Morphology 101

Front 1

What studies the internal structure of words and rules governing word formation?

Back 1

Morphology

Front 2

The term Morphology was first applied in what subject?

Back 2

Biology

Front 3

Morphology in Linguistics refers to what?

Back 3

The shape of words

Front 4

The sequence of rules used in Morphology that account for the changes in the shape of words are postulated by who?

Back 4

Linguists

Front 5

Phonetics is to Phonology what Morphology is to _________?

Back 5

Syntax

Hint 5

Phonetics studies all the sounds that can be produced by the human vocal organs. Phonology picks certain sounds in relation to the language.

Same goes for Morphology where rules of word formation is formulated and contributes to the English lexicon; syntax selects few of these words in relevance to the well formed sentences.

Front 6

A minimal distinctive unit of grammar that has meaning is a what?

Back 6

Morpheme

Front 7

Morphemes are grammatical petient that cannot be broken down at the level of words but can be processed at which level?

Back 7

A phonological level

Front 8

_______________ is the smallest meaningful unit of an utterance that may not appear in isolation.

Back 8

Morphemes

Front 9

Morphemes cannot be further broken down without destroying the meaning or altering the word beyond recognition along the ____________ dimension.

Back 9

Meaning dimension

Front 10

What is the building block of words?

Back 10

Morphemes

Front 11

_____________ is the central concern of Morphology or basic unit of Morphology.

Back 11

Morphemes

Front 12

Monomorphic words are referred to as?

Back 12

Free morphemes

Front 13

One entity (lexeme) can both be a word and a morpheme. True or false.

Back 13

True.

Hint 13

These words are known as monomorphic because they have no bound morpheme attached.

Front 14

Words that have an attachment or subparts are recognised as?

Back 14

Bound morphemes

Front 15

The combination of bound and free morphemes is known as?

Back 15

Complex word or polymorphemic word

Front 16

In a morphologically complex word (polymorphemic), a central morpheme (free) contributes to the basic meaning but the bound morpheme does what?

Back 16

The bound morphemes modify the meaning of the central morpheme in the form of affixes

Front 17

Morphemes, especially polymorphemic words are in the frontline of what kind of articulation?

Back 17

Double articulation

Front 18

The plural morpheme -s is manifested in these three words:

Cats: /kætz/

Dogs: /dogs/

Horses: /ho:zIz/

These phonetic variants of the same morpheme is known as?

Back 18

Allomorphs

Front 19

A morph is the ___________ realisation of the abstract morpheme.

Back 19

Surface realisation

Front 20

A word or segment of a word that represents a particular morpheme is a what?

Back 20

Morph

Front 21

A physical form representing some morphemes (abstract entities) in a language is a ___________.

Back 21

A morph

Front 22

/r/ in the word children and /en/ in the word oxen can be identified as plural morphemes and can be categorised as?

Back 22

Morphs

Front 23

A set of morphemes that perform the same function is a __________________.

Back 23

Morph

Front 24

______________ are the different forms (phonetic sounds) a particular morpheme (-s) can take depending on the context in where they occur.

Back 24

Allomorphs

Front 25

[d] found in words like walked, studied and agreed result to the sounds [t], [Id] and [d] respectively. Can they be regarded as allomorphs of the morpheme [d]?

Back 25

True

Front 26

Physical realisation of a lexeme or morph is achieved in ________ or _________.

Back 26

Speaking, writing

Front 27

_______________ are also defines as units conventionally listed in a dictionary as separate entries.

Back 27

Lexemes

Hint 27

The bold words are lexemes.

Front 28

By implication, a lexeme is an abstract word underlies the meaning shared by members shared of the same lexis. True or false.

Back 28

True

Hint 28

WALK is a lexeme. Word forms of the lexeme WALK include walked, walking, walks.

Front 29

[d] found in words like walked, studied and agreed result to the sounds [t], [Id] and [d] respectively. Can they be regarded as allomorphs of the morpheme [d]?

Back 29

True

Front 30

Lexemes are to word forms what morphemes are to _____________.

Back 30

Morphs

Front 31

______________ are abstract units underlying grammatical vacant.

Back 31

Lexemes

Hint 31

Lexemes are abstract because the words aren't visible until they become word forms.

The action of the lexeme can be seen but the real words cannot.

The word eating is not seen but the action is.

Front 32

Morphs are ____________or ____________ realisations of particular morphemes.

Back 32

Phonetic, physical

Front 33

When an affix is attached to a root, making it independent, like in the word teacher such part of a word is known as a what?

Back 33

The base

Hint 33

teach is a root.

teach-er is a stem because the word teacher is tagged with an affix and is independent.

Front 34

Which part of a word is already in existence before any inflectional affix is added?

Back 34

The stem

Hint 34

Teacher is a noun. Adding a plural morpheme -s doesn't change the category. -s is a inflectional affix.

