Herbert Spencer applied _/_ principles to _ behaviors
-adaptive behaviors are assumed to cause _ (_, _) -_ behaviors are assumed to cause pain |
-pleasure/pain; adaptive
-pleasure; eating; reproducing -harmful |
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-Tolman & Honzik's _ _ experiment is one of the first to demonstrate that _ affect _
-an example of a secondary need would be _, _ and _ |
-rat maze
-incentives; behavior -affiliation; achievement; order |
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-drive may result from _ and can be _ while NEEDS exist _ of the _ _/_ and exists at _ _ across individuals
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-independently;
-environmental inputs/ deprivation -varying levels |
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-the value of an incentive determines its _ and _ _
-Tolman & Honzik's rat maze indicated that the introduction of _ _ after hungry rats had experienced a maze is followed by _ _ in _ -they interpreted results as rats learn a _ _ of the _ in order to locate _ |
-preference; motivational strength
-food reinforcement -immediate improvement; behavior -perceptual representation; environment; reward |
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-Tolman & Honzik's rat maze led to the concept of _ _
-the immediate improvement in behavior indicated that learning had previously taken place in the _ of _ |
-latent learning
-absence; reinforcement |
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-LEWIN's Field Theory involves _, _, and _
-it is not always _ but it is still a _ _ -formula says that _ _= you're going to _ _ |
-tension; balance; force
-correct; good tool -psychological force; do something |
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-Tolman & Honzik provided one of the first demonstrations that the _ or _ of an _ affects the _ of behavior
-at first they did _ trials with rats in maze that were with or without food incentive in the goal box |
-presence; absence; incentive
-motivation -10 |
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-on the _th trial, incentive conditions remained the same for some rats but _ for others
-the fewest number of errors per trial occurred for the _ _ group (the one who _ _), this group benefited from _ _ on every trial |
-11; switched
-continuous reward; got food -food incentive |
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-the most errors were made by the _ _ group who got _ _-this group _ benefited from the _ _ on any trial
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-continuous nonreward; no food
-never; food incentive |
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-motivational benefits of the incentive is most apparent in the _ _ when a _ was _ _ or _
-there was a rapid _ in the number of errors in the group who went from _ _ to _ _ in trial _ and vice versa |
-2 groups; reward; suddenly introduced
-removed -drop; no reward; sudden reward; 11- |
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-the number of errors _ in number when food was removed suddenly from group who previously had a _ _
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-increased; food reinforcer
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LEWIN'S FIELD THEORY
psychological forces = _ of _ _; _ in person __________________(/divided by) _ _ between _ and _ |
-valence; goal properties; tension
-psychological distance; person; goal |
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-lewin's postulated psychological force as a way of accounting for _ and _ sources of _
-objects and activity that have positive valence _ the individual; they are _ or _ |
-0internal; environmental; motivation
-attract -approached; wanted |
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-objects that have negative valence _ the _: they are _ or _ _
-according to lewin, humans are also forced from one activity or another depending on the _ of those activities |
-repel; individual
-avoided; not wanted -valences |
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-force decreases with _ _
-the closer in time an individual is to _ the _, the shorter the psychological distance |
-psychological distance
-attaining; incentive |
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-TENSION is a _ in the person's _ _ (e.g. _)
-tension can result from from an _ _, psychological or physiological _ |
-deficit; internal environment
-hunger -unfulfilled intention; need |
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-the result of tension is to instill _ on relevant _ _
-tension from hunger increases the _ _ of puzza |
-valence; environmental objects
-positive valence |
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-when the desired object or incentive is attained, then tension _ and the valence of the incentive approaches _
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-dissipates; zero
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-currently, the term ACTION READINESS refers to the tendency of an _ to serve as an _ for an _ specific to the _ being experienced
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-emotion; impulse; action; emotion
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-heredity vs environment is the same as _ vs _
-in a mid-west case of sexual re-assignment a _ accident on a _ _ old infant led to the decision to perform sex reassignment at _ _ and raise _ as a _ -in this case, after 12 years of social, mental, and hormonal conditioning, at the age of _ the child _ his _ _ and began living as a _ |
-nature; nurture
-circumcision; 7 month -17 months; him; girl -14; rejected; female identity; male |
