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161 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
-INCENTIVES are environmental _ (_ or _) that induces _
-motivated- to be _ to _
-stimulus (rewards; punishers)
-behavior
-moved; behavior
-a motive is an _ _ to be moved towards _ (positive _) and away from _ ones (_)
-internal disposition; reinforcers; incentives
-negative; punishers
-motivation is to be _ into _
-knowledge is knowing _ _ _ _
-with knowledge, you can evaluate _, how to _ them, and theres a chance of _
-moved; action
-how to perform behavior
-incentives; attain; success
-knowing is not enough, you have to be _
-competence means _ of _ the _
-essentially competence is just _ or _ _
-capable
-capable; doing; behavior
-physical; mental ability
-motivation is _ or _ for behavior
-science of psychology is built upon the assumption that we can _ and _ human _
-impetus; reason
-predict; understand; behavior
-free will is when you freely _ your _ and _
-Determined will is when your _ and _ result from _ _
-choose; wants; motives
-wants; motives;
-past history
-in order to predict human behavior, it requires that human behavior has _
-in order to complete a goal, you have to have _, _, and _
-causes
-motivation, knowledge, competence
-as a science, we deal with what we believe to be causes, but we do not deal with _ _(if they even exist), we only make _/_ about our _, and test them against other _
-universal truths
-statements/hypotheses
-observations; observations
-if we are free to choose our behavior, then we are _ for our _
-but if we are truly free, than _ cannot be expected to _ or _ future behavior
-accountable; actions
-punishment; alter; determine
free acts vs determined acts
-Free Act is behavior that occurs _ of _

-Determined Act is when _ _ _
-independent; motive

-motive causes behavior
-in free will, motive is _ _
-with free will and determined act, the motive is _ _, and motive _ _
-freely chosen
-freely chosen
-determines act
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
-millions of years of _/_ _ shape human _
-we must understand behavior n motivation in terms of what is most _ for _ and _ _
-natural/selection; behavior
-adaptive;
-survival; reproductive success
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCH
-try to understand behaviors in terms of across _ spans and _
-the problem with evolutionary psychology is that it is only _ that cannot be _
-evolutionary psychology is an _ source of _
-evolutionary; adaptibility
-theories; tested
-internal; motivation
-personal history is a person's individual _ since _,
-Law of Hedonic Contrast- degree of _ from a stimulus depends on its _ with prior _ _
-it determines how _ or _ something is compared to _ _
-experiences; birth
-pleasureness; comparison; similiar stimuli
-pleasant; unpleasant; previous stimuli
-an example of law of hedonic contrast would be someone who rates a comedy movies as funnier if they _ a _ _
-follow; horror movie
-reductionism is the idea that _ in one _ is related to _ of a more _ _
-psychology and motivation can be reduced to _
-findings; science
-principles; basic science
-neurophysiology
-goals are desired _-_
-we are often motivated to achieve goals outside our our _ _ (_, _)
-endstates
-immediate body
-money;success
-reductionism is when you build on _ _ to understand _ _
-simple things; complex things
-the ORIGINAL definition of hedonism is the the _ of _ and the _ of _
-the definition of hedonism TODAY refers to _ _ derived from _, _, & _
-pursuit; pleasure
-avoidance; pain
-sensory pleasure
-food; drink; sex
-For philosophers, hedonism meant _ for the _ _
-while its true that _ _ might be attained from spending your tuition money to pay for nightly partying, but a _ _ _ would result if that money were used to pay for your tuition and subsequent _
-striving; greater good
-sensory pleasure
-hedonically greater benefit
-education
Motivational sequence: (3)
1. Choice
2.Instrumental Behavior
3.Consumatory Behavior
-Choice- refers to the _ of the _ or _ to attain
-selection; motive; incentive
-instrumental behavior satisfies the _ or attains the _
-consumatory behavior is the _ of the sequence; interact with _ and _ _
-motive; incentive
-end; incentive
-achieve satisfaction
-to be motivated is to be _ into _
-a motive is a person's internal _ to be concerned with and approach _ _ and avoid _ _
-moved; action
-disposition; positive incentives