Front 35

The process of adding an affix to any linguistic unit is referred to as?

Back 35

Affixation

Front 36

A process whereby words are formed are known as?

Back 36

Word formation

Front 37

Affixes can be classified based on _______________ or ____________.

Back 37

* The position they occupy

* Their function

Front 38

Which part of a word is irreducible and to which other word building elements are attached?

Back 38

The root

Hint 38

teach is a root. To this root, unteachable can be formed.

Front 39

_______________ is a morphological process that involves adding linguistic information to a root or stem.

Back 39

Affixation

Front 40

___________ is an irreducible part of a word.

Back 40

Root

Front 41

Words are split into how many parts:

Back 41

Three.

The root

The base

The stem

Front 42

The following characteristics belong to which of the morphemes based on functionality:

* Doesn't change word class to the root they are attached.

* Doesn't result to creation of new words but rather produces variants. Like marry, married, marrying

* Marks grammatical categories like numbers, tenses, person, aspects, comparative and superlative, case and mood.

* Appears only as a suffix.

* Appears once in a word.

Back 42

Inflectional affix

Front 43

When lexical information is gotten, the domain of operation is _________________ while when grammatical information is gotten, the domain of operation is _________________.

Back 43

Derivation, inflection

Front 44

The examples below belong to which affix:

link (v) ------ linkage (n)

unite (v) ---- reunite (v)

Back 44

Derivational affix.

Front 45

Functionally, affixes are split into two, namely:

Back 45

Inflectional affix

Derivational affix

Front 46

Derivational affixes can be sub-classified into two. What are they?

Back 46

Category changing

Category preserving

Front 47

Which affix has the following characteristics?

* Changes part of speech of host or retains the part of speech.

* Creates new words through the addition of a prefix or suffix.

* Can be either prefix or suffix.

* Can appear more than once in a word. e.g. unfriendly

Back 47

Derivational affix

Front 48

Based on their position, affixes could be classified as?

Back 48

Prefix

Suffix

Infix

Circumfix: u-sónó-min (common in Esan language)

Interfix: anu-m-anu

Suprafix (tone marks): àkwà, ákwà, ákwá, àkwá etc.

Front 49

A situation where an affix is added to a word but doesn't change the meaning of the word and word class is said to be an __________________.

Back 49

Inflectional affix

Front 50

Category changing switches words from one word class to another but which one allows a word retain its lexical category or word class?

Back 50

Category preserving

Front 51

Most common word formation process is _______________.

Back 51

Affixation

Front 52

Is this a similarity between inflectional and derivational affixes?

*Both inflectional and derivational affixes to an extent don't change word class or words.

Back 52

True

Front 53

When a language collects words from another language to form new words, this is called?

Back 53

Borrowing

Front 54

Types of borrowing

Back 54

* Loan Word: A receiving language has lifted from a donor language that means the same object and practice. e.g piano is an Italian words and means the same things in English as it is in the donor language.

* Loan Blend: This is a hybrid word created by combining morphemes of different languages. It is also called hybridisation. e.g technuzu (technology), uzormotor (tarred road).

* Loan Translation: Also known as calque is a word created from the morphemes of the receiving language in order to describe or represent something in a donor language. e.g In Igbo, HIV/AIDS is known as obiri wa nyon cha meaning it will all end in the sand (death).

Front 55

Word formation processes include:

Back 55

* Borrowing

* Abbreviation

Clipping

Acronym

Blending

Back formation

* Conversion

* Coinage

* Compounding

* Reduplication

Front 56

Category preserving is also called?

Back 56

Extensional affixes or meaning modifying affixes.

Front 57

A process of creating new words to name previously non-existent objects or phenomenon that results from cultural contact is what?

Back 57

Coinage

Hint 57

Xerox, a copying machine was named after its manufacturer.

Front 58

Coinage is also called_________.

Back 58

Neologism

Front 59

The process of creating a new word by combining two or more existing words is known as?

Back 59

Blending

Hint 59

breakfast+lunch: brunch

motor park+hotel: motel

smoke+fog: smog

television+broadcast: telecast

Front 60

____________ is the fusion of two words.

Back 60

Hybridisation

Front 61

_______________ are words derived from initial letters of a series of words.

Back 61

Acronym

Hint 61

National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC)

United Nations International Children Emergency Funds (UNICEF)

Front 62

_____________ is the creation of new words by shortening other preexisting words.

Back 62

Clipping

Hint 62

Professor > prof.

Television > TV

Aeroplane > plane

Mathematics > maths

Telephone > phone

Front 63

______________ is the reduction of morphemes from already existing words, with an aim of changing its part of speech.

Back 63

Back formation

Hint 63

Beggar > beg

Donation > donate

Swindler > swindle

Resurrection > resurrect

Front 64

Difference between clipping and back formation

Back 64

* In clipping, shortened and longer form share same meaning while in back formation, both share varying meanings.