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-universal motives are the _ of _ among humans that has _ _ _
-ex. would be whatever is common among among all things that motivate _ or _ _ |
-commonality; motives
-evolved over time -fear; food preference |
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-we evolved to like sweets b/c it ensures we are eating food with _ _, men prefer _ sex partners to ensure their _ are _ _
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-sufficient calories
-multiple; genes; passed on |
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-a motive is considered universal if it occurs in _ _ around the _
-cultures and individuals may differ in how they _ or _ _, the act of doing so supports notion of _ _ |
-all cultures; world
-satisfy; express need -universal motives |
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-we transmit universal motives from one generation to the next through _
-all universal motives have some kind of _ _ -human nature is not a _ _ |
-genes
-adaptive purpose -scientific term |
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-psychological mechanisms are _ _ or _ that address specific problems of _ to the _
-human nature is _, _, and _ similarity among people that results from common _ _ |
-evolved traits; capabilities
-adaptation; environment -behavioral; motivational; emotional -evolutionary history |
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-_ are one of the most prevalent psychological disorders
-they often focus on _ _ like _, _, or the _ |
-phobias
-natural phenomenon -spiders; snakes; dark |
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-PHOBIAS are _ and _, but many people are afraid of the _ _
-there is a _ _ behind phobias |
-irrational; pathological
-same things -survival value |
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-we are often afraid of things that _ could cause us _
-fear prepares the body for _/_ response by mobilizing _ _ and directing _ -still, phobias _ with _ |
-evolutionary; harm
-escape/avoidance -energy resources; attention -interfere; life |
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-PREPAREDNESS-concept which refers to how _ some _ or _ can be _
-universal motives occur without _ _/_ |
easily; behavior; responses
-learned -prior experience/exposure |
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-some stimuli are _ to _ _ to than others (_ vs _)
-food neophobia is a tendency to avoid _ _ and prefer _ _ -it is present in _ and many _ |
-easier; condition fear;
-flower- snake -novel foods; similar ones -infants; adults |
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-food neophobia has a _ value in that it prevents us from eating _ _ _
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-protective
-potentially dangerous substances |
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-CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION is an intense _ of a food because of its _ with _
-aversion can develop even if _ is _ |
-dislike; association; nausea
-nausea; delayed |
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-study of observational fear conditioning in monkeys showed that we have a _ to be _ of _ things like _ but not other things that do not cause harm like _
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-preparness; afraid; certain; snakes
-flowers |
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-freud's the pleasure principle: we attempt to reduce _ _ and keep it as _ as possible
-reality principle situations may require the _ of _ or the enduring of _ so that _ can be attained later |
-psychological tension; low
-delay; plesure --discomfort; pleasure |
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-motivation requires internal and environmental sources
-you like pie (_) -pie is near you (_) -you eat the pie (_ _) |
-internal
-external -motivated behavior |
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-even highly _ or _ behavior requires some _ _ or _ to occur
-problematic epigenesis: the development of a given _, _, or _ is influenced by both _ _ and _ _ |
-innate; instinctual
-enviornmental experiences/stimulation -trait; behavior; ability -genetic predisposition; environmental stimulation |
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-early 1900s psychologists focus on the power of emotions to _ us to _ and also to _ us to _
-fear _ our bodies to _ and gives us the impetus for _ -this concept is known as _ _ |
-prepare; act; push; act
-prepares; run; movement -action readiness |
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-darwin said expression is _ although smoe require _
-sexual selection are _ which shape which males and females acquire _ |
-innate; practice
-pressures; mates |
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-music is organized _ of _ that is both _ and _
-music is a nearly _ source of _ |
-movement; sound;
-regular; periodic -universal; pleasure |
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-music is a nearly universal source of pleasure b/c it promotes _ or _ _, _ _, _ in its own right, with no apparent _ _
-preparedness is like _ learning, it describes how _ it is to learn certain things from _ and they are already _ for |
-group; social bonding
-mood regulation; survival benefits -prepared; easy; experiences; prepared |
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-children innately prefer _ and later _ foods
-infants prefer _ (_) music to _ (_) music |
-sweet; salty
-consonant; harmony -dissonant; inharmony |