-negative incentives
-a motive is linked to an incentive, since attaining an _ is the _ of person's _
-a free act means a person could have _ _ if he had _
-incentive; goal; motive
-done otherwise; wanted
-a determined act, by contrast, implies that in order to satisfy a _, the person had _ _ but to act the way he did
-motive; no alternative
-an incentive is the anticipated _ or _ _ in the environment
-evolutionary hisotry refers to the _ of millions of years of _ _ on shaping _ _
-postive; negative; incentive
-effects; natural selection
-human nature
-the field of evolutionary psychology seeks to understand _ by relating it to our _ _
-personal history refers to an individual's _ from _ to _
-behavior; evolutionary past
-experiences; conception; present
-motivation can originate from environmental events like _ and _ as well as from internal events like _ _
-incentives; goals
-psychological needs
-a determined act is one designed to _ the _ while a free act is one that occurs _ of the _
-satisfy; motive
-independently; motive
-both _ and _ historys are origins of motivation
-a goal of evolutionary history is to describe and understand psychological mechanisms in terms of their _ _ and how they aid in the _ of the _
-evolutionary; personal
-natural selection; survival; species
-the law of hedonic contrast says the _ of a _ depends on the sum of _ _ with a _ group of stimuli
-pleasantness; stimulus; previous experiences
-similiar
-_,_ & _ are mental events that appear to originate in the mind
0these mental events may be interpretable or _ to _ events that are happening in the brain
-this approach is known as _ and refers to explaining the findings of science by _ them to the principles of more _ _, such as reducing psychology to _
-desires; wants; urges
-reducible; parallel
-reductionism; translating; basic science; neurophysiology
-the phrase "_ _ for _ _" implies that people are motivated by _ _
-it is the difference in _ _ and in _ _ that help account for differences in motivation
-different strokes; different folks
-different things
-personality traits; psychological needs
-for instance, extroverts prefer _ _ while introverts prefer _ _
-people aren't slaves to their environment, instead they seek out _ _ in order to satisfy their _ _
-large parties; small ones
-different environments; psychological motives
-the _ of the incentive and the its _ in the _ affect motivation
-behavior is motivated jointly by _ and _ sources
-amount; distance; future
-internal; external
-internal sources refer to _ and _, while external sources refer to the _ or _ that _ them
-motives; desires
-incentives; goals; satisfy
-hedonism is NOT just the _ _ associated with _ _ (food, sex, etc)
-Socrates said that people act to _ _ and _ _ and failures to do so result from _ _
-physical desires ;sensory pleasures
-maximize pleasure; minimize pain
-incomplete knowledge
-HEDONISM is the puruit of _ and the avoidance of _ where pleasure is "_ _ _"
-consummatory behavior comes from the word _ which menas to _, _, or _ and _ sequence
-pleasure; pain
-'The Greater Good'
-consummate; complete; fulfill; end
-behavioral
-aspects of instrumental behavior that reflect motivation include _, _ & _
-Thorndike rewarded _ with _ for _ from a shoddy wooden _
-this is how he came up with the _ of _ which states that satisfying _ _ the behavior that _ them
-DURATION; FREQUENCY; INTENSITY
-cats; food; escaping; box
-law; effect; results strengthen; cause
-Darwin's Theory of _ on motivation include: (3) factors
1.Variation
2.Heredity
3.Selection
-Variation says different _ of a _ vary within a _
-Heredity:_ are passed from one _ to the _
-values; trait; species
-traits; generation; next
-Selection includes _ and _ selection and means certain values of a _ fit one's _ and _ in _/_
-natural; sexual
-trait; environment;
-aids; survival/reproduction
-The LAW OF EFFECT by _ found that _ _ strengthen the behavior that causes them
-the LAW OF EFFECT TODAY involves _ and focuses on _ _ as _ and _ stimuli as _
-thorndike; satisfying results
-behaviorism;
-observable rewards; reinforcers
-adverse; punishners
-the LAW OF EFFECT TODAY avoids concepts of "_" and "_"
-sources of motivation are both _ and _ to an individual and can be divided into these 4 major categories:
-pleasure; pain
-internal; external
1.Biological sources
2.Internal & Psychological sources
3.Environmental & Cognitive sources
4.Emotions
