Morphology Tina

Front 1

What is a proclitic?

Back 1

A clitic that leans on the front

Front 2

What is an enclitic?

Back 2

A clitic that leans on the back

Front 3

What are the GENERAL findings in Meinzer et al. (2009)

Back 3

Results:

-additional activity with the formation of two-step nouns in comparison to one-step nouns

-This supports the compositional view that words are parsed and accessed via their constituents/morphemes

-The brain computes the degree of complexity

-Processing requires not a single part of the brain but a large bilateral neural network

Front 4

What is the general discussion (storage/computation) and what are the current assumptions?

Back 4

frequent words are stored and recognised and retrieved much quicker than less frequent words

less frequent words are computed

only the plural of highly frequent words are stored

Front 5

What are some features of clitics?

Back 5

1. Clitics are prosodically deficient, need a prosodic host

2. the clitic's host does not necessarily have to be of a certain lexical category

3. the clitic's position can be determined by syntax

4. can have a corresponding full form

5. the clitic might have the same distribution as the full form (=simple clitic) or a differing one (=special clitic)

6. clitics can be attached before and after the host

-->no violation of lexical integrity

No syntactic placement rule may intervene within a morphologically complete word

Front 6

What does it mean for there to be a 'match of features'?

Back 6

The syntactic and morphological features of words in a sentence match

Front 7

demarcation: compounds vs phrases

Back 7

Phrases can undergo morphological affixation but they are exceptional and restricted to productive affixes (like -er)

Front 8

Suffixes triggering alternations

Back 8

the derivational suffixes which appear in level 1 cause a phonological alteration of the root.

These also can change stress and the base.

Front 9

How are syllables formed?

Back 9

They obey onset maximisation, resyllabifying coda consonants to the onset of the following consonant

Front 10

What are legal consonant clusters?

Back 10

Clusters which the specific language allows

Front 11

What is the general scheme of Kiparsky (1982) and how can phenomena be explained with it?

Back 11

teeth marks vs *claws marks

nonillegible vs *innollegible

electric--> electri[s]ity

kind --> kindness

Front 12

What phenomena show the level morphology and phonology

Back 12

TSS - trisyllabic shortening (laxing)

Destressing

Front 13

What forms of nonconcatenative morphology are there?

Back 13

Umlaut, ablaut, stress shift/conversion

Root and pattern morphology

Suprasegmental morphology

Reduplication

Front 14

What is umlaut?

Back 14

Is where a back vowel becomes fronted because of historical reasons

Front 15

What is ablaut?

Back 15

'Regular' in proto-indo-european, vowel alternation within the root to indicate different forms

Front 16

Explain suprasegmental (tone) morphology

Back 16

Where the function or meaning of a word changes because of a difference in tone

Front 17

What types of reduplication are there?

Back 17

partial (prefix, suffix) and full

Front 18

How do you distinguish between possible and impossible words?

Back 18

possible words need to be in accordance with the rules and regularities of the language: semantically, morphologically and phonologically

There is idiosyncratic behaviour but new words are NEVER formed with this and they have to be stored in the lexicon

Front 19

What are some examples of unproductive suffix(es)?

Back 19

-th (truth, width)

-dom (kingdom)

Front 20

Name some syntactic restrictions on the production of new words

Back 20

some affixes only occurs with a specific syntactic category

Front 21

Name some morphological restrictions on the production of new words

Back 21

a suffix can depend on the previous material, e.g. words ending in -ise are followed by -ation

Front 22

Name some phonological restrictions on the production of new words

Back 22

-al can only follow a two syllable word stressed on the final syllable

Front 23

Explain blocking

Back 23

The creation of a new word is hindered by the existence of an already established (frequent) word with the same semantic content (synonym)

Front 24

What were the research questions for Berko (1958)?

Back 24

Are expressions stored or created dynamically via a set of linguistic rules?

Do even young children have implicit knowledge of morphological rules?

If yes, how does this knowledge evolve?

Front 25

What were the INTERMEDIATE RESULTS of Berko (1958)?

Back 25

Progressive marker -ing performs best

Children can create new forms with the [-t] and [-d] allomorphs

Children cannot create new forms with the [ed] allomorph although they use it with existing forms. This use is worse than [ez] (e's should be schwas)

Children do not know about irregular verb forms and consequently cannot form generalisations

for reasons unknown, children perform better on 3SG [ez] than plural [ez]

children are not able to use irregular verb forms or derivations

the best performance was on regular forms, non-variant forms, and frequent forms

Front 26

What are the types of inflection?

Back 26

number

person

gender

case

tense and aspect

voice

mood and modality

Front 27

What are the relations in paradigms?

