Motivation Chapter 10

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

Front 2

Instinct

Back 2

An innate (unearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

Front 3

Drive

Back 3

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Front 4

Need

Back 4

A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Front 5

Homeostasis

Back 5

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state or balance.

Front 6

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 6

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

Front 7

Over learning

Back 7

Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic.

Front 8

Set point

Back 8

The weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

Front 9

Anorexia nervosa

Back 9

An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Front 10

Bulimia nervosa

Back 10

An eating disorder in which the individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Front 11

Binge eating disorder

Back 11

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating more food in a short period of time than most people would eat, during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

Front 12

Hierarchy needs

Back 12

Maslow's theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

Front 13

Self-determination theory

Back 13

Deci and Ryan's theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

Front 14

Intrinsic motivation

Back 14

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.

Front 15

Extrinsic motivation

Back 15

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Front 16

Self-regulation

Back 16

The process by which an organism effort fully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.

Front 17

Emotion

Back 17

Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smaller or grimace).

Front 18

Autonomic nervous system

Back 18

Takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, digestion.

Front 19

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 19

Is responsible for rapid reactions to threats. "Fight or Flight"

Front 20

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 20

Calms the body, promoting processes of maintenance and healing. When the PNS is activated, blood pressure drops, heart rate and breathing slow, and food digestion increases, which is the "rest and digest" response.

Front 21

Polygraph

Back 21

A machine, commonly called a lie detector, that monitors changes in the body, used to try to determine whether someone is lying.

Front 22

James-Lange theory

Back 22

The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

Front 23

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 23

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Front 24

Two-factor theory of emotions

Back 24

Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Front 25

Facial feedback hypothesis

Back 25

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.

Front 26

Display rules

Back 26

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Front 27

Negative affect

Back 27

Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness.

Front 28

Positive affect

Back 28

Positive emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

Front 29

Broaden-build model

Back 29

Fredrickson's model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources.

Front 30

Evolutionary approach

Back 30

Instincts

Front 31

Drive reduction theory

Back 31

Drives, needs, and homeostasis

Front 32

Optimum arousal theory

Back 32

Yerkes-Dodson law, Over learning

Front 33

Competence

Back 33

self-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success

Front 34

Relatedness

Back 34

Warm relations with others, need to belong

Front 35

Example of intrinsic motivation

Back 35

Some students study hard because they are internally motivated to put forth considerable effort and achieve high quality in their work. (intrinsic motivation)

Front 36

Example of Extrinsic motivation

Back 36

Other students study hard because they want to make food grades or avoid parental disapproval. (Extrinsic motivation)

Front 37

Delay of gratification

Back 37

Putting off the interest of some larger but later reward.

Front 38

Direct pathway

Back 38

does not convey detailed information about the stimulus, but it has the advantage of speed.

Front 39

Indirect pathway

Back 39

carries nerve impulses from the sensory organs (eyes, and ears for example) to the thalamus (recall that the thalamus is a relay station fro incoming sensory information.)

Front 40

Emotion is determined by two factors:

Back 40

Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Front 41

Schachter & Singer

Back 41

They both argued that we look to external world for n explanation of why we are aroused. We interpret external cues and label the emotion.

Example: If you feel good after someone has made a pleasant comment to you, you might label that emotion "happy." If you feel bad after you have done something wrong, you may label the feeling "guilty."

Two factor theory of emotion

Front 42

Hedonic Treadmill

Back 42

Captures the idea that any aspect of life that enhances one's positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short time, because individuals generally adapt to any life change that would presumably imfluence their happiness. Hedonic (meaning "related to pleasure")

Front 43

Circumplex model of mood

Back 43

Is a graph that creates a circle from two independent dimensions.

Front 44

Barbara Fredrickson

Back 44

Broaden build model! This model states that the function of positive emotions is to broaden the scope of attention and foster the building of resources.

Front 45

Zajonc

Back 45

Preferences need no interferences.

Front 46

Lazarus

Back 46

Appraisal determines feelings.

Front 47

Facial feedback hypothesis

Back 47

Facial expression can influence emotions. Supports the James-Lange theory of emotions.

Front 48

Left Hemispheres

Back 48

Approach-related emotions

Front 49

Right hemisphere

Back 49

Withdrawal-related emotions

Front 50

Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

Back 50

Behavioral factors- facial expression, posture, gestures.

Front 51

Conparative Perspectives

Back 51

Expression of emotions similar across culture. Display rules do vary across cultures.

Front 52

Computer Communication

Back 52

Emoticons : )

Front 53

Valence

Back 53

Positive vs negative affect

Front 54

Arousal level

Back 54

Active and engaged vs passive and calm

Front 55

Negative emotions

Back 55

Take immediate corrective action

Front 56

Positive emotions

Back 56

Broaden-and-build model

Front 57

Resilience

Back 57

Positive outlook, emotional wisdom

Front 58

Biological factors

Back 58

Genetics (50-80% heritable) set point

Front 59

Obstacles

Back 59

Hedonic Treadmill (pleasure short lived) Direct pusuit can backfire

Front 60

Happiness Activities & Goal Striving

Back 60

Alturism, physical activity, positive self reflection. Personally meaningful goal investment.

Front 61

Lateral hemisphere

Back 61

Is involved in stimulating eating. If damaged, you'll show no interest in food.

Front 62

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Back 62

Is involved in reducing hunger. If the area os destroyed the animal will continue to eat profusely.

Front 63

Glucose

Back 63

Important factor in hunger. The brain depends on sugar for energy.

Front 64

Insulin

Back 64

Plays a role in glucose control.

Front 65

Leptin

Back 65

Decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.