-if to motivate is to induce or to cause change in behavior, then _ was probably one of the first to advocate a _ of motivation
-Aristotle; theory
-Aristotle describes 4 different types of causes for motivation:
1.Efficient causes
2.Final causes
3.Formal causes
4.Material causes
-Aristotle's EFFICIENT CAUSES refers to _ of _
-these are a person's current _ and _
-for example, the sight of your favorite dessert, _ you to _
-triggers; behavior
-motives; incentives
-triggers; eat
-Aristotle's FINAL CAUSES refer to the _ or _ of _ _
-final causes are the _ of the _
-for example, the aim of eating is to provide _ for the _
-aim; purpose; motivated behavior
-goals; behavior
-nourishment; body
-FORMAL CAUSES refers to integrating the concept of motivation into _, _, or _ of behavior
-darwin's theory of evolution maintains that human evolved a preference for _ during a time of _
-models; hypotheses; theories
-sweets; scarcity
-people were motivated to eat sweets since they provided a rich source of _ that was beneficial for _
-energy; survival
-MATERIAL CAUSES refers to material of which a _ is _
-the _ can be considered the material cause of _ _
-for instance, the material cause of eating dessert refers to the _ occuring in the _
-thing; made
-brain; motivated bahvior
-events; brain
-Herbert Spencer is a _ who in the year _ generalized Darwin's ideas to include _ _
-Spencer assumed that that behavior's that aid in _ were _, while behaviors that work against _ were _
-naturalist; 1899
-MOTIVATIONAL PHENOMENA
-survival; pleasurable
-survival; painful
-pain and pleasure become _ _ for those behaviors
-this is like natural selection like the fast-running prey select for _-_ _
-selecting agents
-fast-running cheetahs
-spencer assumed that pleaure is a feeling an animal _ to bring into _ while pain is a feeling an animal strives to _ from _
-for example, fear may have evolved as a way of _ _ _
-strives; awareness
-remove; awareness
-avoiding dangerous animals
psychological need was considered to be an _ _ of humans
-need was assumed to already _ in different _ in individuals
-inherent characteristic
-exists; amounts
-primary needs are also called _ needs. are _ in nature and are characterized by _ _
-viscerogenic; physiological;
-bodily satisfaction
-SECONDARY NEEDS are also called _ needs are concerned with _ or _ _ and depend on or are derived from _ _
-psychogenic; mental; emotional satisfaction
-primary needs
-Murray considered that all needs are _ processes referring to an "_ _ or readiness to _ in a certain way under given circumstances"
-hypothetical
-organic potentiality; respond
-Herbert Spencer applied _/_ principles to _ behaviors
-adaptive behaviors are assumed to cause _ (_, _)
-_ behaviors are assumed to cause pain
-pleasure/pain; adaptive
-pleasure; eating; reproducing
-harmful
-Tolman & Honzik's _ _ experiment is one of the first to demonstrate that _ affect _
-an example of a secondary need would be _, _ and _
-rat maze
-incentives; behavior
-affiliation; achievement; order
-drive may result from _ and can be _ while NEEDS exist _ of the _ _/_ and exists at _ _ across individuals
-independently;
-environmental inputs/ deprivation
-varying levels
-the value of an incentive determines its _ and _ _
-Tolman & Honzik's rat maze indicated that the introduction of _ _ after hungry rats had experienced a maze is followed by _ _ in _
-they interpreted results as rats learn a _ _ of the _ in order to locate _
-preference; motivational strength
-food reinforcement
-immediate improvement; behavior
-perceptual representation; environment; reward
-Tolman & Honzik's rat maze led to the concept of _ _
-the immediate improvement in behavior indicated that learning had previously taken place in the _ of _
-latent learning
-absence; reinforcement
-LEWIN's Field Theory involves _, _, and _
-it is not always _ but it is still a _ _
-formula says that _ _= you're going to _ _
-tension; balance; force
-correct; good tool
-psychological force; do something
-Tolman & Honzik provided one of the first demonstrations that the _ or _ of an _ affects the _ of behavior
-at first they did _ trials with rats in maze that were with or without food incentive in the goal box
-presence; absence; incentive
-motivation
-10
-on the _th trial, incentive conditions remained the same for some rats but _ for others
-the fewest number of errors per trial occurred for the _ _ group (the one who _ _), this group benefited from _ _ on every trial