Back 27

(Umlaut)

Ablaut

suppletion

syncretism

Front 28

What is suppletion?

Back 28

one or more of the inflected forms of a lexeme are built on a root that is different from the root of the other forms

Front 29

What is syncretism?

Back 29

several 'cells' in the paradigm are filled by the same form

Front 30

Name the types of compounds

Back 30

Noun compounds, verb compounds, adjective compounds

Front 31

What is the right hand head rule?

Back 31

The right most element is always the head - determines the word category, functional category or phrase category (depending on what you're looking at)

Front 32

How do you identify a compound?

Back 32

Stress - stress is on the first element of a compound but on the right element of a phrase

Integrity - nothing can come within the compound elements

Movement - the compound must move as a whole, can't be separated

Front 33

What are the semantic relations within compounds?

Back 33

subordinative - verb + 'argument' - non-head is the argument of the head like in 'taxi driver'

attributive - the non-head modifies the head - race car

coordinative - the two elements are of equal semantic weight - Baden-Württemberg

Front 34

What is an endocentric compound?

Back 34

The semantic and syntactic head is within the compound - meaning is predictable

Front 35

What is an exocentric compound?

Back 35

Meaning/syntax is not predictable from the elements of the compound - e.g. 'make up'

Front 36

What is a lexeme?

Back 36

Abstract meaningful morphological entities found in dictionaries

Front 37

What is word formation?

Back 37

Concerned with the relationship between lexemes (how a lexemes derived from or related to each other?)

Front 38

What is derivation?

Back 38

Derivation consists of a base and an affix or another exponent as its immediate constituents. It involves basically every lexical word class. Can result in a change of word class but this is not necessary. e.g. unhappy

Front 39

What are the processes of word formation?

Back 39

conversion

-clipping/truncation

-backformation

-ablaut

-blending

-metathesis

-suppletion

Front 40

What is meant by clipping/truncation?

Back 40

Shortening a word by deleting random phonological material

Front 41

What is meant by backformation?

Back 41

Shortening a word by removing a real or supposed affix

Front 42

What is meant by conversion?

Back 42

Change of syntactic category of a word without adding affixes (or with a null-affix)

Front 43

What is meant by blending?

Back 43

Two words are merged together

Front 44

What is a simple word?

Back 44

A word consisting of only one morpheme

Front 45

What is a complex word?

Back 45

A word consisting of two or more morphemes

Front 46

What is a bound morpheme?

Back 46

A morpheme that cannot appear alone

Front 47

What is a free morpheme?

Back 47

A morpheme that can appear alone

Front 48

How does one detect words/compounds?

Back 48

Detecting words:

sound structure/stress distribution

word integrity

semantic definition - unified semantic concept

syntactic wordhood - smallest element in a sentence, cannot be interfered with by other syntactic elements

Front 49

What is a root?

Back 49

The core of word - what's left when all affixes are stressed

Front 50

What is a base?

Back 50

The form of a word you attach an affix to

e.g. response = root (base for responsible)

responsible = base for responsibility

Front 51

What are the types of affixes?

Back 51

Prefix

Suffix

Circumfix

Infix

Front 52

What is allomorphy?

Back 52

Where one morpheme is realised in predictably different ways

Complementary distribution, can be phonologically, morphologically, and lexically conditioned

Front 53

What are cranberry morphemes?

Back 53

Bound roots

-ceive

-cept

cran-

-mit (permit, transmit, submit)

Twi- twilight

Cobweb

Front 54

What is a clitic?

Back 54

'small words' that often have functional categories

important thing - they 'lean on' things

Front 55

What is trisyllabic shortening and when can it apply?

Back 55

vowel becomes laxer.

at least two syllable after the syllable you care about

the following syllable should be unstressed

it only applies to derived words

Front 56

What is destressing and when can it apply?

Back 56

Previously stressed syllable becomes unstressed

Only applies to open syllables

Only applies if another stress follows immediately

Front 57

What is the difference between affixes and clitics (what are the criteria)?

Back 57

a). Clitics can exhibit a low degree of selection with respect to their hosts, while affixes exhibit a high degree of selection with respect to their stems (they're more promiscuous)

b) Arbitrary gaps in the set of combinations are more characteristic of affixed words than of clitic groups.

c)Morphological idiosyncrasies are more characteristic of affixed words than of clitic groups

d) Semantic idiosyncrasies are more characteristic of affixed words that of clitic groups

e) Syntactic rules can affect affixed words but cannot affect clitic groups

f) Clitics can attach to material already containing clitics but affixes cannot