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-many adaptive behavior are aimed at _ the _ of the individual, only sexual behaviors are typically aimed at creating _ _, passing along _
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-expanding; life
-future generations; genes |
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-peacocks use their _ to acquire female consent
-pack animals often use _ _ over other males to secure access to females |
-plumage
-physical dominance |
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-_ (male) is necessary for _, so _ associated with it assure it will be _
-FEMALE ORGASM- could be that the clitoris is an _ _ of the _ and that the female orgasm is not really _ |
-orgasm; procreation; pleasure
-repeated -evolutionary byproduct; penis -necessary |
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MORE THEORIES OF THE FEMALE ORGASM
-female orgasm helps promote _ by increasing _ _ and through its _ effect- improves _ for getting _ -_ _ to the male, helping convince him of her _/_ |
-pregnancy; sperm intake
-calming; posture; pregnant -signal pleasure -satisfaction/ fidelity |
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-_ _ is another function of the orgasm since it releases _ that stimulate desire for _ _ and _ _
-may impact feelings of _ _ |
-pair bonding; hormones
-physical closeness; emotional bonding -romantic love |
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-women have to invest more _ and _ into offspring rearing than men b/c they're the ones who get _
-men could conceivably _ a child every time they have _, and are under no _ _ to _ those _ |
-time; energy; pregnant
-father; sex; natural obligation -raise; children |
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-contrary to evolutionary belief, men consistently become more distressed with _ _ over _ _
-for women, men's sexual infedilty is only a _-_, as men's sexual infidelity is not as tightly linker to their _ _ |
-emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity
-single-shot -emotional infidelity |
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-men like to know that they _ the _ they are attempting to _ so men are more worried about _ _
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-fathered; children; raise
-sexual infidelity |
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-women are sure of their _, thus they like to know the man will continue _ _, so women are more worried about _ _
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-maternity; providing resources
-emotional infidelity |
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IN ALL COUNTRIES SURVEYED ON SEX DIFF. IN MATE CHARACTERISTICS
-women rate the importance of good _ _ as well as _ n _ higher than men do -men rate _ _ higher than women do |
-financial prospects
-ambition; industriousness -good looks |
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-jealousy is not necessarily an actual loss, all they need is to _ a _
-3 top sex differences in long-term mate selection: |
-perceive; loss
1.Good financial prospects 2.Ambition and industriousness 3. good looks |
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BIOSOCIAL THEORY
-_ differences and _ _ about gender roles interact -men should have more _ and be _ -women should be _-_ and accept _ _ |
-biological; societal expectations
-power providers -home-makers; submissive roles |
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-biosocial theory stresses the interaction between _ _/_ and the evolved _ _ between men and women in terms of _/_ and _ _
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-social experiences/expectations
-sex differences -strength/size; reproductive capacity |
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-STRUCTURAL POWERLESS HYPOTHESIS is a challenge to _ _ explanation for why women prefer _ men
-both men and women want to same _ _ |
-evolutionary psychology; industrious
-financial resources |
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STRUCTURAL POWERLESS HYPOTHESIS
-says women are powerless to compete in _-_ _ _ -women marry men who _ these _ -if a women's earnings increase, their emphasis on the importance of male earnings should _ |
-male-dominated social structures
-have; resources |
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-however, all women want _ men with good _ _ despite their own _ _
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-industrious; financial prospects
-income earnings |
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STRUCTURAL POWERLESS HYPOTHESIS
-conversely, in societies with more _ _, differences in mate preferences _ -In such countries, men's preference for mates with _ _ and _ skills _ -women's emphasis on _ _ decreases |
-gender equality
-good housekeeping; cooking; decreases -income potential |
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DOUBLE-SHOT HYPOTHESIS
-people believe that emotional fidelity and sexual infidelity are _: if one is _, the other is _ -for women, men's _ _ is double-distressing because it also _ _ _ |
-associated;
-one; present; other; present -emotional infidelity -includes sexual infidelity |
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-for women, _ _ is only a single-shot
-for men, sexual and emotional infidelity are _ _, because they are likely to believe that one _ _ the other |
-sexual infidelity
-equally distressing; always accompanies |
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COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE:
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1.Cocaine
2.Hallucinogens 3.Opiates 4.Cannabis 5.Alcohol 6.Nicotine |