-11; switched
-continuous reward; got food
-food incentive
-the most errors were made by the _ _ group who got _ _-this group _ benefited from the _ _ on any trial
-continuous nonreward; no food
-never; food incentive
-motivational benefits of the incentive is most apparent in the _ _ when a _ was _ _ or _
-there was a rapid _ in the number of errors in the group who went from _ _ to _ _ in trial _ and vice versa
-2 groups; reward; suddenly introduced
-removed
-drop; no reward; sudden reward; 11-
-the number of errors _ in number when food was removed suddenly from group who previously had a _ _
-increased; food reinforcer
LEWIN'S FIELD THEORY
psychological forces =
_ of _ _; _ in person
__________________(/divided by)
_ _ between _ and _
-valence; goal properties; tension


-psychological distance; person; goal
-lewin's postulated psychological force as a way of accounting for _ and _ sources of _
-objects and activity that have positive valence _ the individual; they are _ or _
-0internal; environmental; motivation
-attract
-approached; wanted
-objects that have negative valence _ the _: they are _ or _ _
-according to lewin, humans are also forced from one activity or another depending on the _ of those activities
-repel; individual
-avoided; not wanted
-valences
-force decreases with _ _
-the closer in time an individual is to _ the _, the shorter the psychological distance
-psychological distance
-attaining; incentive
-TENSION is a _ in the person's _ _ (e.g. _)

-tension can result from from an _ _, psychological or physiological _
-deficit; internal environment
-hunger
-unfulfilled intention; need
-the result of tension is to instill _ on relevant _ _
-tension from hunger increases the _ _ of puzza
-valence; environmental objects
-positive valence
-when the desired object or incentive is attained, then tension _ and the valence of the incentive approaches _
-dissipates; zero
-currently, the term ACTION READINESS refers to the tendency of an _ to serve as an _ for an _ specific to the _ being experienced
-emotion; impulse; action; emotion
-heredity vs environment is the same as _ vs _
-in a mid-west case of sexual re-assignment a _ accident on a _ _ old infant led to the decision to perform sex reassignment at _ _ and raise _ as a _
-in this case, after 12 years of social, mental, and hormonal conditioning, at the age of _ the child _ his _ _ and began living as a _
-nature; nurture
-circumcision; 7 month
-17 months; him; girl
-14; rejected; female identity; male
-universal motives are the _ of _ among humans that has _ _ _
-ex. would be whatever is common among among all things that motivate _ or _ _
-commonality; motives
-evolved over time
-fear; food preference
-we evolved to like sweets b/c it ensures we are eating food with _ _, men prefer _ sex partners to ensure their _ are _ _
-sufficient calories
-multiple; genes; passed on
-a motive is considered universal if it occurs in _ _ around the _
-cultures and individuals may differ in how they _ or _ _, the act of doing so supports notion of _ _
-all cultures; world
-satisfy; express need
-universal motives
-we transmit universal motives from one generation to the next through _
-all universal motives have some kind of _ _
-human nature is not a _ _
-genes
-adaptive purpose
-scientific term
-psychological mechanisms are _ _ or _ that address specific problems of _ to the _
-human nature is _, _, and _ similarity among people that results from common _ _
-evolved traits; capabilities
-adaptation; environment
-behavioral; motivational; emotional
-evolutionary history
-_ are one of the most prevalent psychological disorders
-they often focus on _ _ like _, _, or the _
-phobias
-natural phenomenon
-spiders; snakes; dark
-PHOBIAS are _ and _, but many people are afraid of the _ _
-there is a _ _ behind phobias
-irrational; pathological
-same things
-survival value
-we are often afraid of things that _ could cause us _
-fear prepares the body for _/_ response by mobilizing _ _ and directing _
-still, phobias _ with _
-evolutionary; harm
-escape/avoidance
-energy resources; attention
-interfere; life
-PREPAREDNESS-concept which refers to how _ some _ or _ can be _
-universal motives occur without _ _/_
easily; behavior; responses
-learned
-prior experience/exposure
-some stimuli are _ to _ _ to than others (_ vs _)
-food neophobia is a tendency to avoid _ _ and prefer _ _