* In clipping, the shortened form shares the same class as the original form but in back formation, the part of speech category changes.

* In clipping, there is no systematic way of shortening the words but in back formation, there is a systematic way of removing affixes.

* Clipping is a normal way of forming new words while back formation is tagged an abnormal form of forming new words.

Front 65

In _____________, part of speech class is changed while spelling or form doesn't change; there is no reduction or enlargement of the word.

Back 65

Conversion

Front 66

Conversion is also known as?

Back 66

Category shift, functional or zero affixation

Hint 66

Chair (n): She sat on that chair

Chair (v): Emeka is supposed to chair the meeting

Busy (v): I must busy myself all day

Busy (adj): John is a busy man

Front 67

The affix responsible in conversion is ___________ because it appears in the form of stress.

Back 67

Suprafix

Front 68

Difference between tone and stress.

Back 68

* Tone: The pitch of a word that distinguishes a difference in meaning, for example in Chinese.

* Stress: Emphasis placed on a particular point in an argument or discussion (whether spoken or written).

Front 69

_______________ is a process of combining two or more independent morphemes to form a word.

Back 69

Compounding

Front 70

The result of the process of compounding is __________.

Back 70

Compound

Front 71

Types of Compounding

Back 71

* Primary or root or non-affixal compounding

* Synthetic or verbal or affixal compounding

Front 72

______________ compounding consists of two independent morphemes.

Back 72

Root compounding

Hint 72

Boy: simple word

Friends: complex words

Boyfriends: compound complex words (result)

Front 73

____________ compounding always has a start as a verb but ends up being nominalised to become an argument (the compliment of the word).

Back 73

Synthetic compounding

Hint 73

Driver is a de-verbal noun because the dependent argument noun is formed from the verb drive.

Front 74

Why is English a non-tonal language?

Back 74

English is not a tonal language because it doesn't matter if we say man with a high or mid or low tone — the meaning stays same. Instead, English makes use of stress and intonation.

Front 75

___________ is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech.

Back 75

Prosody

Front 76

Individual phonetic segments are:

Back 76

Vowels

Consonants

Front 77

Larger units of speech are linguistic functions such as:

Back 77

Intonation

Tone

Stress

Rhythm

Front 78

Prosodic features are known as?

Back 78

Suprasegmental features or suprasegmentals

Front 79

Prosodic features are what?

Back 79

Are speech features that accompany or are added over consonants and vowels.

Front 80

Prosodic morphology deals with?

Back 80

It deals with the interaction between morphology and prosodic structure.

Front 81

Prosodic structure is concerned with the ______________ (prosodic features) of a language.

Back 81

Timing units

Front 82

What is tone?

Back 82

It is the use of pitch in language to distinguish between lexical or grammatical units in a language, determining the meaning of a word.

Hint 82

Front 83

Languages that have this features are called ________or _________.

Back 83

Tonals or tonal languages

Front 84

The distinctive pattern of a language is sometimes referred to as _____________.

Back 84

Tonenes

Front 85

Tones only occur for vowels and syllabic nasals ONLY. Yes or no.

Back 85

Yes

Hint 85

Only vowels are marked. No consonant is.

Front 86

___________ is not a single system of contours and levels but the product of interactions of features of prosodic systems (pitch, range, tones, loudness, rhythmicality and tempo in particular)

Back 86

Intonation

Front 87

Functions of Intonation

Back 87

* Expression of attitude

* Expression of emotions* Highlighting aspects of grammar structure

emotions* Highlighting aspects of grammar structure

* Highlighting aspects of grammar structure

* Highlighting aspects of grammar structure

Front 88

Difference between tone and intonation

Back 88

* Tone: The tones of tonal languages are pitch patterns limited to individual syllables or words or relative pitch differences between one syllable/word and the next. (PHONOLOGICAL AND SEMANTICAL APPEARANCE)

* Intonation: Intonation, in contrast, refers to pitch patterning imposed upon an utterance in order to express something other than differentiating words. Intonation responds to emotion, levels of politeness, and so on, or addresses such syntactic functions as showing a question. These functions are so important to most speech that in some everyday contexts the consonants and vowels can be largely lost and the intonation alone can carry the whole message. (SYNTATICAL APPEARANCE)

Front 89

____________ is a relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or certain word in a phrase or sentence.

Back 89

Stress

Front 90

'IMport shows nouns while im'PORT shows verb. This kind of stress is known as?

Back 90

Word or lexical stress

Hint 90

Stress placed occurs without words.

Front 91

I LIKE his shirt or She doesn't KNOW the truth are examples of what kind of stress?

Back 91

Sentence or prosodic stress

Hint 91

This kind of stress occurs within sentences.