Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are Nida's four principles for morphemes?
|
1. If two forms have the same meaning and sound shape, they are the same morpheme.
2. If two forms have same meaning and different sound shape, and aren't in overlapping distribution, they are probably allomorphs. 3. Not all morphemes are segmental (ex: ablaut) 4. Zero-derivation is an allomorph |
|
|
What are the three criteria for word-hood?
|
1. Fixed order 2. Can't separate the parts/ can't insert parts into them 3. Stress
|
|
|
What is an example of ablaut?
|
Sing, sang, sung
|
|
|
What is an example of zero-allomorph?
|
Fish (singular) and Fish-0 (plural) where the zero is an allomorph of the plural [z] marker
|
|
|
What is assimilation?
|
The realization of certain phonemes based on their phonetic environment and so creating allomorphs
|
|
|
What's an example of assimilation?
|
The past tense has 3 allomorphs (excluding zero).
/d/ --> [ed]/verbs ending in [t] or [d] /d/ --> [t]/verbs ending in [+voiceless] /d/ --> [d]/everywhere else |
|
|
What is epenthesis?
|
Insertion of a vowel between two consonants or a consonant between two vowels (liaison) that are hard to pronunce next to each other
|
|
|
Summarize the Theory of Lexical Phonology (5 generalizations)
|
1. Primary affixes show stress, secondary do not.
2. Primary affixes are closer to the stem. 3. Primary are less compositional, secondary are more compositional. 4. Primary have allomorphs, secondary do not. 5. Primary can attach to nonlexical stems, secondary attach to lexical stems |
|
|
Give a problem with Lexical Phonology by using the example of: governmental
|
-al should be a primary affix because it shows a stress shift, but it attaches after govern[ment], and occurs farther away from the stem
|
|
|
Give a problem with Lexical Phonology by using the example of: ungrammaticality
|
-ity is attached to ungrammatical because it is an affix that must attach to an adjective. The other option would be to add un- to grammaticality, but -un must attach to an adjective. -Un is a secondary affix according to the stress rule. SO, a primary affix is attached after a secondary affix, according to the theory.
|
|
|
What is compounding?
|
A lexeme creation mechanism, where two words with individual meanings are put together to have a meaning that is separate from each individual word
|
|
|
Give three examples of compounding
|
coffeehouse, puppy love, green house
|
|
|
What are the features of a compound? (5)
|
1. Appears where a NP would be.
2. Behave as a single unit. 3. Can't be broken up 4. Can't describe a single part of the compound. 5. Either endocentric or exocentric |
|
|
What is a compositional word?
|
A word defined entirely in terms of the meanings of its parts.
|
|
|
What is the difference between endocentric and exocentric words?
|
Endocentric words have a head (ex: greenhouse) and are thus at least partly compositional
Exocentric words don't have a head (sugar daddy) |
|
|
What is Zero Derivation?
|
When a new lexeme is stored in the lexicon by simply changing the part of speech ex: facebook(ing)
|
|
|
What is derivational affixation?
|
The opposite of inflectional affixation, where the affix changes the lexeme.
|
|
|
What is an example of folk etymology?
|
Hamburger: from hambrug + er, when translated to English became ham + burger because "ham" was already a word in English
|
|
|
What is backformation?
|
Creating a new lexeme by removing what appears to be an affix
(ex: burglar --> burgle) |
|
|
Why is "unhappiness" ambiguous?
|
It could be unhappy + ness or un + happiness, but only one is possible because un- always attaches to an adjective, and if it were the second option, it'd attach to a noun
|
|
|
Why is "unzipped" ambiguous?
|
It could be un+zipped or unzip+ed, which is even more ambiguous because we don't know if "zipped" is an adjective or a verb?
|
|
|
What is polysemy?
|
Same word, related meaning, different individual meaning
|
|
|
What is an example of polysemy?
|
"In" - "in danger" or "in Ohio"
|
|
|
What is homophony?
|
same form, same sound, different meanings
|
|
|
Where do homophony and polysemy get their meanings from?
|
Metaphor and metonymy
|
|
|
What is a metaphor?
|
A mapping between two domains
|
|
|
What is metonymy?
|
A mapping between one domain
|
|
|
What is an example of metonymy?
|
The White House, The Voice, the creepy Ham Sandwich, I downed a glass in five seconds
|
|
|
Inflection is determined by ____, but derivation is not.
|
Syntax
|
|
|
What is exponence? Give an example. Why is it realized syntactically?
|
the realization of features via inflection
(ex: the seas, -s is the exponence of sea. It's realized syntactically because the auxiliary verb changes when it becomes plural) |
|
|
What is simple exponence?
|
a single inflected form of a word
|
|
|
What is cumulative exponence?
|
One form, many features. Found in Latin.
|
|
|
What is extended exponence?
|
One feature, many forms.
(ex: have studied, is considering, both auxiliary verbs and inflected endings are necessary to denote a single meaning) |
|
|
What is an inherent inflection?
|
Gender of nouns in romantic languages, not based on syntax, always the same
|
|
|
What is assigned inflection?
|
Where case is assigned for a noun by a verb
|
|
|
What is concord?
|
Agreement between one element of a sentence and another, where one takes on the features of the other.
Ex: in Romantic languages, where an adjective copies the morphosyntactic features of the nouns they modify. |
|
|
What is government?
|
When one word dictates the form of another
Ex: case of nominals is governed by verbs |
|
|
What are the inflected categories of nominals? (4)
|
1. Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
2. Number (singular, plural) 3. Gender (m,f) 4. Case |
|
|
What are the inflected categories of verbals? (4)
|
1. Tense
2. Mood (will, may, must, can) 3. Aspect (is reading, has read) 4. Voice (active, passive, middle) |
|
|
What is ablaut/apophony?
|
Vowel change (ex: sing, sang, sung)
|
|
|
What is umlaut?
|
Vowel vocalization change, usually showing plurality (ex: goose, geese)
|
|
|
What is reduplication?
|
Using a word twice to either intensify it or pluralize it
|
|
|
What is suppletion?
|
Where syntax requires a form of a lexeme that is not morphologically predictable
(ex: be --> am, is, are, were) |
|
|
What is an analytic language?
|
Morphologically very simple (and syntactically complex)
|
|
|
What are the two types of synthetic languages?
|
Aggulating and fusional
|
|
|
What is an aggulating language?
|
Has many affixes, but clearly separable (like Korean)
|
|
|
What is a fusional language?
|
Has many affixes, but not clearly separable (French)
|
|
|
What is a polysynthetic language?
|
Complex words that would take a whole sentence in English, all built off of different morphemes (Native American languages)
|
|
|
What are the 4 constraints on productivity?
|
1. Phonological (ex: -al only attaches to verbs that are stressed on the final syllable)
2. Morphological (ex: -ish only attaches to roots) 3. Syntactic (ex: re- only attaches to verbs or adj) 4. Semantic (ex: -ee must be episodically linked) |
|
|
What is salience?
|
Using unproductive affixes to be eye catching (ex: uncola)
|