-it is present in _ and many _
-easier; condition fear;
-flower- snake
-novel foods; similar ones
-infants; adults
-food neophobia has a _ value in that it prevents us from eating _ _ _
-protective
-potentially dangerous substances
-CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION is an intense _ of a food because of its _ with _
-aversion can develop even if _ is _
-dislike; association; nausea
-nausea; delayed
-study of observational fear conditioning in monkeys showed that we have a _ to be _ of _ things like _ but not other things that do not cause harm like _
-preparness; afraid; certain; snakes
-flowers
-freud's the pleasure principle: we attempt to reduce _ _ and keep it as _ as possible
-reality principle situations may require the _ of _ or the enduring of _ so that _ can be attained later
-psychological tension; low
-delay; plesure
--discomfort; pleasure
-motivation requires internal and environmental sources
-you like pie (_)
-pie is near you (_)
-you eat the pie (_ _)
-internal
-external
-motivated behavior
-even highly _ or _ behavior requires some _ _ or _ to occur
-problematic epigenesis: the development of a given _, _, or _ is influenced by both _ _ and _ _
-innate; instinctual
-enviornmental experiences/stimulation
-trait; behavior; ability
-genetic predisposition; environmental stimulation
-early 1900s psychologists focus on the power of emotions to _ us to _ and also to _ us to _
-fear _ our bodies to _ and gives us the impetus for _
-this concept is known as _ _
-prepare; act; push; act
-prepares; run; movement
-action readiness
-darwin said expression is _ although smoe require _
-sexual selection are _ which shape which males and females acquire _
-innate; practice
-pressures; mates
-music is organized _ of _ that is both _ and _
-music is a nearly _ source of _
-movement; sound;
-regular; periodic
-universal; pleasure
-music is a nearly universal source of pleasure b/c it promotes _ or _ _, _ _, _ in its own right, with no apparent _ _
-preparedness is like _ learning, it describes how _ it is to learn certain things from _ and they are already _ for
-group; social bonding
-mood regulation; survival benefits
-prepared; easy; experiences; prepared
-children innately prefer _ and later _ foods
-infants prefer _ (_) music to _ (_) music
-sweet; salty
-consonant; harmony
-dissonant; inharmony
-many adaptive behavior are aimed at _ the _ of the individual, only sexual behaviors are typically aimed at creating _ _, passing along _
-expanding; life
-future generations; genes
-peacocks use their _ to acquire female consent
-pack animals often use _ _ over other males to secure access to females
-plumage
-physical dominance
-_ (male) is necessary for _, so _ associated with it assure it will be _
-FEMALE ORGASM- could be that the clitoris is an _ _ of the _ and that the female orgasm is not really _
-orgasm; procreation; pleasure
-repeated
-evolutionary byproduct; penis
-necessary
MORE THEORIES OF THE FEMALE ORGASM
-female orgasm helps promote _ by increasing _ _ and through its _ effect- improves _ for getting _
-_ _ to the male, helping convince him of her _/_
-pregnancy; sperm intake
-calming; posture; pregnant
-signal pleasure
-satisfaction/ fidelity
-_ _ is another function of the orgasm since it releases _ that stimulate desire for _ _ and _ _
-may impact feelings of _ _
-pair bonding; hormones
-physical closeness; emotional bonding
-romantic love
-women have to invest more _ and _ into offspring rearing than men b/c they're the ones who get _
-men could conceivably _ a child every time they have _, and are under no _ _ to _ those _
-time; energy; pregnant
-father; sex; natural obligation
-raise; children
-contrary to evolutionary belief, men consistently become more distressed with _ _ over _ _
-for women, men's sexual infedilty is only a _-_, as men's sexual infidelity is not as tightly linker to their _ _
-emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity
-single-shot
-emotional infidelity
-men like to know that they _ the _ they are attempting to _ so men are more worried about _ _
-fathered; children; raise
-sexual infidelity
-women are sure of their _, thus they like to know the man will continue _ _, so women are more worried about _ _
-maternity; providing resources
-emotional infidelity
IN ALL COUNTRIES SURVEYED ON SEX DIFF. IN MATE CHARACTERISTICS
-women rate the importance of good _ _ as well as _ n _ higher than men do