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-a PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG is any _ substance that alters a person's _ and _ as a result of the drug's effect on the function of the _
-_ is the major _ drug in tobacco |
-chemical; mood; behavior
-brain -nicotine; psychoactive |
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-tobacco smoke also contains _, _, _, & _ _
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-ARSENIC; AMMONIA; CYANIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE
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-the initial reaction to smoking is _, _, _ and _
-"seasoned smokers" report _ _ and _ effects |
-COUGHING; DIZZINESS; NAUSEA; VOMITING
-mood enhancing; relaxing |
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7 withdrawal symptoms from cigarette smoking:
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1.Irritability
2.Restlessness 3.Anxiety 4.Depression 5.Hostility 6.Difficulty concentrating 7.Hunger |
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-_ is the alcohol in a drink
-the amount of alcohol that reaches the brain depends on a number of factors such as _ _, _ or _ stomach, _ of other _, and _ |
-ethanol
-body size; ful; empty -taking; liquids; tolerance |
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-in low doses alcohol produces feelings of _ and release of _
-these can result in increased _, _, _, & _ |
-euphoria; inhibitions
-aggression; talkativeness; promiscuity; belligerence |
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- in high doses, alcohol is a _ and will _ _ _, and can cause _
-HANGOVER is the result of the body trying to _ the _ from its _ -lifetime heavy use of alcohol can cause _ _ or _ |
-depressent; slow brain activity; death
-flush; toxins; systems -delirium tremens; DT |
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-DT causes _, _, _ and _
-cannabis (_, _) contains the drug _ or _ |
-Hallucinations; delusions; confusion; amnesia
-marijuana; hashish -TETRAHYDROCANNIBOL; THC |
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-EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA:
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1.Drowsy
2.Dream-like disconnectedness 3.Euphoria 4.Relaxed |
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-withdrawal symptoms of marijuana:
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1.fatigue
2.anxiety 3.concentration problems 4.appetite change 5.Depression 6.Sleepiness |
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-COCAINE effects are_, increased sense of _, increased _ _, increased _ _, like a "_ _ _"
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-euphoria; energy
-mental acuity; sensory awareness -full body orgasm |
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withdrawal/_ from cocaine includes _ and _ as well as _
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crash; depression; anxiety
-sleepiness |
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-hallucinogens include these 3 drugs:
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1.LSD
2.PCP 3.Ecstasy |
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-hallucinogens causes cognitive/_ _, sometimes it is very _,
- ecstasy can produce feelings of "_ and _" |
-perceptual distortions
-unpleasant -spirituality; closeness |
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LONG TERM EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGENS: (5)
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1 Sleep Disorders
2.Depressed Mood 3.Anxiety 4.Impulsiveness & Hostility 5.Impairment of episodic memory. working memory and attention |
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3 opiate drugs:
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1.Morphine
2.Codeine 3.Heroin |
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EFFECTS OF OPIATES:
-_, a "_", decreased _, and increased _ _ |
-euporia; 'rush'
-anxiety; self esteem |
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WITHDRAWAL OF OPIATES:
(6) |
1.Nausea
2.Vomiting 3.Diarrhea 4.Muscle aches 5.Insomnia 6.Possibly death |
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-alcohol is the only drug other than caffeine that may be _ in _ _, tightly linked to _ _
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-advertised; mass media
-social gatherings |
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-_ is still king because it is the most used drug
-_ are # 2 at about _% use |
-alcohol
-cigarettes; 50 |
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-Marijuana is closer to _ % use
-harder drugs are used by less than _% |
-30
-10 |
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-Drugs in order from most used to least used:
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1.Alcohol
2.Cigarettes 3.Marijuana 4.Harder drugs |
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-unlike naturally pleasurable things (_ _) drugs provide no _ until they _ the _
-drugd provide little to no _ _ |
-natural incentives
-pleasure; reach; brain -rewarding affects |
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-unlike drives for food/water/sex, drive for drugs is not _, yet once _ can become just as powerful as a _ _
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-inborn
-activated; natural drive |
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REDUCTIONIST HYPOTHESIS
-says drug withdrawal symptoms result from _ _ (_*) -the reductionist hypothesis is _ and _-_ yet _ because it does not account for _ factors such as current _ _ or drug _ |
-depleted neurotransmitter; DOPAMINE!!!