-men rate _ _ higher than women do
-financial prospects
-ambition; industriousness
-good looks
-jealousy is not necessarily an actual loss, all they need is to _ a _
-3 top sex differences in long-term mate selection:
-perceive; loss
1.Good financial prospects
2.Ambition and industriousness
3. good looks
BIOSOCIAL THEORY
-_ differences and _ _ about gender roles interact
-men should have more _ and be _
-women should be _-_ and accept _ _
-biological; societal expectations
-power providers
-home-makers; submissive roles
-biosocial theory stresses the interaction between _ _/_ and the evolved _ _ between men and women in terms of _/_ and _ _
-social experiences/expectations
-sex differences
-strength/size; reproductive capacity
-STRUCTURAL POWERLESS HYPOTHESIS is a challenge to _ _ explanation for why women prefer _ men
-both men and women want to same _ _
-evolutionary psychology; industrious
-financial resources
STRUCTURAL POWERLESS HYPOTHESIS
-says women are powerless to compete in _-_ _ _
-women marry men who _ these _
-if a women's earnings increase, their emphasis on the importance of male earnings should _
-male-dominated social structures
-have; resources
-however, all women want _ men with good _ _ despite their own _ _
-industrious; financial prospects
-income earnings
STRUCTURAL POWERLESS HYPOTHESIS
-conversely, in societies with more _ _, differences in mate preferences _
-In such countries, men's preference for mates with _ _ and _ skills _
-women's emphasis on _ _ decreases
-gender equality
-good housekeeping; cooking; decreases
-income potential
DOUBLE-SHOT HYPOTHESIS
-people believe that emotional fidelity and sexual infidelity are _: if one is _, the other is _
-for women, men's _ _ is double-distressing because it also _ _ _
-associated;
-one; present; other; present
-emotional infidelity
-includes sexual infidelity
-for women, _ _ is only a single-shot
-for men, sexual and emotional infidelity are _ _, because they are likely to believe that one _ _ the other
-sexual infidelity
-equally distressing; always accompanies
COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE:
1.Cocaine
2.Hallucinogens
3.Opiates
4.Cannabis
5.Alcohol
6.Nicotine
-a PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG is any _ substance that alters a person's _ and _ as a result of the drug's effect on the function of the _
-_ is the major _ drug in tobacco
-chemical; mood; behavior
-brain
-nicotine; psychoactive
-tobacco smoke also contains _, _, _, & _ _
-ARSENIC; AMMONIA; CYANIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE
-the initial reaction to smoking is _, _, _ and _
-"seasoned smokers" report _ _ and _ effects
-COUGHING; DIZZINESS; NAUSEA; VOMITING
-mood enhancing; relaxing
7 withdrawal symptoms from cigarette smoking:
1.Irritability
2.Restlessness
3.Anxiety
4.Depression
5.Hostility
6.Difficulty concentrating
7.Hunger
-_ is the alcohol in a drink
-the amount of alcohol that reaches the brain depends on a number of factors such as _ _, _ or _ stomach, _ of other _, and _
-ethanol
-body size; ful; empty
-taking; liquids; tolerance
-in low doses alcohol produces feelings of _ and release of _
-these can result in increased _, _, _, & _
-euphoria; inhibitions
-aggression; talkativeness; promiscuity; belligerence
- in high doses, alcohol is a _ and will _ _ _, and can cause _
-HANGOVER is the result of the body trying to _ the _ from its _
-lifetime heavy use of alcohol can cause _ _ or _
-depressent; slow brain activity; death
-flush; toxins; systems
-delirium tremens; DT
-DT causes _, _, _ and _
-cannabis (_, _) contains the drug _ or _
-Hallucinations; delusions; confusion; amnesia
-marijuana; hashish
-TETRAHYDROCANNIBOL; THC
-EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA:
1.Drowsy
2.Dream-like disconnectedness
3.Euphoria
4.Relaxed
-withdrawal symptoms of marijuana:
1.fatigue
2.anxiety
3.concentration problems
4.appetite change
5.Depression
6.Sleepiness
-COCAINE effects are_, increased sense of _, increased _ _, increased _ _, like a "_ _ _"
-euphoria; energy
-mental acuity; sensory awareness
-full body orgasm
withdrawal/_ from cocaine includes _ and _ as well as _
crash; depression; anxiety
-sleepiness
-hallucinogens include these 3 drugs:
1.LSD
2.PCP
3.Ecstasy
-hallucinogens causes cognitive/_ _, sometimes it is very _,
- ecstasy can produce feelings of "_ and _"
-perceptual distortions
-unpleasant
-spirituality; closeness
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGENS: (5)
1 Sleep Disorders
2.Depressed Mood
3.Anxiety
4.Impulsiveness & Hostility
5.Impairment of episodic memory. working memory and attention
3 opiate drugs:
1.Morphine
2.Codeine
3.Heroin
EFFECTS OF OPIATES:
-_, a "_", decreased _, and increased _ _
-euporia; 'rush'
-anxiety; self esteem
WITHDRAWAL OF OPIATES:
(6)
1.Nausea
2.Vomiting
3.Diarrhea
4.Muscle aches
5.Insomnia
6.Possibly death
-alcohol is the only drug other than caffeine that may be _ in _ _, tightly linked to _ _
-advertised; mass media
-social gatherings
-_ is still king because it is the most used drug
-_ are # 2 at about _% use
-alcohol
-cigarettes; 50
-Marijuana is closer to _ % use
-harder drugs are used by less than _%
-30
-10
-Drugs in order from most used to least used:
1.Alcohol
2.Cigarettes
3.Marijuana
4.Harder drugs
-unlike naturally pleasurable things (_ _) drugs provide no _ until they _ the _
-drugd provide little to no _ _
-natural incentives
-pleasure; reach; brain
-rewarding affects
-unlike drives for food/water/sex, drive for drugs is not _, yet once _ can become just as powerful as a _ _
-inborn
-activated; natural drive
REDUCTIONIST HYPOTHESIS
-says drug withdrawal symptoms result from _ _ (_*)
-the reductionist hypothesis is _ and _-_ yet _ because it does not account for _ factors such as current _ _ or drug _
-depleted neurotransmitter; DOPAMINE!!!
-simple; straight-forward' INCOMPLETE
-environmental; life circumstances
-history
-the broader theory of why people get addicted to drugs should include the role of the _ in triggering drives
-environemnt
-a drug produces a _ or _ expereince
-when the drug _ _ people experience withdrawal which by contrast is a very _ _
-rush; pleasant
-wears off
-negative feeling
ACCORDING TO THE OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY:
-withdrawal symptoms result when the _ _ _ becomes stronger than the initial _ _ response
-withdrawal becomes more intense with _ _ _ because the opponent process _ while the initial positive drug response _ _
-negative opponent process
-positive drug
-repeated drug experiences
-does not
DRUG TOLERANCE:
-the body _ to the effects of a drug due to _ _
-_ _ _ needed to achieve the same effect
-habituates; repeated exposure
-increase in dosage
-DRUG TOLERANCE happens because _ _ continually try to maintain _
-opponent processes
-homeostasis
-WITHDRAWAL is the result of _ _ becoming stronger that _ _
-negative processes; positive processes
-the OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY integrates _ characteristics of drug _
-it says that positive effects are _ by _ _
-psychological; motivation
-counteracted; negative effects
-positive reinforcer for drugs is that drugs make us _ _
-negative reinforcer for drugs to help us _ _ _
-feel good
-not feel bad
opponent-process theory
-the positive process is always the _ and _ _ while the opponent process is _ to take effect and continues after the _ _ _
-same; quickly subsides
-slow; drug wears off
-the opponent process counteracts the _ effects of the drug reaction and is an attempt to _ _ (_ _ _)
-disruptring;
-restore homeostasis
-balanced internal environment
-opponent-process theory accounts for several drug-related phenomena: _, _, & _
-tolerance; withdrawal; craving
-a craving is a powerful, _ _ for a _
-craving could be the desire to _ oneself of the _ symptoms of _
-or it could be the desire to gain positive feelings (such as _ _ that a _ provides)
-overwhelming desire; drug
-rid; negative; withdrawal
-euphoric effect; drug
ADDICTION
-refers to the intense _, _ _, and _ of a particular drug
-
-craving; seeking out, use
-INCENTIVE SENSITIZATION THEORY of _
-says that an individual is motivated by a drug's _ _ (much more) and is little motivated by its _ _
-repeated drug use (_) causes the brain to _ _ a drug _ (_ _) but not _ it more (_ _)
-addiction
-incentive vaule
-hedonic value
-compulsively want; more -INCENTIVE VALUE
-like; hedonic value
-REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME refers to a syndrome in which people are less _ to the effects of _ in brain's _ areas (fewer _ that are _ to the _ _)
-sensitive; dopamine; pleasure
-receptors; sensitive; neurotransmitter dopamine
-reward deficiency syndrome cause _ activities to be less _ and cause the individual to _ _ more _ _ experiences to feel the _ (_, _)
-pleasurable; pleasureable; seek out
-intensely rewarding; reward
-gambling, drugs