-simple; straight-forward' INCOMPLETE -environmental; life circumstances -history |
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-the broader theory of why people get addicted to drugs should include the role of the _ in triggering drives
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-environemnt
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-a drug produces a _ or _ expereince
-when the drug _ _ people experience withdrawal which by contrast is a very _ _ |
-rush; pleasant
-wears off -negative feeling |
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ACCORDING TO THE OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY:
-withdrawal symptoms result when the _ _ _ becomes stronger than the initial _ _ response -withdrawal becomes more intense with _ _ _ because the opponent process _ while the initial positive drug response _ _ |
-negative opponent process
-positive drug -repeated drug experiences -does not |
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DRUG TOLERANCE:
-the body _ to the effects of a drug due to _ _ -_ _ _ needed to achieve the same effect |
-habituates; repeated exposure
-increase in dosage |
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-DRUG TOLERANCE happens because _ _ continually try to maintain _
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-opponent processes
-homeostasis |
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-WITHDRAWAL is the result of _ _ becoming stronger that _ _
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-negative processes; positive processes
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-the OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY integrates _ characteristics of drug _
-it says that positive effects are _ by _ _ |
-psychological; motivation
-counteracted; negative effects |
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-positive reinforcer for drugs is that drugs make us _ _
-negative reinforcer for drugs to help us _ _ _ |
-feel good
-not feel bad |
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opponent-process theory
-the positive process is always the _ and _ _ while the opponent process is _ to take effect and continues after the _ _ _ |
-same; quickly subsides
-slow; drug wears off |
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-the opponent process counteracts the _ effects of the drug reaction and is an attempt to _ _ (_ _ _)
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-disruptring;
-restore homeostasis -balanced internal environment |
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-opponent-process theory accounts for several drug-related phenomena: _, _, & _
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-tolerance; withdrawal; craving
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-a craving is a powerful, _ _ for a _
-craving could be the desire to _ oneself of the _ symptoms of _ -or it could be the desire to gain positive feelings (such as _ _ that a _ provides) |
-overwhelming desire; drug
-rid; negative; withdrawal -euphoric effect; drug |
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ADDICTION
-refers to the intense _, _ _, and _ of a particular drug - |
-craving; seeking out, use
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-INCENTIVE SENSITIZATION THEORY of _
-says that an individual is motivated by a drug's _ _ (much more) and is little motivated by its _ _ -repeated drug use (_) causes the brain to _ _ a drug _ (_ _) but not _ it more (_ _) |
-addiction
-incentive vaule -hedonic value -compulsively want; more -INCENTIVE VALUE -like; hedonic value |
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-REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME refers to a syndrome in which people are less _ to the effects of _ in brain's _ areas (fewer _ that are _ to the _ _)
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-sensitive; dopamine; pleasure
-receptors; sensitive; neurotransmitter dopamine |
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-reward deficiency syndrome cause _ activities to be less _ and cause the individual to _ _ more _ _ experiences to feel the _ (_, _)
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-pleasurable; pleasureable; seek out
-intensely rewarding; reward -gambling, drugs |